Global commons - zothetsera zakomweko

ndi Martin Auer

M'nkhani yake "Revisiting the Commons" kuchokera ku 19991, Elinor Ostrom akutsindika (onaninso zoperekazo. apa ndi apa) kuti zokumana nazo zochokera kuzinthu zoyendetsedwa bwino mdera lanu sizingasinthidwe m'modzi-m'modzi ku zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi monga mlengalenga kapena nyanja zapadziko lonse lapansi. Zodziwika zachikhalidwe nthawi zambiri zimatengera njira zazaka zambiri zoyeserera ndi zolakwika. Zikalephera, anthu atha kutembenukira kuzinthu zina. Popeza tili ndi dziko limodzi lokha, izi sizingatheke kwa ife padziko lonse lapansi.

Kodi tingaphunzire chiyani kuchokera ku njira zopambana zofananira? Ndithudi anthu mabiliyoni asanu ndi atatu sangasonkhane m’bwalo la mudzi kuti akhazikitse malamulo. Ndi mayiko omwe amatumiza nthumwi zawo pagome lokambirana. Mfundo yakuti zokambirana ndi mapangano a mayiko monga Paris Agreement alipo sichinachitikepo m'mbiri ya anthu. Komanso kuti pali mabungwe asayansi odziwika ndi mayiko onse, monga International Climate Council IPCC kapena World Biodiversity Council IPBES.

Koma oimira omwe amakambitsirana kumeneko ayeneranso kuyankha kwa omwe akuimirira kuti athe kudalirika. Magulu omwe amakambirana ndi boma amaika patsogolo zopindula zanthawi yochepa m'malo mwa kukhazikika kwenikweni pobweretsa zotsatira zabwino ku chuma cha m'dziko. Mabungwe odziyimira pawokha ngati ClimateWatch kapena Mchitidwe Wotentha wa Chilengedwe fufuzani momwe malonjezo a mayiko ena aliri othandiza, momwe alili odalirika komanso kuti amasungidwa mpaka pati. Koma timafunikiranso anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera zotere ndikupangitsa oimira ake kuti aziyankha pakufunika.

Ziyenera kuonekeratu kuti mavuto a padziko lonse sangathetse popanda sayansi. Koma okambirana omwe amalemba malamulowo ayeneranso kuganizira za chidziwitso ndi zochitika za omwe akuimira.

Padziko lonse lapansi, sikuti malamulo amangofunika kupangidwa, komanso amafunika kuonetsetsa kuti malamulowo akuphwanyidwa pang'ono momwe angathere. Payenera kukhala kuthekera kwa zilango. Zomwe zachitika kuchokera ku miyambo yachikhalidwe zikuwonetsa kuti anthu ambiri amatsatira malamulowo malinga ngati atsimikiza kuti anthu ambiri amatsatira malamulowo.

Kuchita zinthu mwachisawawa n'kofunikira kuti pakhale kasamalidwe kokhazikika ka zinthu za anthu wamba. Ngakhale si aliyense amene angadziwe chilichonse chokhudza aliyense, kuthekera kolamulira kuyenera kukhalapo. Osewera akuluakulu monga mabungwe makamaka ayenera kuwongolera. Kuti ndiwonetsetse kuwonekera, sikokwanira kuti ndipeze zambiri - ndiyenera kuzimvetsa. Machitidwe a maphunziro ayenera kupereka chidziwitso cha chilengedwe momwe angathere.

Chifukwa chiyani ife?

Cholepheretsa choyamba ngakhale kuchita zinthu zodziwika nthawi zambiri ndi funso: Chifukwa chiyani ndiyenera, chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kuyamba? Ngakhale zoyesayesa zobweretsa ena pagome lokambilana ndi zodula.

Pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi komanso wamba, kupambana ndi kanema kungakhale kolimbikitsa kutenga sitepe yoyamba. Njira zambiri zomwe zimachepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha - zomwe anthu padziko lonse lapansi amapindula nazo - zilinso ndi phindu kwa anthu am'deralo komanso maboma awo, maboma kapena maboma awo. Mizinda yobiriwira yokhala ndi mitengo ndi mapaki imamangiriza CO2, komanso imapangitsa kuti mpweya wabwino ukhale wabwino mumzindawu. Kuletsa kwa injini zoyatsira mkati sikungochepetsa mpweya wa CO2, komanso kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya wa m'deralo ndi zinthu zina. Izi zimapulumutsa ndalama zambiri pazachipatala. Anthu mabiliyoni aŵiri padziko lapansi amawotcha ndi kuphika ndi nkhuni, ndowe ndi zina zotero ndipo amavutika ndi kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya m’nyumba zawo. Kuyika magetsi m'mabanja amenewa - kapenanso kuwakonzekeretsa ndi chitofu cha gasi - kumachepetsa kugwetsa nkhalango ndipo motero kukokoloka kwa nthaka kumapulumutsa ndalama zambiri ku matenda a kupuma ndi maso. Economic, ndendende masamu ntchito ya yokumba fetereza amapulumutsa ndalama, kubweza chiwonongeko cha chonde nthaka ndi kumachepetsa mpweya wa nitrous okusayidi, makamaka amphamvu wowonjezera kutentha mpweya.

