Shirin Lucas: injin injin turbin iska da famfo mai zafi maimakon samar da makamai S4F AT

da Martin Auer

Kusan shekaru 50 da suka wuce, ma'aikatan kamfanin na Burtaniya Lucas Aerospace sun tsara cikakken shiri don sauyawa daga samar da sojoji zuwa yanayin yanayi, abokantaka da muhalli da kuma samfuran abokantaka. Sun bukaci haƙƙin "aiki mai amfani ga al'umma". Misalin ya nuna cewa motsin yanayi zai iya samun nasarar kusanci ma'aikata a cikin masana'antun da ba su dace da yanayi ba.

Al'ummar mu na samar da kayayyaki da yawa masu cutar da muhalli don haka ga mutane. Misalai na yau da kullun sune injunan konewa, samfuran filastik da yawa ko sinadarai a cikin yawancin tsaftacewa da kayan kwalliya. Ana samar da sauran kayayyakin ta hanyoyin da ke da illa ga muhalli, musamman ta hanyar amfani da makamashi daga albarkatun mai don samar da su, ko kuma ta hanyar fitar da hayaki, najasa ko datti a cikin muhalli. Wasu samfuran kawai an yi su da yawa, kawai kuyi tunanin salon sauri da sauran samfuran jefar da duk waɗannan samfuran daga kwamfyutocin kwamfyutoci zuwa sneakers waɗanda zasu iya ɗaukar tsayi da yawa idan ba a tsara su ba tun daga farkon su zama mara amfani da sauri ko kuma su karye (wannan shine. da ake kira bazuwar da aka tsara). Ko kuma a yi tunanin kayayyakin noma da ke da illa ga muhalli idan aka samar da kuma illa ga lafiya idan an sha (yawanci) kamar yawan naman da ake samu daga noman masana’anta ko na masana’antar taba.

Amma ayyuka sun dogara da duk waɗannan samfuran. Kuma samun kudin shiga na mutane da yawa ya dogara da wadannan ayyukan da kuma irin wannan kudin shiga da jin dadin su da na iyalansu.

Yawancin ma'aikata za su so a yi karin magana don su sa kamfanin su ya kasance mai dacewa da muhalli da zamantakewa

Mutane da yawa suna ganin haɗarin bala'in yanayi da lalata muhalli, da yawa kuma suna sane da cewa aikinsu ba lallai ba ne ya fi yanayin yanayi da muhalli. A cewar wani bincike na baya-bayan nan game da ma'aikata 2.000 a Amurka da kuma da yawa a cikin Burtaniya, kashi biyu bisa uku na wadanda aka bincika suna tunanin kamfanin da suke aiki da shi "ba ya yin isasshen ƙoƙari don magance matsalolin muhalli da zamantakewa". 45% (Birtaniya) da 39% (US) sun yi imanin cewa manyan manajoji ba ruwansu da waɗannan damuwar kuma kawai don ribarsu. Mafi rinjaye za su gwammace su yi aiki a kamfanin da ke "yin tasiri mai kyau a duniya" kuma kusan rabin za su yi la'akari da canza ayyuka idan darajar kamfanin ba ta dace da nasu dabi'u ba. Daga cikin waɗanda ke ƙasa da 40, kusan rabin za su sadaukar da kuɗin shiga don yin hakan, kuma kashi biyu cikin uku suna son samun ƙarin tasiri don ganin kasuwancin su "canza ga mafi kyau"1.

Ta yaya za ku ci gaba da aiki a lokacin rikicin?

Shahararren "Tsarin Lucas" yana ba da misali na yadda ma'aikata za su iya ƙoƙarin yin tasirin su ta hanya mai mahimmanci.

A cikin 1970s, masana'antar Biritaniya ta kasance cikin rikici mai zurfi. Dangane da yawan aiki da kuma gasa, ya koma bayan sauran ƙasashe masu masana'antu. Kamfanonin sun mayar da martani tare da matakan daidaitawa, haɗe-haɗen kamfani da sake yawan jama'a.2 Ma'aikatan kamfanin kera makamai na Lucas Aerospace suma sun ga kansu cikin barazanar kora daga aiki. A daya bangaren kuma, hakan na da alaka da rikicin masana'antu gaba daya, a daya bangaren kuma, gwamnatin jam'iyyar Kwadago a wancan lokaci tana shirin takaita kashe kudaden makamai. Lucas Aerospace ya samar da kayan aikin manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama na soja a Burtaniya. Kamfanin ya yi kusan rabin tallace-tallacen da ya yi a fannin soja. Daga 1970 zuwa 1975, Lucas Aerospace ya yanke 5.000 daga cikin guraben ayyuka 18.000 na asali, kuma ma'aikata da yawa sun sami kansu daga aiki kusan dare daya.3

