Enarin kuzari mai sabuntawa: inda yake tura ci gaba

Bari mu fuskance shi: Nufin Austrian - Xarfin 79 yana son miƙa mulki ta hanzari (GFK, 2014) - bai isa ba, abin da yake ɗauka yanke shawara ne na siyasa. Gaskiyar cewa rabon makamashi mai sabuntawa a cikin jamhuriyar Alpine yanzu ya zama kusan kashi 32, don Johannes Wahlmüller na ƙungiyar muhalli Global 2000 galibi dalilai masu zuwa: "Sabon sabbin abubuwa ya zo a Austria ta hanyar sabon dokar canza wutar lantarki ta 2012 kuma ta hanyar ci gaba da hauhawar farashi don burbushin karfi. A hanyar, Austria tana kashe - a kowace shekara - Euro biliyan 12,8 akan shigo da mai don mai, mai da gas. Wancan kuɗi ne masu yawa waɗanda ke guduwa zuwa ƙasashen waje kuma ba su ci gaba da inganci a Austria ba. ”Ban da kariyar muhalli, akwai kuma hanzarin tattalin arziƙi don watsi da haƙar mai.

Haɗin kuzari a Austria

Ga laima kungiyar Renewable Energy Austria, makasudin ya fito fili sosai, in ji Jurrien Westerhof: "Muna son sabunta kashi 100, mai tsabta makamashi. Babu wanda ke shakkar cewa wannan mai yiwuwa ne - tare da gandun daji, koguna da rana akwai wadataccen makamashi na kore - idan a lokaci guda muke sarrafawa don rage ƙarancin kuzari a cikin zirga-zirga da kuma matattarar gine-gine. Farashin makamashi da ake sabuntawa sun fadi sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Za a iya sabunta wutar zafi, kuma wutar lantarki da ke sabuntawa na iya ci gaba da tafiya tare da kasuwar - in da kasuwar ta kasance mai gaskiya. "

Farashin & farashin da aka ɓoye

Amma menene rage girman tafiya zuwa makomar makamashi na Austria? "Idan farashin makamashin burbushin ya sake fadi - kamar yadda yake a yau - akwai kuma akwai rashin taimako don canzawa zuwa makamashi mai sabuntawa ko amfani da makamashi da yawa. Babban batun shi ne cewa ba a saka farashi mai tsada na CO2. Tare da sake fasalin haraji na kyautata rayuwar jama'a da ke sanya matsin lamba kan burbushin mai da rage wasu haraji a sakamakon, gwamnati na iya canza hakan. Farkon farawa na iya zama watsi da takunkumin karɓar haraji ga masu samar da wutar lantarki a ƙasar ta Austria, "in ji Wahlmüller na Global 2000. Westerhof shima yana ganinta ta wannan hanyar: "Matsalar ita ce haƙƙin gurɓataccen iska na CO2 ga tsire-tsire masu wuta mai wuta kusan kusan kyauta ne, kuma tsire-tsire masu sarrafa makamashin nukiliya suna biyan kuɗi kaɗan kaɗan don haɗari da zubar da sharar gida. Wannan yana basu damar cin gasa a kasuwa. Idan hakan ba ta kasance ba, to da wutar lantarki mai tsabta na iya ci gaba da mallakar kanta. "

