Dalilai 10 da ya sa motsin yanayi ya kamata ya magance matsalolin zamantakewa | S4F AT

da Martin Auer

Shin manufofin sauyin yanayi ya kamata su mayar da hankali kawai kan rage hayakin CO2, ko kuwa ya kamata ta shigar da matsalar sauyin yanayi cikin tunanin sauyi ga al'umma gaba ɗaya? 

Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Fergus Green daga Jami'ar College London da mai binciken dorewa Noel Healy daga Jami'ar Jihar Salem da ke Massachusetts sun buga wani bincike kan wannan tambaya a cikin mujallar One Earth: Yadda rashin daidaituwa ke haifar da canjin yanayi: yanayin yanayin don Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Green1 A ciki, suna magance zargi da wakilan matakin manufofin CO2-centric a wasu ra'ayoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da kariya ta yanayi a cikin manyan shirye-shiryen zamantakewa. Waɗannan masu sukar suna jayayya cewa mafi fa'idar Green New Deal ajanda yana lalata ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce. Misali, fitaccen masanin kimiyyar yanayi Michael Mann ya rubuta a cikin mujallar Nature:

"Bayar da motsin canjin yanayi jerin sayayya na sauran shirye-shiryen zamantakewa da ake yabawa yana haifar da kawar da masu goyon baya masu mahimmanci (kamar masu zaman kansu da masu matsakaicin ra'ayin mazan jiya) waɗanda ke tsoron babban ajanda na canjin zamantakewa na ci gaba."2

A cikin bincikensu, marubutan sun nuna hakan

• Rashin daidaituwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sune direbobi don yawan amfani da CO2 da samarwa,
• cewa rashin daidaiton rabon kudin shiga da dukiya ya baiwa masu hannu da shuni damar dakile matakan kare yanayi,
• cewa rashin daidaito yana lalata tallafin jama'a don ayyukan sauyin yanayi,
• da kuma cewa rashin daidaito yana lalata haɗin kan zamantakewar da ake bukata don aikin gama kai.

Wannan yana ba da shawarar cewa ana iya samun cikakkiyar lalatawar iskar gas yayin da aka haɗa dabarun da ke tattare da carbon a cikin babban shirin gyare-gyaren zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da dimokuradiyya.

Wannan sakon zai iya ba da taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen labarin. Fiye da duka, ƙaramin yanki ne kawai na ɗimbin shaidar da Green and Healy ke kawowa za a iya sake bugawa anan. Hanyar haɗi zuwa cikakken jerin suna biyo baya a ƙarshen sakon.

Dabarun kariyar yanayi, rubuta Green and Healy, sun samo asali ne daga hangen nesa na CO2. Canjin yanayi ya kasance kuma har yanzu ana fahimtar wani bangare a matsayin matsalar fasaha na yawan hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. Ana ba da shawarar kayan aiki da yawa, kamar tallafin fasaha mai ƙarancin fitarwa da kafa ƙa'idodin fasaha. Amma babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali shi ne kan amfani da hanyoyin kasuwa: harajin CO2 da cinikin hayaki.

Menene Koren Sabon Yarjejeniyar?

Dabarun Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Green ba ta iyakance ga rage CO2 ba, amma sun haɗa da sauye-sauye na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da dimokuradiyya. Suna nufin samun sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki mai nisa. Tabbas, kalmar "Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Green" ba ta da tabbas3. Marubutan sun gano kamanceceniya masu zuwa: Ka'idodin Green New Deal sun ba wa jihar muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙirƙira, ƙirƙira da sarrafa kasuwanni, wato ta hanyar saka hannun jari na jihohi a cikin kayayyaki da sabis na jama'a, dokoki da ƙa'idodi, manufofin kuɗi da kuɗi, da sayan jama'a goyon bayan bidi'a. Manufar wadannan ayyuka na jihohi ya kamata su kasance samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka na duniya wanda zai biya bukatun jama'a da kuma ba su damar rayuwa mai inganci. Dole ne a rage rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki kuma sakamakon wariyar launin fata, mulkin mallaka da zalunci na jima'i ya yi kyau. A ƙarshe, ra'ayoyin Green New Deal suna da nufin ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu fa'ida, dogaro da duka mahalarta masu ƙwazo (musamman ƙungiyoyin sha'awa na ma'aikata da ƴan ƙasa na gari), da kuma goyon bayan mafi rinjaye, wanda ke nunawa a sakamakon zaɓe.

