Helmut Melzer
IMichigan yakha idolophu encinci malunga nezigidi ezilishumi zeedola eMichigan eMelika, kodwa akukho mntu uhlala khona: "Mcity" ngumzi wasekhaya olandelayo kodwa isizukulwana esinye sezimoto, zonke zinento enye ezifananayo: Zonke zilawula ngaphandle komqhubi.
Uluntu lweemoto zombane ezizimeleyo, nangona kunjalo, lungaphezulu kwendawo yovavanyo oluqhelekileyo: kuvavanywa apha intsebenziswano neenkampani ezininzi zase-US, ukusebenzisana kwabasebenzisi beendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neemeko, kodwa netekhnoloji entsha yonxibelelwano kunye nezinto ezintsha.
Ubuncinci imboni yezithuthi yaseJamani ayicingi ngokuyeka iimoto zombane ziye kumaMelika- kwaye ifuna ukuba ngumqhubi wokuqala ongenakuqhuba. "I-V-charge" ligama lokukhangela ipakethi yeemoto ezizenzekelayo yi-VW: Kwixa elizayo, umqhubi kufuneka ehle nje phambi komnyango kwaye enze iapp isebenze. Isithuthi ke asisijongi indawo yokupaka simahla ngokwaso, kodwa siyibiza nge-indentily - oko kukuthi, ngaphandle kwamacingo - ukuba isibonelelo sokushaja sikhona. Xa ibhetri igcwele, imoto ifuna indawo eqhelekileyo yokupaka.
I-Auto Auto: Ukukhanya okusemthethweni kwezothutho kuluhlaza
"I-V -shaja" sele isebenza namhlanje, kunye nangemoto kaGoogle kwisigaba sovavanyo esele sivele ngaphandle kokuqhuba kwaye ngaphandle kwesantya kunye nokuhamba ngesantya esiphezulu. Kwaye isiseko esisemthethweni semoto yemoto sibekwe: Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inqaku le-8 yeVienna Convention ye-Road Traffic yayichasene netekhnoloji entsha. Oku kutshintshiwe: Iinkqubo zokuqhuba ezizenzekelayo ziyavunyelwa ngoku ukuba zinokumiswa ngumqhubi nangaliphi na ixesha.
Zijongeka kanjani iimoto?
Ngokubanzi, isiginali yokuqalisa yezinto ezingenakubalwa iwile ukuba inyikima imbonakalo yemoto. Ukusalelwa kweenjini eziqhelekileyo kunye nokuhambisa kudala amathuba angacingelwanga okuba zakhiwa njani iimoto. Inkampani yaseMelika esekwe kwiMotor yeNgingqi, umzekelo, ilishenxisile ngokulula inani leenxalenye ze10.000 ezifunekayo kwiimoto ezikhoyo ezine "Strati" ukuya kwiinxalenye ze50. I-2014 yenziwa ngomzimba kunye nesakhelo kwiprinta ye-3D. Emva kweeyure ze-44 kuphela zombane zemoto yombane, imiqondiso yokujika kunye nezinye izinto ezimbalwa kuye kwafuneka zifakwe.
Imoto esongelekayo yaphuhliswa yiGrazer kwiDyunivesithi yaseVienna. Ngokombono, yitrayisekile enokuthatha abantu abathathu. Ukuba kukho imfuneko, ubude beemitha ezintathu bunokucuthwa ngesinye kwisithathu ngokutyhala ivili eliphindwe kabini phantsi kwecandelo lokuhamba.
Uphando lwebhetri luthatha isigqibo
Ukusebenza nzima kukwayindawo ekugqitywe kuyo yes scooter, ibhetri. Kumele ukuba mncinci kwaye alula, kodwa ufuna ukukwazi ukugubungela imigama engaphezulu. Iimoto zangoku zombane sele zenze iikhilomitha ngaphezulu kwe-250 ngaphandle kwentlawulo entsha- isencinci kakhulu ukuba ingamamela enye into enokuthengiseka, kwihlabathi liphela ke ngoko kukhuphiswano lokuphuhliswa kwebhetri. Ukonyusa ubungakanani bamandla, kusetyenziswa i-anode kunye necala le-cathode kunye nee-electrolyte. Kwicala le-cathode, umzekelo, i-2014 iqhubele phambili uphando kwiibhetri ze-lithium-sulfure, ezingabizi kakhulu ukuvelisa kwaye zinokugcina amandla aphindwe kangangezihlandlo ezilishumi kuneebhetri ze-lithium-ion. Enye itekhnoloji ephandiweyo kakhulu yithekhnoloji ye-lithium-air, egcina amandla aphindwe kahlanu amandla kuneebhetri zanamhlanje.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile nokuba nexesha elincinci lokuhlawulisa - ukuba umbono wokutshintsha kwesiphelo sebhetri awupheli. I-Renault's Zoe, umzekelo, sele ithembisa ukubiza ngokukhawuleza kwi-80 yepesenti yomthamo ngeyure enye.