Yawan amfani da kuzari na cikin gida

Dogaro mai shigo da kayayyaki

Makamashi baya daidai da makamashi, ga alama. Gaskiyar ita ce, duk da haka, cewa tabbacin wadatar Turai ta wadatar wadata dole ne ta kasance mai garantin. Tare da ban da Norway (-470,2 bisa dari), duk ƙasashen EU sun dogara da wani kaso mai tsoka na shigo da makamashi don biyan bukatun makamashi na kansu. Ana lissafin dogaro da makamashi yayin da aka rarraba shigo da gangar ta hanyar yawan kuzarin yawan kuzarin gida wanda ya hada da ajiya. Ga Ostiraliya, ofishin ƙididdigar Turai Eustat yana nuna adadin 2013 na shekara 62,3.
Don dalilai na siyasa, sabili da haka, dole ne a sanya jari a cikin samar da makamashi na Turai. Koyaya, da'irori masu tasiri a cikin EU suna ganin suna iya yin amfani da mafi girma a cikin, ka ce, makamashin nukiliya. "A cikin Turai, ana kuma samar da tallafin mai, mai, gas da makamashin nukiliya sau biyu zuwa uku gwargwadon yadda duk kuzarin da za a sabunta tare don yaduwa, kuma ba a la'akari da farashin kiwon lafiya da muhalli. Ga Kingdomasar Ingila, Hukumar Turai ta ba da izini kwanan nan ta hanyar ƙarfin makaman nukiliya ga masana'antar makamashin nukiliya ta Hinkley Point C. An rarraba shi sama da shekaru 35, fiye da Euro biliyan 170 za a rarraba a cikin tallafin, "in ji Stefan Moidl, na ƙungiyar IG Windkraft.

Amma a Austriya ma, abubuwa sun tafi ba daidai ba, in ji Bernhard Stürmer daga kamfanin ARGE Kompost & Biogas: “A kowace shekara, Mr da Mrs Austrian suna kashe sama da euro biliyan goma sha biyu kan shigo da makamashi. Supportimar tallafi don wutar lantarki daga gas ta kai kusan miliyan 50 - daga kuma don Austria. Babban cikas ga fadada abubuwan sabuntawa shine jahilci. Hakanan nau'ikan makamashi masu burbushin halittu ana ciyar dasu a cikin Austria. Amma wannan baya kan kowane kudiri kuma ba a tattauna shi a fili. Tare da kusan ragin haraji miliyan 70 da aka bayar don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar kwal, za a iya gina tsire-tsire masu amfani da gas 50.

Burbushin nunawa

Amma ba tare da burbushin habaka ba hakan (har yanzu) mai yiwuwa ne. Halin da ake ciki wanda tabbas mai ƙarfin kuɗi ne kawai yake nuna maki - zuwa ƙarshen digo na mai. "Ko'ina suna ƙoƙarin rage haɓakar makamashi, yin magana mara kyau da kuma hana canje-canje na tsarin don samar da gurɓataccen mai da ƙarfin nukiliya har tsawon lokaci. Manyan kamfanonin samar da makamashi, wadanda a farko suka yi la’akari da damar kasuwar makamashi mai sabuntawa, sun saka jari sosai a kamfen din PR don lalata hoton gasa da ba a so. Fiye da komai, muhawara game da "babban farashin kuzarin makamashi", wanda ya mamaye aikin yada labarai, shine sakamakon wadannan kamfen. Ana tallata yau da kullun don shigar da mai ya mai. Amma sauran masana'antu, irin su masana'antar takarda, wanda a baya ya sami koma baya a kan katako, suna ta jan hankali game da gasar rashin amfani da makamashi, "in ji Christian Rakos, na ProPellets, wanda kuma yake ganin rashin daidaituwa a dangantakar jama'a da gaskiya.

Wani abu kuma wanda ke haifar da matsala ga masu samar da wutar lantarki, kamar yadda Wilfried-Johann Klauss na AAE Naturstrom ya tabbatar: "Kamar yadda ya gabata, akwai babban koma baya ga canji a Austria. Wannan yana da alaƙa da gaskiyar cewa kasuwancin wutar lantarki ma yana aiki da yawa tare da ƙyamar abokin ciniki, kamar samfuran kwayoyin. Saboda haka, abokan ciniki sau da yawa yanke shawara su zauna tare da mai ba da lardin don ɗaukar haɗari. Abin takaici ne, saboda masu samar da gaskiya kamar mu suna fuskantar wahala. "