Hanyoyi 10 da ke haifar da canjin yanayi

Sanin cewa dumamar yanayi yana kara ta'azzara rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ya dogara ne akan al'ummar kare yanayi. Ba a san su ba su ne tashoshi masu haddasawa da ke gudana ta wata hanya dabam, wato yadda rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ke shafar sauyin yanayi.

Marubutan sun ambaci irin waɗannan hanyoyin guda goma a rukuni biyar:

amfani

1. Yawan kudin shiga da mutane ke samu, yawan cinye su da kuma yawan iskar gas ke haifar da samar da wadannan kayayyakin masarufi. Bincike ya yi kiyasin cewa fitar da hayaki daga mafi arziki kashi 10 ya kai kashi 50% na hayakin duniya. Ta haka za a iya samun babban tanadi a cikin hayaki idan aka rage yawan kudaden shiga da dukiyar manyan makarantu. Nazarin4 na 2009 ya kammala cewa za a iya ceton kashi 30% na hayaki a duniya idan aka takaita fitar da biliyan 1,1 na mafi yawan hayaki zuwa matakin mafi karancin gurbacewar muhalli.5

2. Sai dai ba cin na masu kudi kadai ke haifar da fitar da hayaki mai yawa ba. Masu hannu da shuni sukan yi bajintar dukiyarsu ta hanyar nunawa. A sakamakon haka, mutanen da ke da ƙananan kudin shiga kuma suna ƙoƙarin haɓaka matsayinsu ta hanyar cinye alamun matsayi da kuma ba da kuɗin wannan karuwar amfani ta hanyar yin aiki na tsawon sa'o'i (misali ta yin aiki na karin lokaci ko ta hanyar sa dukan manya a cikin gida suna aiki na cikakken lokaci).

Amma ashe ba za a ƙara ƙaramar kuɗin shiga ba kuma yana haifar da ƙarar hayaƙi? Ba lallai ba ne. Domin kuwa ba za a iya inganta halin da talakawa ke ciki ta hanyar samun ƙarin kuɗi ba. Hakanan za'a iya inganta shi ta hanyar samar da wasu kayayyaki da aka samar masu dacewa da yanayi. Idan kawai ka sami ƙarin kuɗi, za ku yi amfani da ƙarin wutar lantarki, kunna dumama da digiri 1, yin tuƙi sau da yawa, da dai sauransu da aka samar da su, da dai sauransu, za a iya inganta yanayin marasa galihu ba tare da ƙara yawan hayaki ba.

Wani hangen nesa shi ne cewa idan makasudin shi ne don duk mutane su ji daɗin mafi girman matakin jin daɗin rayuwa a cikin amintaccen kasafin kuɗin carbon, to dole ne yawancin sassan jama'a masu fama da talauci ya ƙaru. Wannan na iya haifar da ƙarin buƙatun makamashi don haka zuwa haɓakar iskar gas. Domin mu ci gaba da kasancewa cikin amintaccen kasafin kuɗin carbon gabaɗaya, dole ne a rage rashin daidaituwa daga babban ɓangaren ta hanyar taƙaita zaɓuɓɓukan amfani na masu arziki. Abin da irin waɗannan matakan za su nufi ga ci gaban GDP an buɗe su ta hanyar marubuta a matsayin tambaya mai ma'ana da ba a warware ba.

