Sonja
Kuti vanhu vazhinji muCentral Europe nhasi vanogona kugaya mukaka, isu tine chikwereti chekusanduka. Nekuti kugona kwevanhu kupatsanura mukaka shuga (lactose), kwaive kutanga kwakagadzirirwa nechisikirwo chete kuvacheche. Iyo enzyme lactase, ino fanirwa iyo, inokura shure mukufamba kwenguva.
Kunyangwe mhuka dzakaita senge mombe, gwai kana mbudzi dzaivakwa muMiddle East neAnatolia kutenderera pazera re11.000 kuitira kuti vagone kugaya zvigadzirwa zvavo zvemukaka, ivo vaingo fanirwa kuitwa zvinoenderana nemaitiro akadai seshizi kana yoghurt kugadzirwa. Varimi vepakutanga ava pavakabva munzira kuenda kuEurope, vakasangana nevavhimi nevaunganisi. About 8.000 makore apfuura, kapfupi vasati vekutanga varimi vagadzirisa, genetic mutation yakaitika. Iyo yakave nechokwadi chekugadzirwa kwenguva refu kweiyo enzyme lactase, iyo nekufamba kwenguva yakabvumidza vanhu vakawandisa kuti vagaye zvigadzirwa zvemukaka. Masayendisiti kubva kuJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz uye University College London vanofungidzira kuti mukaka unoenderana munzvimbo yanhasi Hungary, Austria kana Slovakia.
Milch
Mukaka ndiko emulsion yemapuroteni, mukaka shuga uye mafuta emukaka mumvura; mune mamwe mazwi, makabhohaidhiretsi, mapuroteni, mavitamini uye zvisaririra zvinhu zvinonyungudika mumvura. Izvo zviyero zvezvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvinosiyana kubva kumarudzi emhuka kusvika kumarudzi emhuka. Kunwa mukaka kuri kumira muEurope, China neIndia iri misika yekukura. Muna 2012, mamirioni 754 ematani emukaka (Austria: mamirioni 3,5 matani, 2014) akagadzirwa pasirese, 83 muzana yawo yaive mukaka wemombe.
Mukaka & CO2
Hazvina kufungidzira 65 mabhiriyoni emombe "anogadzirwa" gore rega rega. Dzinotsenga uye dzinochera uye dzinogadzira matani ehemane, gasi rinoparadza greenhouse. Kutorwa pamwechete, izvi zvese zvinhu zvinoreva kuti mutoro uri paPasi mhepo yekudyara nyama uye hove yekushandiswa hove yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo yepasirese yekufamba kwepasi. Ichokwadi kuti kuverenga kwakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pekuti muzana wei greenhouse emissions inobuda pakupedzisira inogadzira nyama uye mukaka kugadzirwa. Kune vamwe iri 12,8, vamwe vanouya pa18 kana kunyanyisa kupfuura 40 muzana.
Saka isu tinogona kubatsirwa nhasi kubva kune yakasikwa chigadzirwa mukaka. "Mombe iyi inoshandisa zvinovaka muviri (uswa) kwatiri uye inoita kuti zvive zvakanaka." Izvi zvinoita kuti mukaka uve mupuroteni wakakosha nehunyanzvi hwecalcium, ”anodaro Michaela Knieli, nyanzvi yehutano hwe" die umweltberatung "muVienna. Austrian mukaka mutsva hauna GM-isina uye inongova homogenized uye pasteurized. "Chaizvoizvo, ndizvozvo zvinobuda kunze kwemombe." Iwe haupi chero chinhu. "Kubva pane inosimbisa maonero ekuona, zvakakosha kuti usaise kunze kwekupa chikafu. Semuenzaniso, zvakadiniko nezvenyaya yezvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa nemichero, apo chikafu chinowanzo fanirwa kubva kupurazi nekuda kwehupfumi hwakatenderera? Inonyanyokurudzirwa kana mombe dziri pamafuro.
