Elizabeth Oberzaucher
Abantu basukela ezabo iinjongo ngaphandle kokujonga indlela oku okubachaphazela ngayo abanye. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo oku kukhokelela kumbuzo wokuba indalo yomntu ayinyamezelani na. Ukujonga imbali yendaleko kuyasikhanyisela ngalo mbandela. Kuzo zonke izilwanyana ezihlala ngokwamaqela, isipho sokunyamezelana siyimfuneko yokuhlangana koluntu ukuze isebenze ngokupheleleyo. Ubukho bokuhlangana ngokuqinisekileyo buza kunye neemeko apho iinjongo zomntu ngamnye zingahambelani. Oku kugcina ukubakho kwembambano, kwaye ukuba ubungakanani bonyamezelo bebungekho, naziphi na ezi meko zinokunyuka. Kuba iindleko zeembambano ziphakame kakhulu kunezibonelelo ezinokubakho, isigqibo sidla ngokuvumela ukunyamezelwa.
Njengoko ookhokho bethu banyanzeliswa lutshintsho lwemozulu ukuba bafudukele kwihlathi elinemvula besiya e-savanna, bajongene nemiceli mngeni mitsha ngokupheleleyo. Abaxhaphazi ababedlale indima encinci ngoku baba yingxaki yokwenene. Ukuze sikwazi ukumelana nokutya, ookhokho bethu bamanyene ngokwamaqela amakhulu. Kumaqela, ukubakho kwexhoba lokuwa kwixhoba yinto encitshisiweyo ngenxa yokusebenzisana kweendlela ezininzi. Kwelinye icala, ubomi beqela ngokwalo abungqubani ngokuzenzekelayo. Nokuba kukutya okanye ezinye izibonelelo, iimfuno zabantu zihlala zikhuphisana. Kungokusebenzisa imithetho kuphela enokuthi ubomi beqela bube njalo ukuze ezi meko zinganyuki.
I-INFO: Umhlambi ozingcayo we-altruists
NguBill Hamilton Uqulunqe igama elithi "ukuliva ngokuzingca". Oku kuyalahlekisa ngenxa yezi zizathu zibini: Ekuqaleni, iphakamisa ukwazi ukuquka kweqela elinotyekelo lokuzingca. Ukongeza, ukuzithanda kubaluleke kakhulu kwikota, evakala kakhulu njengamaqhinga okulinganisa nokunganyamezelani. I-Ego egoism. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba sijonga ngokusondeleyo oko kuchazwa nguHamilton ngeli gama, umfanekiso ophuculwe ngakumbi uzityhila: abantu badibana kunye ngokwamaqela, kuba iyakhonza inkqubela-kude kube ngoku. Nangona kunjalo, impilo yeqela ibonisa ukuba amalungu aphathana ngokunyamezelana. Amaqela entlalontle ayisiqokelelo olungacwangciswanga, kodwa kunokuba zizinto ezintsokothileyo ezakhiwe yimithetho yentlalo. Umzekelo, kukho iindlela ezilawula ukuba ilungu ngalinye liyadlala okanye liyaphula imithetho. Ii-egoists ezihlambulukileyo azinqweneleki ngokwamaqela, kwaye isimilo esinjalo sikhutshiwe, esohlwaywa, okanye sohlwaywa ngokungabandakanywa kwiqela. Iimodeli zethiyori zemidlalo zibonisa ukuba kumaqela entlalontle, umntu ngamnye uyangenelwa ekunyamezeleni kwabanye kwaye angangeni ngendlela yeenjongo zabo. Olu ncedo luvula ithuba lokulandela iinjongo ezinkulu ezifuna ukusebenzisana. Ekugqibeleni, abo banakho ukufumana ibhalansi ehlanganisa ukunyamezelana nokulawula baya kuxhamla, ukuze ukunyamezelana kube yinto ephambili ekuhlaleni.