Amfani da hankali

Koyaya, akwai ma maganar rashin amfani da wutan lantarki. Amfani da kuzari mai ma'ana yana nufin amfani da tushen kuzari daidai gwargwadon aikace-aikacen. Rakos daga Propellets yana ba da misali: "Yin zafi tare da wutar lantarki shine mafi ƙarancin hanyar samar da zafi. Wannan saboda a lokacin hunturu, samar da wutar lantarki ya mamaye tsire-tsire da makamashin wuta. Ana ƙona miliyoyin tan na kwal a kowace shekara don samar da wutar lantarki a Turai, adadin da ba a iya tsammani ba. Plantungiyar mai amfani da wutar lantarki da ke amfani da wuta tana juyawa game da 800 na kilowatt-hours na kuzarin-tushen zuwa kilowatt-hour na wutar lantarki. Amfani da wannan ƙarfin don dumama yana nufin cewa kuna cinye makamashi da yawa fiye da haɗuwa kai tsaye na maɓallin kuzari. Kodayake farashin famfo yana da inganci fiye da tsarin dumama kai tsaye, suna haifar da matsakaicin tsayi na kilo kilowatt ɗaya na wutar lantarki don samar da sa'o'in zafi na 2,5. A ƙarshe, duk da haka, wannan ba ya fi dacewa da amfani kai tsaye daga tushen makamashi mai ƙarfi ba. A yanzu haka masana'antun sarrafa wutar lantarki suna tilasta matatun mai, saboda suna fatan babbar sabuwar kasuwa a nan. Tun daga ra'ayi game da kare sauyin yanayi da kuma yin amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa tabbas wani ci gaba ne mai matsala. "

Ababen hawa

Nufin canji wani tsari ne na yau da kullun, juriya, amma ba za a iya aiwatar da ainihin canjin daga rana zuwa na gaba ba. "Abin takaici, fadada hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuwa bai isa a cimma nasarar canjin makamashi ba," Stefan Moidl daga IG Windkraft ya magance matsalar abubuwan samar da wutar lantarki da ake da su: "An tsara layin wutar lantarki da kasuwar wutar lantarki ne don matatun tsakiya da tsire-tsire na makamashin nukiliya. Dukansu dole ne a sake gina su don tsabtace wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa. A cikin yanayin da manyan abubuwan amfani suke rubuta biliyoyin asarar, wannan ba abu bane mai sauƙi. Wannan shine yadda ake magana game da kuzari mai kuzari. Dalilin a bayyane yake. Masu aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Coal da na makamashin nukiliya suna haifar da wutar lantarki ko ana buƙata ko a'a. Wadannan ikon tsire-tsire ba za a iya sauƙi saukad da. Don haka duk matatar mai da makamashin nukiliya da ke samar da wutar lantarki babban cikas ne ga canjin makamashi. Domin idan rana ta yi haske kuma iska ta hura, ba mu san inda za mu je da iskar gas da ƙarfin nukiliya da yawa ba. Ba wai kawai yana ƙazanta da haɗari ba, ya rigaya ya kasance mai girma a wasu lokuta. "

Gudrun Stöger daga Oekostrom AG shi ma ya tabbatar da wannan mawuyacin shawo kan matsalar: "Ba mu da matsalar cewa waɗannan nau'ikan makamashi - masu sabuntawar - ba a karɓa ko karɓar su ba, amma har yanzu muna dogara da albarkatun mai a cikin tsarin da ke gudana. Domin batun makamashi lamari ne da ya shafi samar da kayayyakin more rayuwa. Kuma ba za a iya sake gina kayan aikin da ake dasu ba a cikin gaggawa - yana ɗaukar shekaru da yawa, idan ba shekarun da suka gabata ba. Koyaya, canjin tsarin samar da makamashi zuwa sabuntawa na iya zama cikin sauri a Austria - anan, masu alhakin yakamata su ɗauki Jamus a matsayin abin ƙira. "
Nachsatz: Amma wannan canjin zai yuwu ne kawai idan muka rage ƙarshen ƙarfin kuɗinmu ta shekarar 2050 - ba wai kawai a yankin wutar lantarki ba, amma musamman zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da dumama sararin samaniya. In ba haka ba ya shafi kuzari mai sabuntawa: "Sammai ne kawai iyaka."