Hay mukaka: kubva kune zvakasikwa kutenderera
Varimi vazhinji uye vari kutendeukira kumukaka wehuswa, uko kunodyisa kuchinyatsotevera kutenderera kwepanyama. Nekudaro, muzhizha, mhou dzemukaka wehuswa dzinobvumirwa kudya pauswa uye nemakwenzi kubva kumafuro, mafuro nemafuro emakomo uye nekuwedzera anodyiswa nehuswa uye chikafu chechiyo munguva yechando. Iko hakuna chikafu chakabikwa. Iyo organic hay yemaruva mukaka kubva "Ja! Natural. " Maererano nekambani, 365 mazuva pagore mhando kumhanyisa mhou pachirongwa, izvo zvingangoita 120 mazuva pamafuro uye zororo regore mune playpen neinobuda kunze, tethering yakarambidzwa. Varimi veHummingbird kubva ku "Kudzokera kune Mavambo" vanopa mombe dzemukaka 180 mazuva ekugara mumhepo yakavhurika, kusanganisira 120 mazuva ekudyira.
Ukuwo, pamusoro pekufunga nezvetsika, mombe dzakakodzwa dzinochengetwa mudura idambudziko rezvipenyu zvakare, maererano naKnieli. Haisi chete nezve dambudziko remanyowa (Infobox). "Mhou dzinoregedza zvakakura dzakakodzwa neprotein feed. Icho chinogona kunge chiri soybean chikafu kubva mudondo remvura. Sezvineiwo, iye anopedzisira akanyanya mudumbu remhuka pane kuve mudumbu revarimi. "
Iyo imwe nzira
Kana zvasvika kune soy mukaka, mazhinji zvakare ndeekutanga kufunga nezvenyaya dzemamiriro ekunaya uye enjinjini. Chokwadi chekuti uyu hausi mutemo wechinwiwa che soya chinowanikwa muAustria chinoratidzwa nekuongororwa kwemagazini yevatengi: "Mune zvinomwe kubva mune gumi nemaviri zvinwiwa zve soya zvakaedzwa, masokisi anobva kuAustria. Ini nokutendeseka ndingadai ndisina kufunga izvozvo, "akadaro Nina Siegenthaler, anoisa hutano kuVerein für Konsumenteninfform (VKI). Mhedzisiro yezvisikwa zvakagadziriswa genetikisi (GMOs) yakawanikwawo mune imwe yezvinhu zvinwiwa zve soya zvakaedzwa.
Kunze kwemumwe muvhenganisi weiyo soybeans yeItaly, vamwe vagadziri vana vakanyarara nezve kwavakabva zvigadzirwa zvavo zvekunwa kwezvinwiwa zve soya. Irangi uye zvinwiwa zvemuarumondi zvakaedzwa ne "Konsument" zvakange zvisina ruzivo pamusoro penyika dzakabva kupi mikuru. Izvo zvichave zvakakosha kuti ugone kutonga kuti yakasimba sei mukaka kutsiva zvigadzirwa chaizvo. Vagadziri vari vega vakadai saJoya, ane oat mukaka usina kuongororwa, rondedzero sokwakabva oat Austria. "Kana soya, yakatemerwa kana oats kubva kuAustria, ipapo mukaka wemuriwo unocheka kwazvo uchienzaniswa nemukaka mutsva." Ini handifanirwe kudyisa nekuchengeta chero mhuka, izvo zvinotungamira kune CO2 yakakura kubuda, uye handina chero nzira dzekufambisa, "anodaro Knieli we" die umweltberatung ".
Rice Milk: zvakawanda zvakashata
Kana iri chinwiwa chemupunga kana mukaka chinotsiva chakabudiswa chigadzirwa, ipapo nzira dzakanyanyisa dzekutakura uye, yemupunga, CO2-inorima kurima inowedzerwa. Hazvizivikanwe zvishoma: mupunga wakanyorovera unoburitsa mizhinji yemethane, iyo inowanzoitika kana hutachiona hwehutachiona hwekuparadza zvinhu - kwete mukudyara mhuka chete.