Kodwa ungayihlawula njani le mandla "mandla"? Kwakhona, iintloko sele zitshaya. Ngokusebenzisana neNgxowamali yeMo yezulu kunye nezaMandla, iprojekthi ye-SMILE ngoku kuvavanya uhlobo oluza kubonelela ngolwazi oluhlanganisiweyo, ulwazi oluninzi, ukubhukisha, kunye nenkqubo yokuhlawula nokudibanisa iinkonzo ezizodwa zombane kunye nezo zothutho lukawonkewonke. Ke ngoko, kufuneka kunikwe inkqubo yolwazi kunye neyokuhlawula zonke iintlobo zothutho lwabucala.
Umthengi wezinto
Ewe kunjalo, ukwamkelwa kwabasebenzisi bexesha elizayo kuthatha isigqibo sokuphuhliswa kwetrafikhi entsha yendalo. Iziko leFrauenhofer liye laqhuba uphando kwizithuthi zombane. Isiphumo: Ngokuchasene nemoto yombane ngokuthetha ukuba iindleko zokufumana ziphezulu kakhulu (ipesenti ye-66), ukuba urhulumente kufuneka axhase ukuthengisa (ipesenti ye-63) kunye nokuba iimoto zombane kufuneka zibe namandla njengezimoto eziqhelekileyo (ipesenti ye-60). Iipesenti ze46 nditsho ndicinga (zisekhona) ukuba iimoto zombane azikwazi ukuthatha indawo yezithuthi zangoku. Mhlawumbi oku kungenxa yesizathu esilandelayo: I-61 yepesenti ibango lokwazi kancinci malunga ne-electromobility.
cars zombane
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, iimoto zombane zaqala ukutshintsha umhlaba ngokuzinzileyo. Kwaye into enye sele icacile: Ukutshintshela kwimoto yombane akufiki ngobusuku, ubuncinci hayi kwiriphabliki yeAlpine. Ukuphela kwe-2014, i-4.7 yezigidi zeemoto zeklasi ye-M1 zabhaliswa e-Austria, iimoto ze-3.386 (I-0,07 yepesenti isabelo sonke) zaqhuba ibhetri yombane kuphela - emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ukunyuka ukuya kwi-2013 ngepesenti ye-63,6. Ukongeza, ngeenxa zonke i-1.700 ishaja iindawo ezivela kubaboneleli abahlukeneyo e-Austria okwangoku ukuba zisetyenziswe kuluntu.
Imbaleki yaseYurophu ese ngaphambili i-Norway ibonakalisa ukuba ingayenza ngokwahlukileyo nge-18.000 iimoto zombane ezisanda kubhaliswa kunyaka we-2014 (ipesenti ye-130). Isizathu sokuthandwa: Abathengi be-e -imoto bagcina i-25 yepesenti, imirhumo yokubhalisa, imisebenzi yokungenisa elizweni kunye nempahla yenkonzo kunye nerhafu ekhethekileyo. Ukongeza, abahlawuleli ukuhlawula irhafu, bavunyelwe ukuba baphephe kwiimpompo zikarhulumente ngokukhululekileyo kwaye bafumane ukubuyiswa kwerhafu kwizibonelelo zemayile eziphezulu, ukongeza i-e -imoto zingasebenzisa iindlela zebhasi nepaki mahala. Izandi ezinje? Ngotshintsho lwerhafu i-2015 nayo e-Austria iinkuthazo kufuneka zize.