A ka'ida, in ji Green da Healy, bukatun makamashi na masu karamin karfi sun fi sauƙi don lalatawa yayin da suke mayar da hankali kan gidaje da mahimmancin motsi. Yawancin makamashin da attajirai ke cinyewa yana fitowa ne daga balaguron jirgin sama6. Decarbonization na zirga-zirgar iska yana da wahala, tsada kuma a halin yanzu ba a iya ganin ganowa. Don haka tasiri mai kyau akan hayaki na rage mafi girman kudaden shiga zai iya zama mafi girma fiye da mummunan tasiri na ƙara ƙananan kuɗi.

samarwa

Ko tsarin samar da kayayyaki za a iya lalatar da su ya dogara ba kawai ga yanke shawara na mabukaci ba, har ma da yanke shawarar samar da kamfanoni da manufofin tattalin arzikin gwamnati.

3. Kashi 60% mafi arziki sun mallaki tsakanin kashi 80% (Turai) da kusan kashi 5% na dukiya. Rabin mafi talauci ya mallaki kashi XNUMX% (Turai) ko ƙasa da haka7. Wato, ƴan tsiraru (mafi rinjayen fari da maza) sun ƙayyade da jarin su abin da kuma yadda ake samarwa. A zamanin Neoliberal tun daga 1980, yawancin kamfanoni mallakar gwamnati a baya sun kasance masu zaman kansu ta yadda yanke shawarar samar da kayayyaki ya kasance ƙarƙashin dabarun samun riba mai zaman kansa maimakon bukatun jama'a. A lokaci guda, "masu hannun jari" (masu mallakin takaddun shaida, hannun jari) sun sami ƙarin iko a kan gudanar da kamfani, ta yadda gajeren hangen nesa, abubuwan da suka dace da riba mai sauri ke ƙayyade yanke shawara na kamfanoni. Wannan yana motsa manajoji don canza farashi zuwa wasu kuma, alal misali, don gujewa ko jinkirta saka hannun jari na ceton CO2.

4. Masu hannun jari kuma suna amfani da jarinsu wajen faɗaɗa dokokin siyasa da hukumomi waɗanda ke fifita riba akan duk wasu abubuwa. Tasirin kamfanonin mai a kan yanke shawara na siyasa yana da yawa a rubuce. Daga shekara ta 2000 zuwa 2016, alal misali, an kashe dalar Amurka biliyan XNUMX wajen fafutukar ganin an kafa dokar sauyin yanayi.8. Hakanan an rubuta tasirinsu akan ra'ayin jama'a9 . Har ila yau, suna amfani da ikonsu don murkushe masu adawa da kuma aikata laifuka10

.

Gudanar da mulkin demokraɗiyya, lissafin kuɗi a cikin siyasa da kasuwanci, ƙa'idodin kamfanoni da kasuwannin kuɗi don haka batutuwan da ke da alaƙa da alaƙa da yuwuwar lalatawa.

siyasar tsoro

5. Tsoron rasa ayyukan yi ga aikin sauyin yanayi, na gaske ko abin da ake gani, yana lalata goyon baya ga aikin decarbonization.11. Tun kafin barkewar cutar ta COVID-19, kasuwar ƙwadago ta duniya tana cikin rikici: rashin aikin yi, rashin cancanta, ayyuka masu wahala a ƙasan kasuwar ƙwadago, raguwar membobin ƙungiyar, duk wannan cutar ta tsananta, wanda ya ta'azzara rashin tsaro gaba ɗaya.12. Farashin Carbon da/ko soke tallafin suna jin haushin mutane masu karancin kudin shiga saboda suna kara farashin kayan masarufi na yau da kullun da ke haifar da hayakin carbon.

6. Ƙaruwar farashin saboda manufofin da ake amfani da su na carbon-ainihin ko abin da aka sani - suna tayar da damuwa, musamman a tsakanin masu karamin karfi, da kuma zubar da goyon bayan jama'a a gare su. Wannan ya sa ya zama da wahala a tara jama'a don matakan lalata. Musamman kungiyoyin da ke fama da matsalar sauyin yanayi, watau wadanda ke da dalilai masu karfi na hada kai, irin su mata da masu launin fata, sun fi fuskantar matsalar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. (Ga Ostiriya, za mu iya ƙara mutane masu launi ga mutanen da ke da asalin ƙaura da mutanen da ba su da ƴan ƙasar Austria.)

