Rayuwa akan duniyar Mars - Fitowa cikin sabon wuraren zama

An yi barazanar duk dan Adam da matsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Kalmar "yin hijira" - yanzu muna ƙidaya 7,2 biliyan - yana ɗaukar ɗaukacin sabon girma. Na kayan aiki, tabbas zai iya haifar da matsaloli. Abu ɗaya tabbatacce ne: zamu iya barin manyan motocinmu masu ƙyalƙyali masu tsallake-tsallake a mafi sabunta - har yanzu ba a gina hanyar sabon gidan ba.

Tabbas, har yanzu akwai wurare da yawa don halakarwa, amma dole ne a fuskanci kalubale. Hatta wadancan dabarun ficewa nan gaba: wadanne zaɓuɓɓuka ne suka rage yayin da iskar ta zama siriri? Zabi na daya: Mun tsaya kuma muna biyan bukatunmu saboda sabbin nasarorin, fasaha - misali a karkashin manyan gilashin gilashi. Zabi na biyu: Mun shirya abubuwanmu guda bakwai sannan muka tashi zuwa sabuwar duniya, nesa.

Samo halittun duniya

"Ina tsammanin za a tuna da lokacinmu a matsayin wanda muka tashi zuwa sababbin duniyoyi, kamar ƙarshen 15. Karni a zamanin Christopher Columbus. Zamu iya ɗauka cewa mutumin da zai ɗauki mataki na farko akan duniyar duniyar Mars, an riga an haifeshi, "masanin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi Gernot Grömer yana motsa shigowar hukuma a mil mil na 225, duniyar ja a cikin lokaci mai ma'ana.

Shugaban kungiyar ta Austrian Space Forum OWF yayi nazarin yanayin rayuwa a nan gaba a duniyar Mars kuma yasan yiwuwar yan takarar sabon babban mazaunin bil adama: "Rukunin sassan biyu a halin yanzu sun fi dacewa da duniyar wata da duniyar Mars. A bisa ka'ida, duniyar kankara a cikin Tsarin Hasken rana yana da ban sha'awa, irin su Saturn moon Enceladus da Jovian moon Turai. A halin yanzu mun san wurare takwas a cikin tsarin hasken rana inda za a iya samun ruwa mai tsafta. "

shiri duniya

Maris
Mars ita ce duniya ta huɗu ta tsarin duniyarmu da ake gani daga rana. Matsakaicinsa yakai kusan girman girman diamita na Duniya tare da kusan kilomita 6800, girmanta yana da kyau goma sha bakwai na Duniya. Aikin radar ta amfani da binciken duniyar Mars Express ya bayyana adana dusar kankara da aka saka a yankin kudu maso kudu, Planum Australe.

Enceladus
Enceladus (kuma Saturn II) shine na goma sha huɗu da shida mafi girma daga cikin sanannun watanin 62 da aka san duniyar Saturn. Wata ne mai kankara kuma yana nuna ayyukan tsinkaye wanda babban maɓuɓɓan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na kankara a cikin hamadar kudu suna haifar da yanayi mai santsi. Wadannan maɓuɓɓugan tabbas suna ciyar da E-ring na Saturn. A fannin ayyukan volcanic, an kuma samo tabbataccen ruwa mai ruwa, wanda ke sanya Enceladus a matsayin daya daga cikin wuraren da za'a iya amfani da su a cikin tsarin hasken rana tare da kyakkyawan yanayi na halittar rayuwa.

Turai
Turai (ciki har da Jupiter II), tare da diamita na 3121 km, ita ce ta biyu na ciki da ƙarami daga cikin manyan watanni huɗu na duniyar Jupiter kuma ta shida mafi girma a cikin tsarin hasken rana. Turai wata ne mai kankara. Kodayake zazzabi a saman Turai ya kai girman -150 ° C, ma'aunai daban-daban suna ba da shawarar cewa akwai wani zurfin teku mai zurfin 100 na ruwa mai ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsawan ruwa mai nisan mil-kilomita.
Source: Wikipedia

Sararin mulkin mallaka

A matsayin visa ga refugeesan gudun hijirar ɗan adam ya shafi saman duka: ilimin fasaha da haƙuri. A nan gaba, a cewar Grömer, farkon, ƙananan wuraren buɗe ido - kamar tashar sarrafawa, tashar Mars ta dindindin - za ta ƙara ƙaruwa, a ƙarshe ta zama ƙaramin ƙauyuka: "effortoƙarin fasaha don ci gaba da dorewa a duniyar wata, alal misali, babba ne. Mutanen da ke wurin za su kasance - kamar yadda suka fara zama na farko a Sabuwar Duniya - da farko suna nuna damuwa ga aikin samar da ababen more rayuwa da rayuwa. "Kuma suna fuskantar sabbin haɗari da hatsarori: guguwar radiation, tasirin meteorite, raunin fasaha. Masanin ilimin taurari: "Amma mutane suna da saurin jujjuyawar ra'ayi - don duba Antarktisstationen na dindindin, ko tafiye-tafiyen jirgi na dogon lokaci.