Ukuza kuthi ga kwi-2020, i-Austria ifuna ukufikelela kwisabelo se-electromobility kwimoto izithuthi eziipesenti ezintlanu.Izimvo kwimoto yombane
"Sibona iimoto zombane njengethuba lokucutha kakhulu ifuthe lokusingqongileyo kwicandelo lezothutho kunye nokuxhomekeka kumveliso ngaphakathi. Ukongeza, iibhetri zinokudlala indima njengokugcinwa kwigridi yamandla. Ke ngoko, sinethemba lokuba i-electromobility iya kubakho, kwaye uphuhliso lwangoku ngokuqinisekileyo zizizathu zethemba. Ukuba iimoto zombane ziyaphela, oko kuthatha ixesha elithile lokuqhuba. Kuba ukuncitshiswa kweendleko okwangoku kuthwala umngcipheko ngokwawo: kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuqhuba imoto yombane kungaphantsi kwexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu kunokuqhuba imoto eqhelekileyo, kangangokuba ukugcwala kwetrafti kuyenyuka. Kodwa ayifanelanga kwenzeka ukuba iimoto zombane zisetyenziswa ikakhulu njengemoto yesibini esixekweni, okanye zenze iimoto ezingabizi kakhulu kubaqhubi bezithuthi, kuba ngenxa yokujonga yonke inkqubo, oku ngekhe kulunge. Ngokukodwa esixekweni kukho ezinye iindlela ezoneleyo ezonga indawo ngokuthelekisa imoto - ukuze iindawo zikawonke wonke ezixekweni ziphinde zibe yindawo yokuhlala, endaweni yokusebenzela njengeendawo zokugcwala. Kuba iimoto zombane zifuna indawo yokuqhuba, kunye ne-90 yepesenti yexesha lokupaka. Ngokufanelekileyo, iimoto zombane kufuneka ziqhube apho izithuthi zikawonke-wonke zingena nzuzo ngenxa yamanani aphantsi abakhweli - emhlabeni. Kwixesha elide, ke ngoko, kuya kunyanzeleka ukuba ndicinge ngamanyathelo olawulo, hayi ubuncinci ukuze kufumaneke imbuyekezo yengeniso eseleyo kwirhafu yeoyile yeminerali kwaye ke negalelo leendleko zokulungiswa kwendlela. Kodwa okwangoku. Into yokuqala efunekayo ngoku ukunciphisa iindleko zebhetri kunye nokunyuka kwebanga, kunye nokuphendula umbuzo wokuba ungazidibanisa kangakanani iimoto kwiigridi. "
UJurrien Westerhof, Uhlaziyo oluhlaziyiweyo lweAustriaMsgstr "Ukufumaneka kweendawo zokutshaja nge-e-mail kuthathwa njengeyona nto ekhawulezayo ekusasazeni ukusasazeka kwe-electromobility. Ngephulo lokwandisa kunye nenethiwekhi yezibonelelo zesikhululo sokutshaja, iWizen Energygie inika iWitterener Stadtwerke isisigqibo esizimiseleyo sokusetyenziswa kwendalo kunye noqoqosho oluzinzileyo lokusetyenziswa kwe-electromobility. Kwingingqi yemodeli yaseVienna, okwangoku unokuphinda uyikhulise iibhetri zakho ngeenxa zonke zeendawo ze350. Ekupheleni konyaka, kuya kubakho amandla okunyusa amandla e-400. "
UThomas Irschik, uVienna Energy"Ezothutho lomntu ziphakathi kotshintsho olukhulu kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka, kunye ne-electromobility edlala indima ebalulekileyo. Iinqwelo zee-E-drive zihamba ngokuzolileyo nangokungabikho kokuhamba, zizixhobo zokuqhuba zokucutha ukukhutshwa kwomoya ogcina ubushushu kwaye ngenxa yoko zinegalelo elibonakalayo kukhuseleko lwemozulu. Ngaphakathi, kutyalwe imali kuphuhliso lobuchwephesha bexesha elizayo kunye nokudityaniswa kwayo kwinkqubo ekhoyo - indlela i-Austria ezimiseleyo nenesibindi.
Ingmar Höbarth, imozulu kunye nengxowa-mali yamandla"Ukuhamba ngeemoto sesinye sezona zinto ziqhuba ukutshintsha kwemozulu, lelona lithengi likhulu lezinto ezinamandla kunye nelinye lamacandelo amakhulu okusebenzisa amandla. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, iOstriya esezantsi izibekele usukelo lokunciphisa ukugcwala kwabantu okanye ukwenza ukuba isebenze ngakumbi. Ukufezekisa ezi njongo kufuna, kwelinye icala, ukukhuthaza ukuhamba kwemultimodal, okt ukunxibelelanisa izithuthi zabucala kunye nenethiwekhi yokusingqongileyo, kwaye, kwelinye icala, indlela eyandileyo yokwabelana ngeziseko zendlela, iindlela zothutho kunye neehambo. I-Electromobility idlala indima ebalulekileyo apha. "
UHerbert Greisberger, i-Arhente yezaMandla kunye nezeNdalo Engaphantsi kwe-Austria
Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock.