Masu kula da shago sun haɗa ƙarfi

Dangane da rikicin, masu kula da shaguna na wuraren samar da kayayyaki 13 sun kafa Kwamitin Haɗa. Kalmar "masu kula da kantuna" za'a iya fassara su da ƙayyadaddun kamar "majalisun ayyuka". Masu kula da shaguna na Biritaniya ba su da wata kariya daga korarsu kuma ba su da haƙƙin da aka kafa don yin magana a cikin kamfanin. Abokan aikinsu ne suka zabe su kai tsaye kuma su ne alhakinsu kai tsaye. Hakanan za'a iya jefa kuri'a a kowane lokaci tare da rinjaye mai sauƙi. Sun wakilci abokan aikinsu ga gudanarwa da kuma ƙungiyoyi. Masu kula da shago ba su bin umarnin ƙungiyoyin, amma sun wakilce su ga abokan aikinsu kuma suna karɓar kuɗin shiga, misali.4

Abin da ya zama sabon abu game da Lucas Combine shi ne cewa ya haɗu da masu kula da shaguna na ƙwararrun ma'aikata da ƙwararrun ma'aikata, da kuma masu kula da kantin sayar da gine-gine da masu zane-zane, waɗanda aka tsara a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban.

A cikin shirinta na zaɓe kafin 1974, jam'iyyar Labour ta ƙulla wa kanta manufar rage kashe kuɗin makamai. Lucas Combine ya yi maraba da wannan burin, kodayake yana nufin cewa ayyukan Lucas Aerospace da ke gudana suna fuskantar barazana. Shirye-shiryen gwamnati sun ƙarfafa sha'awar ma'aikatan Lucas ne kawai na samar da kayayyakin farar hula maimakon. Lokacin da Labour ta koma gwamnati a watan Fabrairun 1974, Haɗin ya haɓaka himma kuma ya sami ganawa da Sakataren Masana'antu Tony Benn, wanda ya ji daɗin muhawarar su sosai. Sai dai jam'iyyar Labour ta so ta mayar da masana'antar sufurin jiragen sama kasa. Ma'aikatan Lucas sun yi shakku game da wannan. Bai kamata jihar ta kasance tana da iko akan samarwa ba, amma ma'aikata da kansu.5

Ƙididdiga na ilimi, ƙwarewa da kayan aiki a cikin kamfanin

Daya daga cikin masu kula da shago shine injiniyan zane Mike Cooley (1934-2020). A cikin littafinsa Architect ko Bee? Farashin Fasaha na Dan Adam, "in ji shi, "Mun tsara wasiƙar da ta yi cikakken bayani game da adadin ma'aikata ta hanyar shekaru da fasaha, kayan aikin injin, kayan aiki da dakunan gwaje-gwajen da muke da su, tare da ma'aikatan kimiyya da ƙirar su. iyawa.” An aika da wasiƙar zuwa ga manyan hukumomi 180, cibiyoyi, jami’o’i, ƙungiyoyi da sauran ƙungiyoyi waɗanda a baya suka yi magana kan batutuwan da suka shafi amfani da fasaha na zamantakewar al’umma, suna tambaya: “Menene ma’aikata da waɗannan ƙwarewa da kayan aiki za su iya samarwa, wanda zai iya samarwa. ku kasance cikin maslahar jama'a?" Hudu ne kawai suka amsa.6

Dole ne mu tambayi ma'aikata

"Sai muka yi abin da ya kamata mu yi tun farko: mun tambayi ma'aikatanmu abin da suke tunanin ya kamata su samar." A yin haka, masu amsa ya kamata su yi la'akari ba kawai aikin su na furodusoshi ba har ma a matsayin masu amfani. An aiwatar da ra'ayin aikin zuwa wuraren samar da mutum ɗaya ta hanyar masu kula da shago kuma an gabatar da su ga ma'aikata a cikin "koyarwa-ins" da tarurrukan taro.