Rayuwa mai dacewa da yanayi ba ta da araha ga mutane da yawa

7. Mutanen da ba su da kuɗi ba su da hanyar kuɗi ko abin ƙarfafawa don saka hannun jari a cikin kayayyaki masu amfani da makamashi mai tsada ko ƙarancin carbon. Misali, a kasashe masu wadata, talakawa suna rayuwa ne a gidaje marasa amfani. Tunda yawanci suna zaune a cikin gidaje haya, ba su da abin ƙarfafawa don saka hannun jari a inganta ingantaccen makamashi. Wannan kai tsaye yana lalata ikon su na rage hayakin amfani kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga fargabar tasirin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.

8. Manufofin da aka mayar da hankali kan CO2 zalla kuma na iya haifar da yunƙurin kai tsaye, kamar motsin riguna na rawaya a Faransa, wanda aka jagoranta akan karuwar farashin mai wanda ya dace da manufofin yanayi. Sauye-sauyen farashin makamashi da sufuri sun haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa a kasashe da dama kamar Najeriya, Ecuador da Chile. A cikin wuraren da masana'antu masu ƙarfin carbon suka tattara, rufewar tsire-tsire na iya ruguje tattalin arzikin gida tare da wargaza tushen tushen gida, alaƙar zamantakewa da alaƙa da gida.

Rashin hadin kai

Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya haɗu da manyan matakan rashin daidaituwa na tattalin arziki zuwa ƙananan matakan amincewa da zamantakewa (dogara ga wasu mutane) da amincewar siyasa (dogara ga cibiyoyin siyasa da kungiyoyi).13. Ƙananan matakan amana suna da alaƙa da ƙananan tallafi don ayyukan yanayi, musamman don kayan aikin kasafin kuɗi14. Green da Healy suna ganin hanyoyin aiki guda biyu a nan:

9. Rashin daidaituwar tattalin arziki yana kaiwa - ana iya tabbatar da hakan - zuwa ƙarin cin hanci da rashawa15. Wannan ya kara karfafa fahimtar da ake yi na cewa jiga-jigan siyasa kawai suna biyan bukatun kansu da na masu hannu da shuni. Don haka, 'yan ƙasa ba za su sami ɗan kwarin gwiwa ba idan aka yi musu alƙawarin cewa ƙuntatawa na ɗan gajeren lokaci zai haifar da ci gaba na dogon lokaci.

10. Na biyu, rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki da zamantakewa yana haifar da rarraba a cikin al'umma. Manyan attajirai na iya ware kansu a zahiri daga sauran al'umma kuma su kare kansu daga cututtuka na zamantakewa da muhalli. Domin masu hannu da shuni suna da tasirin da bai dace ba a kan samar da al'adu, musamman kafafen yada labarai, za su iya amfani da wannan karfin wajen haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kungiyoyin al'umma daban-daban. Misali, attajirai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a Amurka sun inganta ra'ayin da gwamnati ta dauka daga rukunin ma'aikata farar fata "masu himma" don raba kayan tallafi ga matalauta "marasa cancanta", kamar baƙi da mutane masu launi. (A Ostiriya, wannan ya yi daidai da ra'ayoyin da ke adawa da fa'idodin zamantakewa ga "baƙi" da "masu neman mafaka"). Irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna raunana haɗin gwiwar zamantakewar da ake bukata don haɗin kai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. Wannan yana nuna cewa ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu yawa, kamar waɗanda ake buƙata don saurin lalata, ana iya ƙirƙirar su ta hanyar ƙarfafa haɗin kai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin al'umma daban-daban. Ba wai kawai ta hanyar neman daidaiton rarraba kayan albarkatu ba, har ma ta hanyar fahimtar juna wanda ke baiwa mutane damar ganin kansu a matsayin wani bangare na aikin gama gari wanda ke samun ci gaba ga kowa.

Menene martani daga Green New Deals?

Don haka, tun da rashin daidaito kai tsaye yana ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi ko kuma yana hana lalatawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, yana da kyau a ɗauka cewa ra'ayoyin manyan gyare-gyaren zamantakewa na iya haɓaka yaƙi da sauyin yanayi.