Ra'ayoyi - Matsayi a kan tushen kuzari

"Yaduwar kuzarin da ke sabuntawa ya sami ci gaba sosai a ƙasar Austria a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Abinda ke haifar shine Dokar Wutar Lantarki, wanda ya samar da tsayayyen yanayi tun 2012, yana bawa masu hannun jari tabbacin da suke buƙata. Musamman ma a cikin karfin iska da kuma karfin samar da wutar lantarki wanda ke kara karfi sosai, kuma zafi daga sabbin halittu, leda da rana ya zama kamar wani lokaci saboda farashin dumama yayi kadan. "
Jurrien Westerhof, Sabunta makamashi Austria

"Energyarfin da ake sabuntawa ya riga ya lissafin kashi 32,2 na yawan makamashi a Austria. Wannan ya rigaya ya zame kusa da alamar maƙasudin EU don Austria don ƙara gungumen azaba a cikin kashi 34 zuwa 2020. Wani sabon cigaba ya shigo kasar ta Austria ta hanyar sabon kwaskwarimar Dokar Wutar Lantarki ta Green 2012 da farashin da yake kara karuwa saboda karfin burbushin halittu. "
Johannes Wahlmüller, 2000 na Duniya

"Duk da cewa kasuwancin danginmu ya wanzu kusan shekaru 130, ya kasance tare da sassaucin kasuwar wutar lantarki a cikin 2000 ne muka sami damar aiwatarwa a duk kasuwar Austrian. Har zuwa wannan, muna iyakance dangane da wadatar da abokin ciniki ga ƙaramin ƙarfin wutar lantarki a yankinmu a Kötschach (Carinthia a cikin Gail Valley), inda muka sami damar ba da kusan pantographs na 650. Daga nan gaba, duk da haka, mun sami damar ba da ikonmu na zahiri a duk faɗin Austria, wanda ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa a halin yanzu muna wadatar da masu karɓar 25.000 tare da AAE Naturstrom. "
Wilfried-Johann Klauss, AAE Naturstrom

Biogas

"Biogas shine kawai fasaha wanda zai iya samar da makamashi da taki daga ragowar abinci da samar da abinci. Yin amfani da datti da kuma amfanin gona na gona guda biyu na iya bayar da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga tattalin arzikin mahalli. A halin yanzu, tsire-tsire na biogas na Austrian suna samar da kusan 540 GWh na wutar lantarki (kusan gidan Iyali na 150.000) kuma suna ciyar da 300 GWh zafi (lita miliyan 30 na man dumama) cikin cibiyoyin dumama na gida da sauransu. Bugu da kari, 88 GWh biomethane za a ciyar dashi a cikin ma'aunin gas. A halin yanzu, ba a amfani da dama mai yawa. Biomethane an fi amfani dashi azaman mai. Abin takaici, motocin gas din da ke kan hanya da kuma kokarin biyan ƙarin don biomethane har yanzu sun ɓace. "
Bernhard Stürmer, ARGE Kompost & Biogas Austria

Itace & kwal

"A Ostiraliya a yau muna iya rufe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar makamashi tare da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Amfani da itace azaman tushen kuzari, ya kasance itace, itace cakuduwa ko katako, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan tare da kashi 60 na tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa, tare da ƙarfin ruwa tare da kashi 35 kashi. A cikin Turai ma, manyan manufofin Hukumar Turai sun haifar da babban ci gaba a cikin amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Nasarar, kodayake, an mai da hankali ne ga ƙarni na wutar lantarki tare da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Don wadatar da zafi, aƙalla rabin adadin yawan ƙarfin makamashin Turai, har yanzu ana amfani da matatun mai kusan naɗaɗɗe. "
Christian Rakos, ProPellets