Ukuzingca noLawulo lweeNkqubo
Kumalungu eqela, ukuba kweli qela kwakuyingenelo kakhulu (kuba enye ayityiwa yibhuger-toothed tiger elandelayo), bekufanelekile ukuba sishiya isiqhamo esimnandi kwabanye, okanye singafumani ndawo yokulala kamnandi. Ngaphandle kokubala okulula kweendleko, akubikho ngokuzenzekelayo kuwo onke amalungu eqela ukwenza "ubomi kunye nokuphila" isiqubulo sabo. Ke ngoko, iindlela zokulawula zivele zaza zaqinisekisa ukuba isisa asisebenzi. Eyona nto ke, baye baqinisekisa ukuba indawo yokuhlala ayisihlalanga-nye, kwaye, abo, njengamagqwetha, bafuna nje ukukhetha iidiliya zekhekhe elihlangeneyo, abakuthandi ukubonwa kwiqela. Ezi ndlela zazisebenza kakuhle kumaqela apho ookhokho bethu bachitha uninzi lwembali yabo. Ixesha elide, inani lamalungu eliqela alifumananga ngaphezulu komda we200. Olu luphawu lweqela oluvumela wonke umntu ukuba azi ngamnye, ngoko ke akukho namnye onyama ngokungaziwa. Kuphela ngokuhlaliswa kunye nokuvela kwezixeko zokuqala, iindawo zokuhlala zazinkulu.
Umama we-egoism
Ayisiyiyo kuphela la maqela amakhulu abantu antsonkothileyo ngokwasentlalweni kwaye avumela ukuvela kokungaziwa, bakwathetha ukuba iindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezikhusela ekuxhaphazeni azisebenzi kakuhle.
Ukuzingca kunye nokungabikho kokunyamezelana esikubonayo namhlanje akungeni kwimeko yabantu. Endaweni yoko, kungenxa yokuba iimeko zokuziphatha eziphantsi kwemeko yokusebenza azisasebenzi ngenxa yeemeko zokuphila eziguqulweyo. Oko ngexesha lokuqhubeka kwembali yokuguquka kwezinto saqinisekisa ukuba izinyanya zethu zahlangana kunye ngokunyamezelana nembeko, zasilela kumbutho ongaziwayo.
Ngaba ke kufuneka siphelelwe lithemba kwaye sizinikezele kwisiphelo sokuba abahlali besi sixeko bengakwazi nje ukunceda kodwa ngokuzingca ukwandisa iingqiniba zabo, ukuba nomsindo ngomntu odibana nabo kwaye badlule kwintlungu ngendlela emdaka? Ngethamsanqa, njengoko igama layo libonisa, iHomo sapiens inikezwe ngengqondo enamandla. Ngokwahlukileyo kwengqondo ethembekileyo isinika amandla okujongana neengxaki ezintsha kunye nemiceli mngeni ukuya ngaphaya kwezisombululo ezilula.
Impumelelo ye Homo sapiens isekwe ubukhulu becala kumandla okusabela ngokukhawuleza kwiinguqu zokuphila. Ke, lo gama i-biology inokuthi inganiki mpendulo kumbuzo wokuba sikubeka njani ukunyamezelana kwimibutho engaziwayo endaweni ye-egoism, umntu wentlalo kunye nenkcubeko uyakwazi ukwenza oko. Ngemithetho engekho sesikweni kunye nemithetho esesikweni, siqinisekisa ukuba ubunye bethu bubonakaliswa yintlonipho phakathi kunye nokulandela ngolunya iinjongo zomntu kuyacalulwa okanye bohlwaywe.
