Chikwereti chepasi rose: ndiani muridzi wenyika?

ECB iri kuzadza misika nemari itsva. Nehurombo, iyo mari haiperi mukushandiswa kana mukudyara. Inoyerera yakapfuura hupfumi chaihwo uye ichipera mumisika yekutengesa, muzvivakwa uye muzvisungo zvehurumende.

Mupasi rose, makambani, nyika uye dzimba dzakaunganidza zvikwereti zvavasati vachizombokwanisa kubhadhara. Huwandu hwezvikwereti zvepasi rose hwemakambani nemakambani izvozvi hwakwira zvakanyanya (zvichienzaniswa neyakaipisisa yezvigadzirwa zveGDP zvakapetwa zvakapetwa) sezvavakaita dambudziko rehupfumi muna2008. Mhedzisiro yemitengo yakanangana nekudonha kwemitero, zvirongwa zvekurudzira hupfumi uye zvirongwa zvekununura zvebhangi zviri pachena. Iyo inonyanya kuve nyika dzakapfuma kwazvo dzakaunganidza makomo akakwirira echikwereti. The International Monetary Fund IMF maererano neUS, China neJapan zviri pakati penyika ine chikwereti uye chega account inodarika hafu yezvikwereti zvepasirese. Asi nyika dzichiri kusimuka dzakawanawo hupenyu papombi.

Hazvina kunetsa zvakanyanya here?

Muzvinafundo Dorothea Schäfer, Dhairekita Director weFederal Marike Division pa Sangano reGerman Sedzidzo Yehupfumi (DIW) muBerlin inonyanya kuzorodzwa pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu. Maererano naye, chikwereti cheruzhinji chete hachisi chikonzero chekunetseka, asi chimwe chinhu "chakazara" mune hurongwa hwehupfumi. Kune Schäfer, chikwereti chakawunganidzwa chinonyanya kukonzerwa nedambudziko rehupfumi hwepasi uye chiratidzo chekuti mabhangi epakati akazadza misika nemari. Maererano naye, mamiriro ezvinhu anongova nengozi kana, semuenzaniso, dambudziko rezvivakwa richisangana nekushomeka kwakanyanya.
Richard Grgicon, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi pa Vienna Institute for International Ehupfumi Kuenzanisa (wiiw), anofunga kuti vanhu - kunyanya munyika dzinotaura chiGerman - vanonetseka zvakanyanya pamusoro pechikwereti. "Kunyangwe chikwereti chikaita dambudziko zvinoenderana nezvimwe zvinhu zvakadai sekukura kwehupfumi, huwandu hwemhindu hunobudirira, huwandu hwevanhu kana huwandu hwekukwirisa kwezvikwereti," akadaro Grgicon.

Global Chikwereti - Hapana Chikonzero Chengetedza?

Asi izvo, zvinoratidzika kunge paine kumwe kufunga zvakare pakati pevanyanzvi vehupfumi mumakore gumi apfuura nezve chikwereti chakasimba. Kunyange paine chaimbove chokwadi chekuti yakawandisa chikwereti chehurumende ingakanganise kukura kwehupfumi, nhasi marongerwo ezvekunzwira ano dhimoni sekubhadhara mari nekukura. Olivier Blanchard, aimbova purezidhendi we American Economic AssociationPaakati pakutanga kwegore mukutaura kwake kwakamukodzera: "Chero bedzi mubairo chaiwo wechikwereti wakaderera pane mwero wekukura, hapana chikonzero chezvemari chekuchengetedza. Nekuti chikamu chechikwereti chinonyungudika kunge chando chebhora pachiedza pamwe nekushisa ”.

Sangano reInternational Monetary Fund rakati zvakare mune runyararo rwechinyakare runyararo rwekuti mamiriro ezvemari epasirese nyika pasina mubvunzo kubva pakaitika dambudziko rehupfumi uye rezvemari. Anotaura kuti mabhanga epasi rose akamanikidzwa nemutemo kuti awedzere zviyero zvavo uye nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mvura, kuvandudza mashandiro avo panjodzi uye vari pasi pemitemo mitsva, vatongi uye bvunzo dzekushushikana.
Izvo zvinoita sezvisina basa kuti nyika dzarasikirwa nemari yavo yemari uye yepakati mabhangi 'mari yemari nekuda kwekuyedza kwavo kuyambirazve hupfumi nekuda kwezvikwereti zvakawandisa.

Global Chikwereti - Ndiani chaizvo aridzi Nyika?

