Umda wentando yesininzi emva kweCrouch

Ngaphantsi komxholo wentando yesininzi, isayensi yezentlalo yase-Bhritane kunye nososayensi wezopolitiko u-Colin Crouch wachaza imodeli yedemokhrasi emsebenzini wakhe ogama lisasazwa ngokubanzi, ukuphuma kwakhe kubangele inzululwazi yezopolitiko e-Europe kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwase-US ukusukela ukuphela kwe-2005s. Oku kubandakanya impembelelo ekhulayo yezopolitiko yabaqhubi boqoqosho kunye nemibutho ephezulu, ukungakhathalelwa okwandayo kwamazwe esizwe, kunye nokuhla kokuzimisela kwabemi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba. U-Crouch washwankathela ezi zinto ukuba zibe yingcinga-yenkululeko yasemva kwedemokhrasi.

Ingcinga yakhe esisiseko kukuba izigqibo zepolitiki kulawulo lwentando yesininzi ziye zigqitywe kwaye zigunyaziswe yimidla yezoqoqosho kunye nabadlali. Kwangelo xesha, iintsika zedemokhrasi, ezinje ngokulunga okuqhelekileyo, umdla kunye nokuzinza kwezentlalo kunye nokuzinikezela kwabemi, zikhukuliswa ngokulandelelana.

UColin Crouch, ozelwe kwi-1944 eLondon, usosayensi wezopolitiko waseBrithani kunye nososayensi wentlalo. Ngomsebenzi wakhe wokuchonga ixesha emva kwedemokhrasi kunye nencwadi engaziwayo, waziwa kwihlabathi jikelele.

Inkqubo yezopolitiko yasemva kwedemokhrasi echazwe yiCrounch ibonakaliswa zezi zinto zilandelayo:

Idemokrasi ehlekisayo

Ngaphambili, amaziko olawulo lwentando yesininzi kunye neenkqubo zigcinwa kulawulo lwentando yesininzi, ukuze kuthi ga kuqala inkqubo yezopolitiko ithathwe njengengasebenziyo. I-De facto, nangona kunjalo, imigaqo-siseko yedemokhrasi kunye neenqobo ezisisiseko ziya zilahleka ngokubaluleka, kwaye le nkqubo iya kuba "yintando yesininzi kwisiseko seziko lwedemokhrasi epheleleyo."

Amaqela kunye nephulo lonyulo

Ipolitiki yeqela kunye nemikhankaso yonyulo iya ikhululeka kumxholo oya kuthi kamva ubumbe imigaqo-nkqubo yorhulumente. Endaweni yengxoxo yentlalo kwimixholo yezopolitiko kunye nezinye iindlela ezinobuchule, kukho iindlela zobuchule zomkhankaso. Umkhankaso wokhetho uba yinto yezopolitiko, ngelixa ezopolitiko zangempela zenzeka emva kweminyango evaliweyo.
Amaqela ayakufezekisa ubukhulu becala umsebenzi wonyulo kwaye aya esiba akabi namsebenzi, njengoko indima yawo njengabalamli phakathi kwabemi kunye nabezopolitiko luya lusiya lusiwa kumaziko ophando. Endaweni yoko, izixhobo zeqela zijolise ekunikezeleni amalungu ayo izibonelelo okanye iiofisi.

Ukulunga okuqhelekileyo

Umxholo wezobupolitika ukhula ngokuthe gabalala phakathi konxibelelwano phakathi kwabadlali bezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho ababandakanyeka ngqo kwizigqibo zezopolitiko. Ezi azijoliswanga kwintlalo-ntle, kodwa zikhonza ikakhulu inzuzo kunye nokwandiswa kwelizwi. Ukulunga okuqhelekileyo kuqondwa ngcono njengoqoqosho oluqhubayo.

eendaba

Imithombo yeendaba eninzi nayo isebenza ngaphandle kwenkqubo yezoqoqosho kwaye ayinakuphinda isebenzise indima yayo yedemokhrasi njengamandla esine kurhulumente. Ukulawulwa kwemithombo yeendaba kusezandleni zeqela elincinci labantu elinceda abezopolitiko ukusombulula "ingxaki yokunxibelelana ngobuninzi".