Marubutan sun yi nazarin ra'ayoyi 29 na Green New Deal daga nahiyoyi biyar (mafi rinjaye daga Turai da Amurka) kuma sun raba abubuwan da aka gyara zuwa daure ko tari guda shida.

Kulawar zamantakewa mai dorewa

1. Manufofin samar da zaman lafiya mai dorewa suna ƙoƙari ga duk mutane don samun damar yin amfani da kayayyaki da ayyuka waɗanda ke biyan buƙatu na yau da kullun a cikin tsari mai dorewa: gidaje masu inganci na thermal, watsi da gurɓataccen iska da makamashin gida ba tare da gurɓata ba, motsa jiki da motsin jama'a, samar da ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki. tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Irin waɗannan matakan suna rage rashin daidaituwa a cikin kulawa. Ya bambanta da manufofin CO2-centric zalla, suna ba da damar azuzuwan matalauta su sami damar yin amfani da ƙarancin carbon na yau da kullun ba tare da ɗora nauyin kasafin kuɗin gidansu ba har ma (Mechanism 2) don haka ba sa haifar da wani juriya daga gare su (Makanin 7). Rarraba waɗannan tsarin samar da kayayyaki kuma yana haifar da ayyukan yi (misali gyaran zafi da aikin gini).

Tsaron kuɗi

2. Ka'idodin Sabon Yarjejeniyar Green suna ƙoƙari don tsaro na kuɗi ga matalauta da waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin talauci. Misali, ta hanyar haƙƙin da aka ba da tabbacin yin aiki; garantin mafi ƙarancin kudin shiga wanda ya isa ya rayu; shirye-shiryen horo na kyauta ko tallafi don ayyuka masu dacewa da yanayi; amintaccen damar kula da lafiya, jin daɗin jama'a da kula da yara; inganta zaman lafiya. Irin waɗannan manufofin za su iya rage adawa ga ayyukan sauyin yanayi bisa dalilan rashin tsaro na kuɗi da zamantakewa (Masu amfani 5 zuwa 8). Tsaron kuɗi yana ba mutane damar fahimtar ƙoƙarin lalata carbon ba tare da tsoro ba. Kamar yadda kuma suke ba da tallafi ga ma'aikata a cikin raguwar masana'antu masu amfani da carbon, ana iya ganin su a matsayin wani nau'i mai tsayi na 'kawai sauyi'.

canji a alakar wutar lantarki

3. Mawallafa sun gano ƙoƙarin canza dangantakar wutar lantarki a matsayin tari na uku. Manufofin yanayi za su yi tasiri sosai yayin da suke taƙaita tattara dukiya da iko (masu sarrafa 3 da 4). Manufofin Sabon Yarjejeniyar Green na nufin rage arzikin masu hannu da shuni: ta hanyar samun ci gaba da samun ci gaba da harajin arziki da kuma rufe hanyoyin haraji. Suna kira da a sauya wutar lantarki daga masu hannun jari zuwa ga ma'aikata, masu amfani da kuma al'ummomin gida. Suna ƙoƙari don rage tasirin kuɗi masu zaman kansu a kan siyasa, misali ta hanyar tsara yadda za a yi amfani da su, iyakance kashe kuɗin yakin neman zabe, ƙuntata tallace-tallace na siyasa ko kudaden jama'a na yakin neman zabe. Saboda alakar iko suma masu wariyar launin fata ne, jima'i, da 'yan mulkin mallaka, yawancin ra'ayoyin Green New Deal suna kira da adalci na abu, siyasa, da al'adu ga ƙungiyoyin da aka ware. (Ga Ostiriya wannan yana nufin, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, kawo ƙarshen warewar siyasa na ma'aikata sama da miliyan ɗaya waɗanda ba su cancanci kada kuri'a ba).