A cikin makonni hudu, ma'aikatan Lucas sun gabatar da shawarwari 150. An yi nazarin waɗannan shawarwari kuma wasu sun haifar da tsare-tsaren gine-gine, ƙididdiga masu tsada da riba da ma wasu samfurori. A cikin Janairu 1976, an gabatar da shirin Lucas ga jama'a. Jaridar Financial Times ta bayyana shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "tsare-tsare masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ma'aikata suka taba yi wa kamfaninsu."7

Shirin

Shirin ya ƙunshi juzu'i shida, kowanne kusan shafuka 200. The Lucas Combine ya nemi haɗin samfuran: samfuran da za a iya samarwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci da waɗanda ke buƙatar ci gaba na dogon lokaci. Kayayyakin da za a iya amfani da su a Arewacin Duniya (sannan: "metropolis") da kuma waɗanda za a dace da bukatun Kudancin Duniya (sannan: "duniya ta uku"). Sannan a karshe ya kamata a rika hada-hadar kayayyakin da za su samu riba bisa ka’idojin tattalin arzikin kasuwa da wadanda ba lallai ba ne su samu riba amma kuma za su yi matukar amfani ga al’umma.8

Kayayyakin likitanci

Tun kafin shirin Lucas, ma'aikatan Lucas sun haɓaka "Hobcart" ga yara masu ciwon kashin baya, lahani na kashin baya. Manufar ita ce keken guragu zai sa yaran su bambanta da sauran. Hobcart, wanda yayi kama da motar tafi-da-gidanka, yakamata ya ba su damar yin wasa daidai da takwarorinsu. Ƙungiyar Spina Bifida ta Ostiraliya ta so yin odar 2.000 daga cikin waɗannan, amma Lucas ya ƙi tabbatar da samfurin. Ginin Hobcart ya kasance mai sauƙi wanda daga baya matasa za su iya ƙera shi a cibiyar tsare yara, tare da ƙarin fa'ida ta wayar da kan jama'a game da aiki mai ma'ana a cikin lalata matasa.9

Wasu takamaiman shawarwarin da aka ba da shawarar na kayan aikin likita sun haɗa da: tsarin tallafi na rayuwa ga mutanen da suka kamu da ciwon zuciya, wanda za a iya amfani da shi don daidaita lokacin har sai an isa asibiti, ko na'urar dialysis na gida ga masu fama da ciwon koda, wanda zai iya amfani da shi don daidaita lokacin har sai an isa asibiti. yana ba su damar ziyartar asibitin sau da yawa a mako. A wancan lokacin, Biritaniya ba ta cika ba da injinan dialysis, a cewar Cooley, mutane 3.000 ke mutuwa kowace shekara saboda haka. A cikin yankin Birmingham, ya rubuta, ba za ku iya samun wuri a asibitin dialysis ba idan kun kasance ƙasa da 15 ko sama da 45.10 Wani reshen Lucas ya kera injinan dialysis na asibiti waɗanda aka ɗauka mafi kyawun samuwa a Biritaniya.11 Lucas ya so ya sayar da kamfanin ga wani kamfanin kasar Switzerland, amma ma’aikatan sun hana hakan ta hanyar yin barazanar shiga yajin aiki tare da kiran wasu ‘yan majalisar. Shirin Lucas ya yi kira da a kara kashi 40 cikin dari na samar da injin dialysis. "Muna ganin abin kunya ne a ce mutane na mutuwa saboda ba su da injin wanki a hannunsu, yayin da wadanda za su iya kera injin din suna cikin hadarin rashin aikin yi."12

Sabuntawar makamashi

Babban ƙungiyar samfur ta damu da tsarin don sabunta makamashi. Ya kamata a yi amfani da ilimin aerodynamic daga samar da jiragen sama don gina injin turbin iska. An ƙirƙira nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan hasken rana kuma an gwada filin a cikin gida mai ƙarancin kuzari ta mai zanen Clive Latimer. Wannan gidan an tsara shi ne da masu kansu da kansu tare da tallafin kwararrun ma’aikata.13 A cikin aikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Majalisar Milton Keynes, an samar da famfunan zafi tare da sanya samfura a wasu gidajen majalisar. An yi amfani da famfunan zafin jiki kai tsaye da iskar gas maimakon wutar lantarki da aka samar da iskar gas, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen daidaiton makamashi.14

motsi

A fannin motsi, Lucas ma'aikatan sun ɓullo da wani gas-lantarki matasan engine. Ka'idar (wanda, ta hanyar, Ferdinand Porsche ya ɓullo da shi a baya a 1902): ƙaramin injin konewa da ke gudana a mafi kyawun gudu yana samar da injin lantarki tare da wutar lantarki. A sakamakon haka, ya kamata a sha ƙasa da man fetur fiye da injin konewa kuma za a buƙaci ƙananan batura fiye da abin hawan lantarki kawai. An gina wani samfurin kuma an yi nasarar gwada shi a Kwalejin Queen Mary, London, kwata kwata kafin Toyota ya ƙaddamar da Prius.15