Ummi ongenamdla

Ummi ugcinwe kwimodeli yeCrounchs. Nangona enyula abameli bakhe bezopolitiko, abasenalo nethuba lokukhusela iimfuno zabo kule nkqubo yezopolitiko. Ngokommiselo, ummi udlala indawo ethe cwaka, okanye engenamdla. Nangona engakwazi ukuya kumajelo eendaba aphambili kwezopolitiko, yena ngokwakhe akanayo nayiphi na impembelelo yezopolitiko.

Uqoqosho loluntu

Amandla okuqhuba ezopolitiko, ngokwe-Crouch, zizinto ezizezona zinomdla kakhulu kwezoqoqosho ezimelwe sisinhanha sezoluntu. Kule minyaka ingamashumi idlulileyo, ikwazile ukufaka umbono wehlabathi elinezinto ezininzi kumacandelo abanzi, oku kwenza kube lula ukuba babonise umdla wabo. Abemi baqhele ukuqaphela i-neoliberal rhetoric, nokuba iyangqubana nemicimbi yabo yezopolitiko kunye neemfuno zabo.
Kwi-Crounch, i-neoliberalism yomibini ingunobangela kunye nesixhobo sokonyusa i-post-democratization.

Nangona kunjalo, uCrouch ngokucacileyo akayiboni le nkqubo njengengakhethi cala, njengoko umthetho wezomthetho kunye nokuhlonitshwa kwamalungelo abantu kunye noluntu kuhlala kuhlala kunjalo. Uyavuma nje ukuba ayisengamandla okuqhuba ezopolitiko namhlanje.

Nangona kunjalo, uCrouch ngokucacileyo akayiboni le nkqubo njengengakhethi cala, njengoko umthetho wezomthetho kunye nokuhlonitshwa kwamalungelo abantu kunye noluntu kuhlala kuhlala kunjalo. Uyavuma nje ukuba ayisengamandla okuqhuba ezopolitiko namhlanje. Ucacisa ngakumbi ukuphulukana nomgangatho ngokuthe ngcembe ophenjelelwa ziinqubo zedemokhrasi zaseNtshona kwimbono yakhe, ngokuthi ajike kwimithetho yedemokhrasi yokuthatha inxaxheba kwabemi kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo ojolise kulunga olufanayo, umdla kunye nokubandakanywa ekuhlaleni.

Ukuphononongwa kweCrouch

Ukugxekwa kwemodeli yenkqubo yedemokhrasi emva kososayensi bezopolitiko kwahluka kakhulu kwaye banomdla. Kujongwe, umzekelo, ngokuchasene "nommi ongenabubele" obhalwe ngu-Couch, ochasene ne-boom yokuzibandakanya kwabantu. Kukwathethwa ukuba idemokrasi "yinto engathandekiyo, kwaye ihlala ikho. Idemokhrasi eyimodeli, apho ifuthe loqoqosho oluphambili lwalunokupheliswa kwaye bonke abemi babenenxaxheba ebonakalayo kwintetho yezopolitiko, ngekhe yabikho. Ubuncinci, ubuthathaka obuphakathi kwengqondo yakhe bubonwa kukungabikho kwesiseko se-empirical.

Idemokhrasi eyimodeli, apho ifuthe loqoqosho oluphambili lwalunokupheliswa kwaye bonke abemi babenenxaxheba ebonakalayo kwintetho yezopolitiko, ngekhe yabikho.

Nangona kunjalo, uCrouch, kunye naye sonke isizukulwana sezenzululwazi zopolitiko eYurophu nase-USA, sichaza ngokuthe ngqo oko kwenzekayo phambi kwamehlo ethu mihla le. Yenye indlela engenakuchazwa ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo we-neoliberal - ogqume uqoqosho lwehlabathi lonke ngokuchasene nodonga, ukunikezela ngokuzithandela imali zikarhulumente ukuhlawulela ilahleko yecandelo labucala kwaye uyaqhubeka nokubhebhethekisa ubuhlwempu, intswela-ngqesho kunye nokungalingani kwezentlalo-akukange kuvotwe kulawulo ixesha elide?

IOstriya?