CO2-centric matakan

4. Tari na huɗu ya haɗa da matakan CO2-centric irin su CO2 haraji, ka'idodin masana'antu masu fitarwa, tsarin samar da albarkatun mai, tallafi don haɓaka fasahar tsaka-tsakin yanayi. Muddin sun kasance masu koma baya, watau suna da tasiri mai yawa akan ƙananan kudaden shiga, wannan ya kamata a kalla a biya shi ta hanyar matakan daga gungu uku na farko.

sake rarrabawa ta jihar

5. Babban abin da ya zama gama gari na ra'ayoyin Green New Deal shine babban rawar da ake sa ran kashewar gwamnati zai taka. Za a yi amfani da harajin da ake fitarwa na CO2, samun kudin shiga da babban birnin da aka tattauna a sama don samar da kudaden da ake buƙata don samar da zaman lafiya mai dorewa, amma kuma don ƙarfafa ƙirƙira fasaha. Ya kamata bankunan tsakiya su fifita sassa masu ƙarancin carbon da manufofinsu na kuɗi, kuma ana ba da shawarar bankunan saka hannun jari. Ya kamata a tsara tsarin lissafin kasa da kuma lissafin kamfanoni bisa ga ka'idojin dorewa. Ba GDP (samfurin cikin gida) ba ne ya kamata ya zama mai nuna alamar manufofin tattalin arziki mai nasara, amma Ma'anar Ci gaba na Gaskiya.16 (mai nuna ci gaba na gaske), aƙalla azaman kari.

Hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa

6. Kadan daga cikin ra'ayoyin Green New Deal da aka bincika sun haɗa da bangarorin manufofin ketare. Wasu suna ba da shawarar yin gyare-gyaren kan iyaka don kare ƙarin samarwa mai dorewa daga gasa daga ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ƙa'idodin dorewa. Wasu kuma suna mai da hankali kan ka'idojin kasa da kasa na kasuwanci da zirga-zirgar jari. Tun da sauyin yanayi matsala ce ta duniya, marubutan sun yi imanin cewa ra'ayoyin Green New Deal ya kamata su haɗa da ɓangaren duniya. Waɗannan za su iya zama yunƙuri don samar da samar da zaman lafiya mai dorewa a duniya, don haɓaka tsaro na kuɗi, don canza dangantakar wutar lantarki ta duniya, don sake fasalin cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi na duniya. Ka'idodin Green New Deal na iya samun manufofin manufofin ketare na raba fasahohin kore da kaddarorin ilimi tare da ƙasashe matalauta, haɓaka kasuwanci a cikin samfuran abokantaka na yanayi da hana kasuwanci a cikin samfuran CO2 masu nauyi, hana ba da kuɗin kan iyaka na ayyukan burbushin, rufe wuraren haraji, ba da sassaucin bashi da kuma gabatar da mafi ƙarancin kuɗin haraji na duniya.

Kima ga Turai

Rashin daidaito yana da yawa musamman a tsakanin ƙasashe masu tasowa a Amurka. A cikin kasashen Turai ba a bayyana hakan ba. Wasu 'yan wasan siyasa a Turai suna la'akari da ra'ayoyin Green New Deal don samun damar samun rinjaye. The "Turai Green Deal" sanar da EU Commission na iya zama mai girman kai idan aka kwatanta da model da aka zayyana a nan, amma mawallafa sun ga hutu tare da baya zalla CO2-centric tsarin kula yanayi. Abubuwan da aka samu a wasu ƙasashen EU sun nuna cewa irin waɗannan samfuran na iya yin nasara tare da masu jefa ƙuri'a. Misali, jam'iyyar Socialist ta Spain ta kara yawan kujeru 2019 a zabukan 38 tare da gagarumin shirin Green New Deal.