Wani aikin kuma shi ne motar bas da za ta iya amfani da layin dogo da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa. Ƙayoyin roba sun ba shi damar hawan ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa fiye da mashin da ke da ƙafafun ƙarfe. Wannan ya kamata ya ba da damar daidaita hanyoyin dogo zuwa wuri mai faɗi maimakon yanke tsaunuka da toshe kwaruruka tare da gadoji. Hakanan zai sa ya zama mai rahusa gina sabbin hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a Kudancin Duniya. Ƙananan ƙafafun jagorar ƙarfe ne kawai ke riƙe abin hawa a kan dogo. Ana iya janye waɗannan lokacin da abin hawa ya canza daga dogo zuwa hanya. An yi nasarar gwada wani samfuri akan titin jirgin ƙasa na Gabas Kent.16

Samun Ilimin Shiru

Wani abin da aka mayar da hankali shi ne na'urorin "telechiric", watau na'urori masu sarrafa nesa waɗanda ke canza motsin hannun ɗan adam zuwa grippers. Misali, ya kamata a yi amfani da su don aikin gyaran ruwa a karkashin ruwa don rage haɗarin haɗari ga ma'aikata. Shirya mutum-mutumi mai aiki da yawa don wannan aikin ya tabbatar da kusan ba zai yiwu ba. Gane kan dunƙule hexagonal, zabar madaidaicin maƙarƙashiya da amfani da ƙarfin da ya dace yana buƙatar babban adadin shirye-shirye. Amma ƙwararren ma'aikacin ɗan adam zai iya yin wannan aikin "ba tare da tunaninsa ba." Cooley ya kira wannan "ilimin tacit" waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin Shirin Lucas kuma sun damu da adana wannan ingantaccen ilimin daga ma'aikata maimakon murkushe shi ta hanyar ƙididdigewa.17

Samfura don Kudancin Duniya

Ayyukan na'ura mai amfani da wutar lantarki don amfani da ita a Kudancin Duniya ya kasance irin tunanin ma'aikatan Lucas. Cooley ya rubuta: "A halin yanzu, kasuwancinmu da waɗannan ƙasashe shine ainihin sabon tsarin mulkin mallaka." "Muna ƙoƙarin gabatar da nau'ikan fasahar da ke sa su dogara da mu." Na'urar wutar lantarki ta kowane zagaye yakamata ta iya amfani da mai daban-daban, daga itace zuwa iskar methane. Ya kamata a sanye shi da akwati na musamman wanda zai ba da damar saurin fitarwa mai canzawa: a cikin babban sauri yana iya tuka janareta don hasken dare, da ƙananan sauri yana iya tuka na'urar kwampreso don kayan aikin huhu ko na'urar ɗagawa, kuma cikin ƙarancin gudu zai iya. fitar da famfo don ban ruwa . An tsara abubuwan da aka gyara don rayuwar sabis na shekaru 20, kuma an yi nufin littafin ne don baiwa masu amfani damar yin gyara da kansu.18

Menene amfanin zamantakewa?

Ma'aikatan Lucas ba su ba da ma'anar ilimi na "aiki mai amfani ga al'umma ba," amma ra'ayoyinsu sun bambanta sosai da na gudanarwa. Gudanarwa ya rubuta cewa "ba za ta iya yarda cewa [sic] jirgin sama, farar hula da na soja ba, bai kamata ya kasance da amfani ga jama'a ba. Ana amfani da jiragen saman farar hula don kasuwanci da jin daɗi, kuma wajibi ne a kula da jiragen soja don dalilai na tsaro. (…) Mun nace cewa [sic] duk samfuran Lucas Aerospace suna da amfani ga jama'a. "19

Taken ma'aikatan Lucas, a gefe guda, shine: "Ba bam ko tambari, kawai tuba!"20

Wasu mahimman halaye na samfuran amfanin zamantakewa sun bayyana:

• Tsarin, ayyuka da tasirin samfuran ya kamata su zama masu fahimta gwargwadon yiwuwa.
• Ya kamata su zama masu gyarawa, mai sauƙi da ƙarfi kamar yadda zai yiwu kuma an tsara su don ɗorewa na dogon lokaci.
• Ya kamata samarwa, amfani da gyare-gyare su zama tanadin makamashi, adana kayan abu da kuma dorewar muhalli.
• Ya kamata samar da inganta hadin gwiwa tsakanin mutane a matsayin masu samarwa da masu amfani, da kuma hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe da jihohi.
• Ya kamata samfuran su kasance masu taimako ga ƴan tsiraru da marasa galihu.
• Kayayyakin "Duniya na uku" (duniya ta Kudu) yakamata su ba da damar daidaita alaƙa.
• Yakamata a kimanta samfuran don ƙimar amfaninsu maimakon ƙimar musayar su.
• A cikin samarwa, amfani da gyare-gyare, ba wai kawai a ba da hankali ga mafi girman inganci ba, amma har ma don kiyayewa da ƙaddamar da basira da ilimi.

Gudanarwa ya ƙi

A gefe guda, Shirin Lucas ya gaza saboda juriya daga gudanarwar kamfani da ƙin amincewa da Kwamitin Haɗawa a matsayin abokin hulɗa. Hukumomin kamfanin sun yi watsi da samar da famfunan zafi saboda ba su da riba. A lokacin ne ma’aikatan Lucas suka samu labarin cewa kamfanin ya ba wa wani kamfanin ba da shawara na Amurka yin rahoto, kuma rahoton ya ce kasuwar injinan dumama zafi a kasar ta Tarayyar Turai za ta kai fam biliyan 1980 nan da karshen shekarun XNUMX. "Don haka Lucas ya yarda ya bar irin wannan kasuwa don kawai ya nuna cewa Lucas, kuma Lucas kawai, ya yanke shawarar abin da aka samar, yadda aka samar da shi, da kuma wanda aka samar da shi."21

Tallafin ƙungiyar ya gauraye

Tallafin ƙungiyar Burtaniya ga Haɗuwar ya gauraya sosai. Kungiyar ma'aikatan sufuri (TGWU) ta goyi bayan shirin. Bisa la'akarin da ake sa ran rage kashe kudaden tsaro, ta bukaci masu kula da shaguna a wasu kamfanoni da su dauki ra'ayoyin shirin Lucas. Yayin da babbar ƙungiya mai suna Trade Union Congress (TUC), da farko ta nuna goyon baya, ƙananan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suna jin cewa Haɗin ya bar su na wakilci. Ƙungiya mai yawa, ƙungiyoyi masu rarrafe kamar Haɗuwa ba su dace da rarrabuwar tsarin ƙungiyoyi ta hanyar rarraba da yanki ba. Babban abin da ya kawo cikas shi ne halin ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Gina Jirgin Ruwa da Injiniya (CSEU), wadda ta dage wajen sarrafa duk wata hulɗar da ke tsakanin ƴan ƙungiyar kwadago da jami’an gwamnati. Ƙungiyar ta ga aikinta kawai a matsayin kiyaye ayyuka, ba tare da la'akari da samfurori ba.

Gwamnati na da wasu muradu

Ita kanta gwamnatin jam'iyyar Kwadago ta fi sha'awar jagorancin Biritaniya a masana'antar kera makamai fiye da sauran samar da kayayyaki. Bayan da aka hambarar da jam'iyyar Labour kuma jam'iyyar Conservative ta Margaret Thatcher ta karbi mulki, fatan da ake da shi na shirin bai kai ga gaci ba.22

Gadon Shirin Lucas

Duk da haka, Shirin Lucas ya bar gado wanda har yanzu ana tattaunawa a cikin zaman lafiya, muhalli da ƙungiyoyin aiki a yau. Shirin ya kuma karfafa kafa Cibiyar Madadin Masana'antu da Fasaha (CAITS) a Northeast London Polytechnic (yanzu Jami'ar North East London) da Unit for Development of Alternative Products (UDAP) a Coventry Polytechnic. Mike Cooley, daya daga cikin masu kula da kantin tuki, an ba shi kyautar "Hakkin Samun Rayuwa na Dama(wanda kuma aka sani da 'Alternative Nobel Prize').23 A cikin wannan shekarar Lucas Aerospace ya dakatar da shi. A matsayinsa na Daraktan Fasaha a Hukumar Kasuwancin Landan, ya sami damar ci gaba da haɓaka fasahohin da suka shafi ɗan adam.