Ngokubanzi, oku kusebenza kakuhle. Ukuba abenzi bemoodo babechanekile ngopende wabo omnyama, ukuhlala ngokuthula kwisixeko esikhulu bekungekhe kwenzeke. Kodwa yile nto kanye echaza ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Sivulelana ucango omnye nomnye, siphakame kwitram xa sicinga ukuba omnye umntu usifuna isihlalo ngaphezulu kokwenza thina, siphose inkunkuma kwindawo yenkunkuma hayi ezitalatweni kuphela. Olu luhlu lwezimbo zomzimba ezincinci zokunyamezelana kunokuqhubeka ixesha elide. Zendalo kuthi ukuze singaziboni kwaphela. Zininzi kakhulu iinxalenye zobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla kangangokuba simazi kuphela xa isenzo sokulindela sendawo yokuhlala singaphumeleli.
Iimpawu ezifanelekileyo vs. negative
zethu umbono Ngaba yeyiphi na into eyinyani ngokweemephu zemeko ezinokwenzeka. Ngokuchasene noko, ngakumbi ezo zinto zenzeka ngokungaqhelekanga, siyaphawula. Oku kunokuba kukokwethu imbali kwemvelo kuba sijolisa ingqalelo yethu kwizinto ezingahambi kakuhle kwindlela. Kodwa oku kuba yingxaki ukuba sicinga ukuba sinokuvavanya amathuba okwenyani.
Iphephandaba elibonisa iziganeko zobomi bokwenene ngekhe zifundwe. Ubukhulu becala, iya kuba nemiyalezo echaza ukusebenza kakuhle kweenkqubo kunye nentsebenziswano. Nangona kunjalo, xa uvula iphephandaba, ligcwele amanqaku encumo. Ukunyamalala okuqhelekileyo, okungaqhelekanga kufumana ingqalelo. Iklasikhi, kwaye ingakumbi kwezentlalo, imithombo yeendaba kufuneka iphathwe ngononophelo kuba ayizogubungela into yonke. Into enokuthi ukutsala umdla imelwe ngaphezulu.
Ingqondo yethu enengqondo isivumela ukuba sibonakalise kwaye sichasene nokuzigcina ngokuxhamla kwaye, ngalo lonke ixesha xa ikholelwa kwinto, sibuze ngokuthe ngqo kwazi.
I-INFO: Ukubaleka kwendalo
I-Biology isoloko isetyenziswa ukuchaza i-egoistic yokuziphatha okanye nokuba ndiyayithethelela. Isilwanyana kuthi sinoxanduva lokuseta iinjongo ezizodwa zoluntu kwaye ngenxa yoko (kwaye akufuneki) sitshintshe nantoni na. Le ngxabano ayilunganga kwaye ayifanelekanga. Kuzo zonke iintlobo, ezingaphili zodwa, kodwa zihlala ngokwamaqela, ukunyamezelana kwamanye amalungu eqela kungumbandela wokusebenza kokuhlangana. Ke, ukunyamezelana yinto entsha eyenziwayo kwangaphambi kokuba kubonakale abantu bokuqala. Sebenzisa i-biology njengesizathu sokungqinekiyo akwamkelekanga kuba isekwe kubume bemvelo yokuba into enokucaciswa ngokwebhayoloji nayo ilungile kwaye kufanelekile ukuba uyilwele. Le ndlela isinciphisela kubukho bethu njengezinto eziphilayo kwaye iyala ukuba sikwangamaqobelo enkcubeko kunye nawenkcubeko angachazwanga ngeendlela zokusebenza. Ukuziqhelanisa kwethu nokuziqhelanisa nokuziphatha kwethu namhlanje kumisela izinto esizenzayo ukuya kuthi xhaxhe-kwenza kube lula ngathi ukwenza ezinye izinto ngelixa ezinye zibiza ngaphezulu ukoyisa. Ukuziphatha okuhambelana notyekelo lwethu lwebhayoloji kuvakala ngathi kuyahla, ngelixa ukwenza okungasekelwanga ngokwebhayoloji kunokuthelekiswa nokukhwela kwindawo. Iyadinisa le yokugqibela, kodwa nantoni na kodwa ayinakwenzeka. Nabani na oqhubeka nobomi njenge-egoist kufuneka ke eme ngenxa yokuba akangomntu ulungileyo. I-Biology ayizithetheleli.
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