"Kamar yadda a da, magabata na farko a cikin Sabuwar Duniya za su fi damuwa da kiyaye ababen more rayuwa da rayuwa."
Gernot Grömer, Austrian Space Forum OWF

A matsayina na farko, muna tsammanin hanyoyin kimiyya, ta yiwu aikace-aikacen masana'antu kamar su ma'adanin ma'adanin a cikin asteroids. Koyaya, muna magana ne game da ayyuka na dogon lokaci wadanda zasu tabbata a shekaru masu zuwa masu zuwa. "Manyan larduna bazai yuwu ba har ƙarni - idan har an samar da ƙalubalen fasaha daban-daban kamar haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin samarwa da amfani da albarkatun ƙasa.

Abubuwan da ake bukata na mazauna duniya

Ba kamar jirgin zuwa tashar sararin samaniya ko wata ba, tafiya zuwa duniyar Mars ko wata a cikin tsarin duniyarmu yana ɗaukar watanni da yawa. Sakamakon haka, ban da wuraren zama (wurare masu rayuwa) a doron duniya da tsarin sufuri da kuma yanayin mazaunan gado suna taka muhimmiyar rawa.

Ban da fasahar da ta dace da samun damar shiga, yanayin halayen na yau da kullun suna aiki don ba da damar rayuwa akan sauran duniyoyi. Da farko, akwai buƙatar biyan bukatun ilimin kimiyyar lissafi:

• Kariya daga tasirin muhalli masu cutarwa, kamar su, hasken UV, tsauraran zafin jiki ...
• Halin mutum, kamar su matsa lamba, oxygen, zafi, ...
• Karfin
• Albarkatu: abinci, ruwa, kayan masarufi

Kudin tashar Mars
Don tushe na Mars a cikin tsari na girman tashar tashar sararin samaniya ta ISS (tan 5.543) game da ƙaddamar da 264 tare da Ariane 5 ana buƙatar. Jimlar kudin sufuri sannan za'a kimanta biliyan 30. Wannan shine sau goma farashin jigilar tashar tashar orbital. Yin la'akari da tsadar kuɗaɗen jigilar kayayyaki na ISS, irin wannan manufa zata biya tsakanin Euro biliyan 250-714.
Tabbas, dole ne mutum yayi la'akari da fa'idar riba, tunda binciken ilmin taurari yana haifar da ci gaba da yawa da kuma kirkirar fasaha. Wannan ƙididdigar farashi tana aiki kawai don nuna ƙimar kusan.

Rushewa a Duniya 2.0

Hakanan za'a iya yin tunani shine juyowa, canjin yanayi zuwa yanayin rayuwar mutane. Wani abu wanda ba a sarrafa shi ba a duniya tsawon ɗaruruwan shekaru. Dangane da ka'idodin fasaha, kodayake, alaƙa tana da alaƙa da ɓatar lokacin aiki, amma mai yuwuwa mai yiwuwa ne. Don haka, in ji Grömer, ɗakunan kankara na duniyar Mars, lokacin da suke narkewa, na iya haifar da karuwa da yawaitar yanayi. Ko manyan tanki masu yawa a cikin yanayin Venus suna haifar da rage tasirin kore a cikin duniyarmu mai zafi. Amma waɗannan suma yanayin yanayin motsa jiki ne don ka'idojin ka'idoji. Ayyukan Mammoth wanda ke buƙatar ƙira don millennia.

"Baya ga kalubalen fasaha, Ina jin daɗin ganin yadda kamfanoni za su yi wata rana a wurin. Yawancin dokokinmu da taronmu suna dogara ne da yanayin muhalli da muke rayuwa a ciki - wato muna iya ganin sababbin nau'ikan jama'a suna fitowa a nan, "in ji Grömer, yana mai duban makomar ɗan adam.
Amma ɗaukar tsawon lokaci na mulkin mallakar duniya da al'amuran wata kyakkyawar tambaya ce game da amfani da albarkatu. Grömer: "Don fitar da dan Adam, hakan ba zai bada ma'ana mai yawa ba, saboda kokarin kiyaye duniya a matsayin mazauni ya fi sauki fiye da ba da damar tura manyan bakin haure."