Umbuzo malunga nokuba yeyiphi inqanaba emva kwenkqubo yentando yesininzi yase-Crouch e-Austria sele iyinyani eyalandelwa nguWolfgang Plaimer, owayesakuba liqabane lophando kwiYunivesithi yaseJohannes Kepler Linz. Ngokutsho kwakhe, uCrouch unamalungelo amaninzi ngokunxulumene nedemokhrasi yase-Austrian. Ngokukodwa, ukuguquka kwezigqibo zopolitiko ukusuka kwilizwe kuzwelonke ukuya kwinqanaba le-suprational kuqinisa imikhwa yasemva kwedemokhrasi kwelo lizwe. Ngokukwanjalo, ngokweBango, utshintsho kumandla ukusuka kubemi besiya kuqoqosho nakwimali enkulu, kwaye ukusuka kwisebe lezomthetho ukuya kwisebe elilawulayo, kubonakala ngokucacileyo. Ukugxekwa kommangali ngemodeli kaCrouch kuveza ukubaluleka kwakhe kwimeko yempilo-ntle njenge "heyday yedemokhrasi": "Ukuzukiswa kwedemokrasi kwimeko yentlalo-ntle kunye nokugqwesa okubangelwa kukungabikho kolawulo lwentando yesininzi kuyalahlekisa," utshilo uPyzerer, ecacisa ngenxalenye yentlupheko enkulu yedemokrasi. esele ikhona kwi-1960er kunye ne-1070er e-Austria.

UProf Reinhard Heinisch, intloko yeqela lezesayensi elisebenzayo ikamva leDemokrasi kunye neSebe lezeNzululwazi yezoPolitiko kwiDyunivesithi yaseSarban, ufumana umbono ophathelele kumbono wento engemva kaCrouch kwaye uyaphoswa bubungqina obucacileyo bokuvela kwezinto. Ukongeza, ubona i-postdemocracy ye-Crouch'sche esikhundleni somhlali we-Anglo-Saxon. Nangona kunjalo, oko akuthethi ukuba amanqaku okugxeka akasebenzi e-Austria.
UHeinisch ubona idemokhrasi eyaziwa ngokuba yidemokhrasi njengeyona nto ikhethekileyo kwidemokrasi yase-Austrian. Le yinqwelo-nqanawa eyakhiwe ngokugqibeleleyo eyakhiwe kwezopolitiko, inamaqela alawulayo kule minyaka ingamashumi idala inefuthe kulwabiwo lwezikhundla kwabasemagunyeni, amajelo eendaba kunye namashishini abelwe ngurhulumente. "Ezi zixhobo zamandla zisekelezi zivumela omabini amaqela azimeleyo ngokuzithandela kwamalungu kunye noluntu oluninzi ukuba alawule," utshilo u-Heinisch.

UCrouch usikhumbuza ukuba inkululeko yedemokhrasi ayisiyonto eyenzekayo kwaye kuhlolo olusondeleyo kusenokwenzeka ukuba ayizange ibekho. Ke ngoko, ukuba siyayala "intshabalalo yasemva kwedemokhrasi" kwaye siphila kwidemokhrasi ejolise kwinto enye elungileyo, ibhalansi yemidla kunye nokulingana kwezentlalo, nalapho umthetho uvela kubemi, ngoko kuyafuneka ukuba uyisebenzise ngokufanelekileyo.

Isiphelo malunga nentando yesininzi emva kwentando yesininzi

Nokuba imeko yendawo yedemokhrasi emva kokuba idemokhrasi iqinisekisiwe ngokupheleleyo okanye iyasebenza e-Austria okanye hayi - intsilelo yedemokrasi ayisekho naseJamani. Nokuba kukuzithoba kwePalamente ukuya kuRhulumente we-Federal okanye ngaba "abameli babantu" bethu kwinqanaba lombutho, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kweengxoxo, okanye ukungabikho elubala kwezigqibo zezopolitiko kunye nobuchule.

UCrouch usikhumbuza ukuba inkululeko yedemokhrasi ayisiyonto eyenzekayo kwaye kuhlolo olusondeleyo kusenokwenzeka ukuba ayizange ibekho. Ke ngoko, ukuba siyayala "intshabalalo yasemva kwedemokhrasi" kwaye siphila kwidemokhrasi ejolise kwinto enye elungileyo, ibhalansi yemidla kunye nokulingana kwezentlalo, nalapho umthetho uvela kubemi, ngoko kuyafuneka ukuba uyisebenzise ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukuqonda oku mhlawumbi kungangamandla aqhubela phambili kumalinge entando yesininzi asebenza eOstriya ukwandiswa kwezomthetho kunye nokwandiswa kwezixhobo zedemokhrasi. Njengommi oqonda intando yesininzi, kufuneka sikwazi ukucela ukutyikitya kwethu, siwaxhase la manyathelo ngexesha lethu, amandla, okanye umnikelo, okanye ubuncinci sidlulise iingcinga zabo kunye neemfuno kwindawo yethu.