Lura: Ƙananan zaɓi na nassoshi ne kawai aka haɗa a cikin wannan taƙaice. Ana iya samun cikakken jerin binciken da aka yi amfani da su don ainihin labarin anan: https://www.cell.com/one-earth/fulltext/S2590-3322(22)00220-2#secsectitle0110

Hoton murfin: J. Sibiga via Flickr, C.C BY-SA
An haife shi: Michael Bürkle

1 Green, Fergus; Healy, Noel (2022): Yadda rashin daidaito ke haifar da canjin yanayi: Yanayin yanayi don Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Koren. Cikin: Duniya Daya 5/6:635-349. Kan layi: https://www.cell.com/one-earth/fulltext/S2590-3322(22)00220-2

2 Mann, Michael E. (2019): Gyaran baya da sabuwar yarjejeniya. A cikin: Yanayin 573_ 340-341

3 Kuma ba lallai ba ne ya zo daidai da kalmar "sauyin zamantakewa da muhalli", kodayake akwai maɓalli. Kalmar ta dogara ne akan "Sabuwar Deal", shirin tattalin arziki na FD Rooseveldt, wanda aka yi niyya don yaƙar rikicin tattalin arziki na 1930s a Amurka. Hoton mu na bango yana nuna wani sassaka wanda ke tunawa da wannan.

4 Chakravarty S. et al. (2009): Raba ragi na CO2 na duniya a tsakanin manyan masu fitar da hayaki biliyan daya. A cikin: Proc. na kasa Acad. kimiyya Amurka 106: 11884-11888

5 Kwatanta kuma rahotonmu kan na yanzu Rahoton Rashin daidaiton Yanayi 2023

6 Domin kashi goma mafi arziki na al'ummar Burtaniya, balaguron jirgin sama ya kai kashi 2022% na makamashin da mutum ke amfani da shi a shekarar 37. Mutumin da ke cikin goma mafi arziki ya yi amfani da makamashi mai yawa a kan tafiye-tafiyen iska kamar yadda mutum a cikin kashi biyu cikin goma mafi talauci ya yi amfani da duk abin da ake kashewa: https://www.carbonbrief.org/richest-people-in-uk-use-more-energy-flying-than-poorest-do-overall/

7 Chancel L, Piketty T, Saez E, Zucman G (2022): Rahoton Rashin daidaiton Duniya 2022. Kan layi: https://wir2022.wid.world/executive-summary/

8 Brulle, RJ (2018): Wuraren yanayi: nazari na sashe na kashe kuɗi kan canjin yanayi a Amurka, 2000 zuwa 2016. Canjin yanayi 149, 289-303. Kan layi: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-018-2241-z

9 Oreskes N.; Conway EM (2010); Masu Kasuwar Shakku: Yadda Dindin Masanan Kimiyya suka Rufe Gaskiyar Al'amura daga Taba Taba zuwa Dumamar Duniya. Bloomsbury Press,

10 Scheidel Armin et al. (2020): Rikicin muhalli da masu kare muhalli: bayyani na duniya. A: Glob. muhalli Chang. 2020; 63: 102104, Kan layi: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378020301424?via%3Dihub

11 Vona, F. (2019): Asarar aiki da yarda da siyasa na manufofin yanayi: dalilin da yasa hujjar 'kashe aikin' ta kasance mai tsayi da kuma yadda za a juya shi. In: Clim. Siyasa. 2019; 19:524-532. Kan layi: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14693062.2018.1532871?journalCode=tcpo20

12 A cikin Afrilu 2023, matasa miliyan 2,6 da ke ƙasa da 25 ba su da aikin yi a cikin EU, ko kuma 13,8%: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/16863929/3-01062023-BP-EN.pdf/f94b2ddc-320b-7c79-5996-7ded045e327e

13 Rothstein B., Uslaner EM (2005): Duk ga kowa: daidaito, cin hanci da rashawa, da amanar zamantakewa. A cikin: Siyasar Duniya. 2005; 58:41-72. Kan layi: https://muse-jhu-edu.uaccess.univie.ac.at/article/200282

14 Kitt S. et al. (2021): Matsayin amana ga yarda da ƴan ƙasa na manufofin yanayi: kwatanta hasashe na cancantar gwamnati, mutunci da kamanceceniya. In: Ecol. econ. 2021; 183: 106958. Kan layi: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800921000161

15 Uslaner EM (2017): Amincewar siyasa, cin hanci da rashawa, da rashin daidaito. in: Zmerli S. van der Meer TWG Handbook on Political Trust: 302-315

16https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indikator_echten_Fortschritts