Fim ɗin: Shin babu wanda yake so ya sani?

A cikin 1978 Jami'ar Bude, babbar jami'ar jama'a a Burtaniya, ta ba da umarnin fim ɗin shirin fim "Shin ba wanda yake son sani?", wanda masu kula da shago, injiniyoyi, ƙwararrun ma'aikata da ƙwararrun ma'aikata ke cewa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pgQqfpub-c

Za'a iya tsara samar da muhalli da abokantaka na mutane tare da ma'aikata kawai

Misali na Shirin Lucas yakamata ya karfafa motsin yanayin adalci don kusanci ma'aikata a cikin masana'antu "marasa abokantaka" da samarwa musamman. Rahoton na musamman na APCC "Tsarin rayuwa mai dacewa da yanayi" ya bayyana cewa: "Canjin matakai a fannin samun aikin yi zuwa rayuwa mai dacewa da yanayi za a iya sauƙaƙe ta hanyar shiga cikin ma'aikata tare da goyon bayan aiki da siyasa da kuma daidaita yanayin yanayi. -rayuwa abokantaka".24

Ya bayyana a fili ga ma'aikatan Lucas tun da farko cewa shirin nasu ba zai canza dukkanin yanayin masana'antu na Biritaniya ba: "An fi auna manufarmu: muna so mu kalubalanci ainihin zato na al'ummarmu kadan kuma mu ba da gudummawa ga shi. ta hanyar nuna cewa ma’aikata a shirye suke su yi gwagwarmaya don ’yancin yin aiki kan kayayyakin da a zahiri ke magance matsalolin ɗan adam, maimakon ƙirƙirar su da kansu.”25

Quellen

Cooley, Mike (1987): Architect ko Bee? Farashin Fasahar Dan Adam. London.

APCC (2023): Takaitaccen bayani ga masu yanke shawara A: Rahoton Musamman: Tsare-tsare don rayuwa mai dacewa da yanayi. Berlin/Heidelberg.: Springer Spectrum. Kan layi: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4225480

Löw-Beer, Peter (1981): Masana'antu da farin ciki: madadin shirin Lucas Aerospace. Tare da gudummawar Alfred Sohn-Rethel: dabaru na samarwa akan siyasar rabon. Berlin.

Mc Loughlin, Keith (2017): Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na zamantakewa a cikin masana'antar tsaro: Lucas Aerospace hada kwamitin da gwamnatin Labour, 1974-1979. A cikin: Tarihin Biritaniya na Zamani 31 (4), shafi na 524-545. DOI: 10.1080/13619462.2017.1401470.

Dole layi ko ayyuka masu amfani? A cikin: Sabon Masanin Kimiyya, juzu'i na 67, 3.7.1975:10-12.

Salesbury, Brian (oJ): Labarin Shirin Lucas. https://lucasplan.org.uk/story-of-the-lucas-plan/

Wainwright, Hilary/Elliot, Dave (2018 [1982]): Shirin Lucas: Sabuwar ƙungiyar kasuwanci a cikin yin? nottingham

An gano shi: Christian Plas
Hoton murfin: Worcester Radical Films

Bayanin kafa

1 2023 Kyakkyawan Barometer na Ma'aikaci: https://www.paulpolman.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/MC_Paul-Polman_Net-Positive-Employee-Barometer_Final_web.pdf

2 Löw-Bira 1981: 20-25

3 McLoughlin 2017: 4th

4 Löw-Beer 1981: 34

5 McLoughlin 2017: 6

6 Kulli 1987:118

7 Financial Times, Janairu 23.1.1976, XNUMX, an nakalto daga https://notesfrombelow.org/article/bringing-back-the-lucas-plan

8 Kulli 1987:119

9 Sabon Masanin Kimiyya 1975, juzu'i 67:11.

10 Shekara 1987: 127.

11 Wainwright/Elliot 2018:40.

12 Wainwright/Elliot 2018: 101.

13 Kulli 1987:121

14 Cooley 1982: 121-122

15 Cooley 1987: 122-124.

16 Cooley 1987: 126-127

17 Cooley 1987: 128-129

18 Cooley 1987: 126-127

19 Löw-Beer 1981: 120

20 McLoughlin 2017: 10th

21 Kulli 1987:140

22 McLoughlin 2017: 11-14

23 Salesbury nd

24 APCC 2023: 17.

25 Lucas Aerospace Combine Plan, aka nakalto daga Löw-Beer (1982): 104