photovoltaics

"Hotunan daukar hoto a Austria sun sami babban hauhawa tun 2008. Kusan kowace shekara, adadin sarari ya ninka sau biyu. Shekarar rikodin ya kasance ɗan lokaci ne 2013, duk da haka, saboda ƙimar musamman na aikace-aikacen kudade na komputa. Domin shekara ta 2015, muna tsammanin farkon farkowatt na ganiya mai ƙarfin aiki. Mataki mai mahimmanci a cikin ƙarin ci gaba na ɗaukar hoto a Austria shine babban nasarar da aka samu a cikin ƙarar haraji don cin gashin kai a sa'oin 25.000 kilowatt a shekara. Photovoltaics ya ragu da kusan kashi 80 tun farkon karni kuma zai isa ga kasuwar kasuwancin kai don amfani da wutar lantarki da aka samar tun farkon shekaru goma masu zuwa. "
Hans Kronberger, volasar Austria ta Photovoltaic

iska ikon

"A halin yanzu, fiye da layin iska na 1.000 a cikin Ostiryia suna fitar da jimlar fitowar 2.100 MW kuma suna samar da wutar lantarki mai yawa kamar yadda miliyoyin gidaje na 1,3 suke cinyewa. A duk faɗin Turai, dukkanin tururin iska ya riga ya ba da gudummawa sama da kashi goma don rufe wutar lantarki, kuma a duk duniya yana ƙasa da kashi biyar. A cikin shekaru 15 na ƙarshe, an sami ƙarin ƙarfin iska a Turai fiye da sauran tsire-tsire masu iko. Amfani da karfin iska don samar da wutar lantarki ya zama daga cikin mahimman rassa na masana'antar makamashi. Wannan ya nuna rashin gamsuwa da tsarin tattalin arziƙin duniya. Ya yi latti, ta fahimci alamun zamanin kuma yanzu haka tana kan tsofaffi har ma da sabbin tsire-tsire da iskar gas da ba su da riba. "
Stefan Moidl, IG Windkraft

Zaɓuɓɓuka - suggestionsarin shawarwari

"Me ke hana mu? A ina zan fara? Baya ga tsarin sararin samaniya da jigilar kayayyaki masu zaman kansu, gaskiyar cewa ba mu da tsarin harajin muhalli, cewa ikon tashar makaman nukiliya a cikin EU har yanzu yana da girma, farashin takaddun shaida na CO2 ya ragu sosai. Bugu da kari, har yanzu ana asarar alamar lantarki a cikin EU. Rashin wadataccen tallafi da kuma caped don sabuntawar kamar PV da wutar iska a Austria ko gaskiyar cewa har yanzu an dakatar da PV a cikin biranen Austrian - mahimmin jigon gidaje da yawa - yi sauran. Abin takaici, ana iya tsawaita wannan jerin sunayen na har abada. "
Gudrun Stöger, Oekostrom AG

"Muhimmin matakai don ciyar da gaba gaba shine matakai na yankuna don rage tsarin boko haram a cikin jihohin tarayya da kuma yiwuwar kirkirar wuraren jam’iyyu da yawa. Inganta amfani da kuɗaɗe a cikin Dokar Wutar Lantarki ta Green ita ma tana da matukar muhimmanci. Halin yana nufin tallafin hannun jari kuma don saka hannun jari akan 5 kWp. Federalungiyar Federalungiyar Tarayya ta Photovoltaic Austria tana ƙoƙarin haɓaka ƙimar kashi 8 na wutar lantarki kashi XXX a Austria. Babban kalubale na gaba shine a hada samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar PV tare da tsarin adana da ya dace. "
Hans Kronberger, volasar Austria ta Photovoltaic

"Sabunta makamashi Austria tana buƙatar Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Austriya da sauri ta aiwatar da sabon dabarun makamashi - tare da burin tsakiyar shine a sauya matatar makamashi gabaɗaya zuwa hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabunta har zuwa 2050."
Jurrien Westerhof, Sabunta makamashi Austria

"Lokaci ya yi da za a iya daukar matakai masu zuwa na samar da makamashi: matatar mai da tsire-tsire na makamashin nukiliya ba su rasa komai ba a tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na zamani. Tsarin rufe hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na zamani ya wuce lokaci. "
Stefan Moidl, IG Windkraft

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