Mukuwedzera, yakakwirira yearsenic inowanikwa inowanikwa mumupunga, iyo mune yayo fomu ine chepfu kuvanhu uye carcinogenic. Kunyangwe zvina kubva pavashanu zvokunwa zvemupunga zvakaongororwa zvaive pasi pevhareji kukosha kwakatemwa neEuropean Food Safety Authority, iyo magazini Consumer inopa yambiro uye inotora zvinwiwa zvemupunga zvisina kukodzera kune vacheche uye vana vadiki. Maitiro ekuvirisa anoita kuti mupunga unwe kunyanya kutapira. Izvo zvakagamuchirwa zvakanaka nevanoedza. "Asi hunhu nderwekuti: Nekuda kwekugadzirwa, zvinwiwa zvemupunga zvine shuga yakawanda kupfuura zvimwe zvinwiwa zve Soya, izvo shuga zvakawedzerwa!", Anodaro Siegenthaler. "Kubva pane yakatarwa uye ine hutano hwekuona, mukaka wemupunga iri munzwa uri padivi. Kana kurimwa kwemupunga kwakanyorova kuchinge kwakanganisa mamiriro ekunze anoparadza mamiriro ekunze, nekuwedzera, mupunga unotakurwa kutenderedza hafu yepasi, ”anodaro Knieli. Mukaka uyu wemupunga waigona kubatsira zvakawanda kune vanorwara nemhezi. Nekuti kusiyana nezvinwiwa zvakagadzirwa kubva muhari, oats kana zvimwe zviyo, chinwiwa chemupunga haichimbove isina girizi.
Almond mukaka: kwete chaizvo zvakasikwa
Zvakadiniko nomukaka womuarmond? Sezvineiwo, vanga vachitenderedza kubva kumaMiddle Ages. Iye ane zvakawanda zvekuita nezve nhasi tetrapak-bhodhoro yemarumondi zvinwiwa? Iyo rondedzero yezvikamu inoreba, vatengi vakawana thickeners, emulsifiers uye stabilizer mune imwe hafu yezvinwiwa zvakaedzwa. Uyezve, zvese zvakavezwa shuga (nyangwe mukaka wealmond usina kuiswapo unowanikwa). "Tichiri kukwanisa kutaura nezvechisikigo chigadzirwa here?" Mukaka wakawandisa zvakanyanya, ”anodaro Siegenthaler. Mukaka weAlondondi zvakare une dambudziko kubva kune yakasikwa maonero ekuti: "MaAlmond angaite chaizvo pachinhu che CO2. Asi mazhinji anouya kubva kuUS uye anogadzirwa se monocultures ane yakakwirira pesticide uye kushandiswa kwemvura. Zvinwiwa zveAlmond zvinofanirwawo kurapwa nehungwaru! ”Anodaro Knieli.
Nenzira, iyo almond inonwa inoedzwa nevatengi yaingova maviri kusvika manomwe muzana maalmond. "Zvinwiwa izvi zvine mvura yakawanda." Iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti mvura iri kutakurwa pano nepasirese, "akadaro nyanzvi ye" die umweltberatung ".
Saka chii chiri nani, mukaka kana mukaka wemiriwo? Chinhu chimwe chete chine chokwadi: chigadzirwa chakakwana hachipo. Zvese zvine zvakanaka nezvakaipa. Knieli: "Kana iwe ukagadzira mukaka kubva kune oats kana kupereterwa, iwo unotapira zvirinani pane mukaka mutsva. Nekudaro, mukaka wekudyara une zvakashata mukuumbwa kwemafuta. Organic mazambiringa mukaka inokurudzirwawo. "Asi izvozvo hazvikukuvadze kana uchikundikana kuzvimirira."
kusashivirirana
Lactose kusashivirira kwakapararira muzviitiko zvedu. MuCentral Europe, vangangoita 60 muzana yehuwandu nhasi vanokwanisa kuchera mukaka shuga, nepo muNorth Europe, senge Scandinavia neIreland, 90 muzana. MuSouth Europe, ingangoita 20 muzana, uye kunyange muAsia, vanhu vashoma kwazvo vanoshivirira zvigadzirwa zvemukaka. Kana iyo enzyme lactase ikashaikwa, shuga yemukaka haigoni kupatsanurwa uye inoramba irimo mukoloni. Iko kunogadziriswa nemabhakitiriya kune akadai lactic acid uye kabhoni diamoni, iyo inogona kutungamira muvanhu vane lactose kusashivirira kune mardominal pain, cramps, flatulence kana manyoka.
Photo / Video: Shutterstock.