Nhau dzakanaka ndedzekuti kumashure kwechero chiitiko kune zvakare mari, uye zvine musoro zvakare kushandisa kana kudyara. Asi hazvisi nyore kudaro kuona kuti ndiani achaifarira. Kune rimwe divi, hapana rondedzero yevanogovana mabvumirano ehurumende, uye kune rumwe rutivi, nyika dzinowanzotora "chikwereti" kubva kune zviuru kuzviuru zvevaridzi panguva imwe chete, vanozoramba vachitengeserana nayo. Kune iyo Eurozone, zvakadaro, inounganidza European Central Bank (ECB) nekushingaira dhata yekuwana inove nzwisiso mune yekugovera dhizaini yenyika dze19 euro.
Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuona kuti nyika dzeeuro ndedzipi 'mbiri' kumashanu kumabhangi uye chinenge chikamu chimwe chete kuzvishanu kune dzimwe nyika nemakambani einishuwarenzi. Sezvineiwo, zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvenyika yeAustria 'ndeyenyika dzekunze uye chikamu chimwe muzvina kumabhangi.
Muzvinafundo Schäfer anoona iyi mari yekuita seyakasimba, nekuti mabhanga nemakambani einishuwarenzi iboka rakavimbika revashandi vezvinhu. Napo mabhanga anotoda mikana yekudyara yakagadzikana nemitero yemari inowedzerwa. "Chinotinetsa isu isu vezvehupfumi zvakanyanya inyaya yekuti mabhanga ari kuwedzera mari muzvisungo kubva kudzimwe nyika," akadaro Schäfer.
Chokwadi, zvisungo zvehurumende zvakafarikanya mukurumbira kubvira pakaitika mhirizhonga neEuropean. Izvi hazvingori chete nekuti inzvimbo yakachengeteka yevanotengesa mari, asi pamusoro pezvose nekuti mabhanga haafanirwe kuisa parutivi zvakaenzana izvi.
Ivo vanonyanya kufarirwa neEuropean Central Bank, iyo yave kutenga zvisungo kubva kune eurozone nyika padanho rakakura kubvira 2015. Mavhoriyamu akasiyana pakati pegumi nemakumi mashanu nemakumi matanhatu emadhora - pamwedzi, chenjera iwe. "ECB yakaedza kukurudzira kushandiswa uye inflation mumakore apfuura, asi haina kunyatsobudirira. Nekudaro, izvo zvaakakwanisa kuita ndechekusimbisa, ”anodaro Richard Grusingon.

Mari nyowani iripi?

Pamubatanidzwa ne zero zero rate rate, ECB iri kuzadza misika nemari itsva. Asi iyo mari iripi? Icho chinoshanda uye chisiri-hupfumi chikamu chevagari vanoona zvishoma kwazvo zvacho. Mukupesana: Chikamu chinofungidzirwa chevagari veEU vari panjodzi yehurombo uye vanotambura nekushomeka kwedzimba (17 muzana). Vanhu vakadzidza chaizvo uye mhuri dzinonetsawo kuwana dzimba dzinodhura. Uye zvakare, kuwedzera hunhu, kuvengana kwevanhu uye EU kunopa nzwisiso mukuitika kwakawanda uye kuvimba kwevagari vemuEurope.
Nehurombo, iyo mari haiperi mukushandiswa kana mukudyara. Inoyerera yakapfuura hupfumi chaihwo uye ichipera mumisika yekutengesa, zvivakwa uye zvisungo zvehurumende pachinzvimbo. Kunyangwe iyi sistimu ingangoshanda zvinehupfumi, ichiri kuburitsa kusavimbika kwakashata, nemhedzisiro yayo yemagariro uye yezvematongerwo enyika.

Chikwereti chepasi rose: chaiyo vs. Capitalism yemari

Stefan Schulmeister ndomumwe wevashoma vehupfumi vanobata nemubvunzo uyu: Mari inogona sei kutsauswa kubva kumisika yemari kuenda kuhupfumi chaihwo? Iye anoita musiyano unokosha pakati pemitambo miviri gadziriro yedu yehupfumi system: chaiyo capitalism, iyo inotungamira capital mune inobereka, inoita-kukosha mabasa uye nekudaro inogadzira mabasa nekubudirira pane hwakawanda hwaro, uyezvemari capitalism, iyo inongovapo zvinhu kuburikidza nekukoshesesa kwemutengo mumitengo yemari, mitengo yekutsinhana, zvigadzirwa uye Mitengo yezvivakwa inogadzirwa uye inowanda ne "mari yekushandisa yezvinhu zviripo". Iyo yekupedzisira inotonga hupfumi hwenyika nhasi, inoshatisa kugadzirwa nekugadzira kushaikwa kwemabasa, chikwereti cheruzhinji uye kusaenzana.
Sekureva kwa Schulmeister, chikonzero chikuru ndechekuti kudzoka pamisika yemari kwakakwira kupfuura izvo zvinogona kutarisirwa kubva kumabhizimusi echinyakare. Mune mamwe mazwi, vapfumi vanowana kupfuma nekukurumidza nekukurumidza kuburikidza nekufungidzira kwemari kupfuura kuburikidza neyemabhizimusi ekutanga.

Chishandiso chakakosha kupokana nesimiriro iyi chingave kuiswa kwemutero wekutengesa mari, uyo unotungamira kutsvaga mari kubva mukufambiswa kwemari munguva pfupi kusvika kuzviitiko zvenguva refu pamisika yezvinhu. Schulmeister anokurudzirawo kuumbwa kweEuropean Monetary Fund kuti ibatsire nyika mari. Zvisungo zvake hazvifanirwe kutengeswa uye zvaizopa varidzi vemari mukana wekufungidzira nezvekuchinja kwemisiyano yemari pakati pemari kana kubhuroka kwenyika. Kune vamwe vake, kurudziro ndeyekudzorerwazve kubva kune neoliberal 'musikaendero' kudzoka kudzidzo uye kutora chikamu mune chairo zvinhu zvevanhu.

Dzimwe nyaya pane imwe hupfumi

Photo / Video: Shutterstock, Pfungwa.