Komabe, zolimbikitsa zina zachuma nzokayikitsa. Mayiko akamayika ndalama pakupanga mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa kuti apeze utsogoleri wa msika muumisiri watsopano, izi zingayambitse mpikisano, zomwe zimabweretsa kugwiritsira ntchito mopitirira muyeso, mphamvu ndi zipangizo monga lithiamu, cobalt, bauxite (aluminium) ndi ena.

Mapindu onsewa a carbon akhoza kukhala chilimbikitso kuti ayambe kuchitapo kanthu pa nyengo mosasamala kanthu za zomwe ena akuchita. Ndikakwera njinga m'malo mwa galimoto, kukhudzidwa kwa nyengo kumakhala kochepa - koma zotsatira zake pa thanzi langa zimawonekera nthawi yomweyo.

Ulamuliro wambiri

Kupeza kofunikira kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa Elinor Ostrom ndikuti zinthu zazikuluzikulu zitha kuyendetsedwa kudzera m'mabungwe omwe ali ndi zisa, mwachitsanzo, kuphatikiza zinthu zing'onozing'ono. Zosankha sizimapangidwa ndi akuluakulu apamwamba. Chidziwitso ndi zosankha zimayenda kuchokera pansi kupita pamwamba komanso kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi. Ntchito ya maulamuliro apamwamba ndi, koposa zonse, kusonkhanitsa nkhawa za maulamuliro apansi ndikupanga mikhalidwe ya ntchito ya maulamuliro apansi.

Zogwirizana zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi zothetsera zakomweko

Kusunga nkhalango ngati malo osungiramo kaboni ndi kofunikira padziko lonse lapansi popewa kuwononga kwambiri nyengo. Koma mu 2, Ostrom analemba kuti: “Lamulo lililonse lokhazikitsidwa kuti lilamulire dera lalikulu lomwe lili ndi malo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi zachilengedwe silingagwire ntchito m’malo ambiri amene liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.” Ostrom analemba mu 1999. anthu amene amamudziwa chifukwa amakhala kumeneko. Kuteteza nkhalango izi ku kudula mitengo, chiwonongeko kupyolera mu migodi, kulanda nthaka, ndi zina zotero ndi chidwi chawo nthawi yomweyo. Mabungwe aboma ndi akulu akulu ayenera, koposa zonse, kutsimikizira kuti maderawa ali ndi ufulu wodzikonza okha ndi kuwapatsa chithandizo chomwe akufunikira kuti achite izi.

Kuchedwetsa kusindikiza nthaka ku Austria ndi vuto ladziko - ndipo pamapeto pake ndi vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi. Koma mavuto amasiyana m’madera osiyanasiyana, m’dera ndi dera.

Kusunga dothi labwino paulimi kumafuna miyeso yosiyana ndi mgwirizano wamba malinga ndi malo.

Njira zochepetsera mphamvu zitha kukambidwa m'midzi, m'midzi, m'maboma kapena m'mizinda. Mapangidwe a zoyendera zapadera ndi zapagulu ndi funso lakukonzekera malo, omwe amakumana ndi mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana kulikonse.

Pazigawo zonsezi, pakati pa zovuta ziwiri - kusiya malamulo kumsika kapena kuwasamutsira ku boma lapakati - pali njira yachitatu: kudzipanga nokha kwa commons.

PS: Mzinda wa Vienna uli ndi Elinor Ostrom Park m'chigawo cha 22 odzipereka

Chithunzi chachikuto: Public Domain kudzera rawpixel

Mawu a M'munsi:

1 Ostrom, Elinor et al. (1999): Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges. Mu: Sayansi 284, tsamba 278-282. DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5412.278.

2 Ostrom, Elinor (1994): Palibe Msika kapena State: Governance of Common Pool Resources in the Twenty-First Century. Washington DC Pa intaneti: https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/126712/filename/126923.pdf