Rayuwa a cikin biospheres

Ko dai a sararin sama ko a cikin wata lalacewar muhalli - Muhimmiyar bukatar nan gaba ita ce fahimtar kimiyya game da tsarin yanayin kasa da kiyayewa. A yawancin lokuta, an riga an yi babban ƙoƙari, kamar aikin Biosphere II, don ƙirƙirar abubuwa daban-daban, masu tsabtataccen halayen halittu da kuma kula da su na dogon lokaci. Ko da tare da kyakkyawar manufa don ba da damar mazaunin ɗan adam na gaba a ƙarƙashin ginin ƙasa. Yaci gaba sosai: Har ya zuwa yanzu, duk kokarin da aka yi ya gaza.

Biosphere II (Infobox) - mafi girman gwaji har zuwa yanzu - ya kasance mai himma sosai. Yawancin masana kimiyya na duniya suna shirya aikin tun 1984. Gudun gwajin farko an yi masa alƙawura: John Allen ya zama mutum na farko da ya fara rayuwa cike da yanayin yanayi na tsawon kwana uku - tare da iska, ruwa da abinci da aka samar. Tabbatar da cewa za'a iya kafa da'irar carbon wanda ya haifar da tsawan 21 na Linda Leigh.
A kan 26. Satumba 1991 ya kasance lokaci: mutane takwas sun ba da gudummawar gwajin shekaru biyu a cikin dome suna ginin tare da ƙara girman mita na cubin 204.000 don tsira - ba tare da tasiri ba daga waje. Shekaru biyu, mahalarta sun shirya wannan babban ƙalubalen.
Nasarar fasaha ta farko, rakodin duniya, an riga an buga shi bayan mako guda: Tare da manyan-glazing, Biosphere II ya sami damar yin gine-gine mai zurfi wanda ba a iya tsammani mai yawa ba: tare da ragin yawan shekara na kashi goma na 30 sau mafi yawa fiye da matattarar sararin samaniya.

Biosphere II

An gina Biosphere II daga 1987 zuwa 1989 a kan wani yanki na kadada na 1,3 a arewacin Tucson, Arizona (Amurka) kuma ƙoƙari ne don kafa tsarin kimiyyar lalacewa da kuma samun dogon lokaci. Tsarin dutsen mai siffar sukari na 204.000 mai siffar sukari ya haɗa da waɗannan yankuna masu zuwa da fauna da flora: savannah, teku, saurin damina, fadama mangoro, hamada, noma mai zurfi da gidaje. Biliyan Amurka Edward Bass ta tallafawa wannan aikin a kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 200. Dukkanin gwaje-gwajen guda biyu sun gaza. Tun daga 2007, Jami'ar Arizona ta yi amfani da ginin ginin don bincike da koyarwa. Ba zato ba tsammani, sunan alama alama ce ta yunƙurin ƙirƙirar tsarin na biyu, ƙarami a cikin ƙasa, bisa ga abin da ƙasa zata zama Biosphere I.

Yunkuri na farko ya faru daga 1991 zuwa 1993 kuma ya ƙare daga 26. Satumba 1991 shekaru biyu da mintuna 20. Mutane takwas suka rayu a cikin hadaddun dutsen a wannan lokacin - kare daga waje, ba tare da musayar iska ba. Hasken rana da wutar lantarki kawai aka kawo. Wannan aikin ya gaza saboda rarrabuwar kawunan al'ummomi da mazauna wurin. Misali, kwayoyin dake cikin kasa sun kara adadin nitrogen, kuma kwari sun yi tartsatsi.

Yunkuri na biyu shine 1994 na tsawon watanni shida. Anan, ma, ainihin iska, ruwa da abinci an samar dasu kuma ana yin su a cikin tsarin ƙasa.

Sauyin yanayi & daidaitawa

Amma abin koma baya na farko: Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na El Nino da girgije mai ban mamaki sun haifar da karuwa a cikin matakan carbon dioxide da rage yawan daukar hoto. Haƙiƙa, yawan ƙwayar ƙwayoyi da fungi sun lalata manyan sassan girbi, abincin abinci ya kasance matsakaici daga farkon: Bayan shekara guda, mahalarta sun rasa matsakaicin nauyin 16 na nauyin jikinsu.
A ƙarshe, a watan Afrilu 1992 sakon mummunan ta gaba: Biosphere II ya rasa oxygen. Ba yawa, amma aƙalla kashi 0,3 bisa ɗari a kowane wata. Shin tsarin halittu zai iya yin hakan? Amma daidaituwa na yanayin da aka daidaita a ƙarshe ya fita daga hannun: ba da daɗewa ba matakin oxygen ya ragu zuwa kashi 14,5 mai damuwa. A watan Janairu 2013 a ƙarshe dole ne a kawo shi tare da oxygen daga waje - a zahiri ƙarshen aikin aikin. Koyaya, gwajin ya ƙare: akan 26. Satumba 1993, a 8.20 pm, masu biyan kuɗi sun bar biosphere bayan shekaru biyu na zane. Conclusionarshe: ban da matsalar matsalar iska mai narkewa, hanyoyin da 25 ke amfani da su sun rayu shida kawai, yawancin nau'in kwari sun mutu - musamman waɗanda zasu zama dole don watsa kawunan furanni, sauran jama'a kamar tururuwa, kyankyasai da ciyawa sun karu sosai.

Duk da binciken farko: "Aƙalla tun daga jerin gwaje-gwajen Biosphere II, mun fara fahimtar hadaddun alaƙar keɓaɓɓiyar yanayin cikin hanyar. Batun da ake samu a yanzu shi ne cewa koda daftarin gidan kore mai sauki yana da matakai masu rikitarwa mai ban mamaki, "in ji Gernot Grömer.
Ta wannan fuskar, abin mamaki ne cewa babbar yanayin kasa kamar kasa ke aiki - duk da tasirin mutum. Har yaushe zai kasance ga mazaunanta? Abu ɗaya tabbatacce ne: sabuwar sararin samaniya ba za ta kasance a can na dogon lokaci, ko a ƙarƙashin girar gilashi ko ta tauraro mai nisa.

Interview

Masanin ilimin lissafi Gernot Grömer akan tsarin duniyar Mars, shirye-shirye don balaguro zuwa gaba zuwa duniyar ja, cikas na fasaha da kuma dalilin da yasa zamuyi tafiya zuwa duniyar Mars.

"Mun daɗe muna aiwatar da Marssimulation kuma muna sadarwa da wannan a cikin ɗaba'o'i da yawa da kuma majalisun ƙwararru - a Austria mun sami damar gudanar da bincike a farkon matakin, wanda ke haɓaka cikin sauri. Quintessence ne mai sauqi qwarai: shaidan yana cikin daki daki. Me zan yi idan mahimmin sashi ya kasa akan kwamiti kewaye a cikin faɗin sararin samaniya? Ta yaya daidai ƙarfin kuzarin jirgin sama yake kama da nawa kuma zaku iya tsammanin tauraron sararin samaniya? Don manufa ta gaba dole ne mu kawo tare da mu - har ma don balaguro na sararin samaniya - in banda babban matakin sake fasalin, inganci da ikon haɓaka. Misali, firintattun 3D tabbas zasu kasance cikin daidaitattun kayan aiki na tashoshin hasken rana.

Simulation a Kaunertal Glacier
A halin yanzu muna aiki akan simintin duniyar Mars a cikin watan Agusta 2015: A mita mita 3.000 sama da matakin teku akan Kaunertal Glacier, zamuyi simintin binciken duniyar glacier a ƙarƙashin yanayin sararin samaniya na makonni biyu. A halin yanzu mu ne kawai rukuni a Turai don yin bincike kan wannan, saboda haka sha'awar ƙasa da ƙasa ta yi yawa.
Muna da yawancin "rukunin gine-ginen" - daga garkuwa da hasken rana, ingantaccen tanadin makamashi, sake amfani da ruwa, kuma mafi yawansu, yadda ake amfani da ƙaramin kayan aiki da kayan aikin gwaji don yin kimiyya yadda yakamata a duniyar Mars. Abin da muka koya har yanzu: A cikin babban sikelin Marssimulation a Arewacin Sahara, mun sami damar nuna cewa (burbushin, halittu) a karkashin yanayin sarari ana iya gano shi. Hakan ba zai yi kama da yawa ba, amma yana nuna cewa bisa manufa muna koyo a hankali don fahimtar kayan aikin da aikin aiki wanda za'a iya kaiwa manufa mai aminci da kimiyya.

"Saboda yana can".
Akwai wadatar ganye da yawa don tafiya zuwa duniyar Mars: sha'awar (ilimin kimiyya), ga wasu, watakila lamuran tattalin arziki, fasahar fasahar kere kere, yiwuwar haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa na lumana (kamar yadda aka rayu a misali a tashar Sararin Samaniya ta Duniya a matsayin aikin samar da zaman lafiya tun shekaru 17. ). Amsar da ta fi gaskiya, duk da haka, ita ce yadda ta ba Sir Mallory tambaya game da dalilin da yasa ya hau dutsen Everest: "Saboda yana can".
Ina tsammanin mu mutane suna da wani abu a cikinmu wanda wani lokacin yakan sa muyi mamakin abin da ya fi gaban sararin samaniya kuma, a hankali, ga mamakinmu, ya ba da gudummawa ga rayuwa a matsayin jama'a. Mu mutane ba a nufinmu a matsayin "nau'in yanki," amma mun bazu ko'ina cikin duniya. "

Photo / Video: Shutterstock, imgkid.com, Katja Zanella-Kux.