Sonja Bettel
"IDenmark neNorway yizwe lapho kunokwethenjwa okukhulu kunabanye abantu."
UChristian Bjørnskov, University of Aarhus
Izwe lingakwazi yini ukwanelisa izidingo ezibalulekile zezakhamizi zalo? Ngabe ihlinzeka ngemibandela yokuthi abantu nemiphakathi bathuthukise futhi baqhubeke nenhlala-kahle yabo? Futhi ingabe zonke izakhamizi zinethuba lokusebenzisa ngokugcwele amakhono azo? Le yimibuzo i-Social Progress Index (i-SPI) efuna ukuyiphendula minyaka yonke kwizifundazwe eziningi emhlabeni wonke ngangokunokwenzeka ngocwaningo lwe-meta oluyinkimbinkimbi. KwiDenmark ungaphendula yonke imibuzo ngale ndlela elandelayo: Yebo! Yebo! Yebo!
IDenmark ngenxa yalokho ifinyelele kwi-2017 indawo ephezulu ye-SPI. Empeleni, imiphumela ayimangazi, bhala ababhali be- "Social Progress Index" embikweni wabo. IDenmark isenesikhathi eside idume ngohlelo lwayo oluphumelele lwezenhlalo kanye nezinga layo eliphakeme lokuphila. Ekuqaleni kwe-2017, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba i-SPI ishicilelwe, indlela yokuphila "ejwayelekile yesiDanishi" yaze yamenyezelwa ngabezindaba abaningi abakhuluma isiJalimane njengendlela yakamuva yezenhlalo: "I-Hygge" (isimemezele i-hugge) izibiza ngokuthi lokho futhi ingahunyushwa ngokuthi "Gemütlichkeit". Uhlala ekhaya noma emvelweni nomndeni nabangane bendawonye, udle futhi uphuze kahle, ukhulume futhi ujabule. Ehlobo, nomagazini wegama elifanayo beza emakethe eJalimane, lapho ungabona khona abantu abaningi abakhanyayo.
"Umuntu esimaziyo wake wathi thina maDanes sijabule kakhulu ngoba silindele okuphansi," kusho uDane Klaus Pedersen ngenhlekisa. UKlaus uneminyaka engu-42, uhlala e-Aarhus, idolobha lesibili ngobukhulu eDenmark, futhi usebenza inkampani yezamafilimu iminyaka eyishumi. "Ngijabule kakhulu ngempilo yami. Ukuphela kwento engikhathaza eDenmark yizintela eziphakeme kanye nesimo sezulu. Awungeke uguqule isimo sezulu, kepha kunamakhandlela, izingubo zokulala kanye" I-Hygge ", bheka ngenhla. Futhi izintela?
"EDenmark naseNorway, amaphesenti angu-70 abaphenduli athi iningi labantu lingathenjwa, ngamaphesenti ama-30 kuphela emhlabeni wonke."
IDenmark ithathwa njengezwe elinomthwalo omkhulu wentela, kodwa ngokwemibandela ye-OECD ingaphezulu nje kwesilinganiso samaphesenti we-36. Phezulu kwe-OECD yiBelgium enomthwalo wentela wamaphesenti ama-54, i-Austria inamaphesenti ama-47,1, amaphesenti eDenmark 36,7. Emazweni amaningi la maphesenti aqukethe intela yemali engenayo neyokuphepha komphakathi efana nomshuwalense wezempilo, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, umshuwalense wezengozi, njll. Kanti eDenmark kukhokhwa intela yomqashi kanye nomqashi ingxenye encane yeminikelo yokuphepha kwezenhlalo. Izinzuzo ezengeziwe zomphakathi ngaleyo ndlela zixhaswa nguhulumeni kusuka entela yemali engenayo, enikeza izakhamuzi umbono wokuthi lezi zinzuzo azikhokhelwa.
"Sinenhlanhla enkulu," kusho umphathi wemiklamo yeminyaka ye38, uNicoline Skraep Larsen, onezingane ezimbili ezineminyaka emine nesithupha. IDenmark, isikole nokutadisha kumahhala, ngoba esifundweni uthola ngisho nokuxhaswa ngemali. Iningi labafundi lisazosebenza ohlangothini, ikakhulukazi uma behlala eCopenhagen ebizayo, kepha izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu bayanakekelwa. "Ngakho-ke wonke umuntu uthola ithuba lokutadisha, noma ngabe unemali engakanani abazali bakho," kusho uNicoline. Ngakho-ke, abakwaDani baqeqeshiwe kahle, okusho futhi imali ephezulu. EDenmark, akusho lutho ukuthi abesifazane nabesilisa basebenza ngokulinganayo. Owesifazane angahlala ekhaya isikhathi esingangonyaka ngemuva kokuzalwa kwengane, isikhathi esizayo lapho sizoba nezindawo ezanele zokunakekela izingane ezingabizi kakhulu.
Izingane nomndeni zibaluleke kakhulu eDenmark. "Kuyamukeleka njalo ukushiya ihhovisi phambilini ngoba kufanele uyolanda izingane," kuphawula uSebastian Campion, osebenza njengomklami enkampanini yamazwe omhlaba eCopenhagen futhi engenazo izingane ngokwakhe. Ngokusemthethweni, amahora okusebenza masonto onke eDenmark ngamahora we-37, kepha abaningi bebevula ifoni ngakusasa lapho izingane zisembhedeni. UNicoline akacabangi ukuthi kubi. Cishe usebenza amahora we-42 ngesonto, kepha akacabangi nokusebenza isikhathi esengeziwe, ngoba uyakwazisa ukuguquguquka okuhamba kalula.
I-SPI futhi igcizelela ukutholakala kwezindlu ezingabizi eDenmark. Labo abangatholi imali eyanele, nesikhathi sokulinda esithile, banethuba lokuqasha indlu yokuhlala, ebiza cishe ingxenye yesilinganiso semakethe evulekile. Noma ngabe uyagula, ulahlekelwe ngumsebenzi, awunamandla noma ufuna ukuthatha umhlalaphansi - cishe kuzo zonke izimo ezinzima zempilo yamaDani, kunethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu. Amalungelo ezakhamizi nawo agcinwa ephezulu, yize iDenmark ingasindiswanga eminyakeni yamuva ngokushintshwa okubonakalayo kwesokudla eYurophu nokubekwa phambili kwababaleki nabafuduki. Kwabanye, izinzuzo zezenhlalo sezivele ziningi kakhulu futhi bangakhalaza ukuthi kufanele bakhokhe intela kwabanye (ngasiphi isizathu) abangasebenzi, kuphawula uKlaus Pedersen.
Siyajabula ngokwethembana nokuzithoba
Ukusho ukuthi ungcono kakhulu noma ungcono kunomunye umuntu kuyinhlangano e-Denmark. Umlobi waseDenmark-eNorway u-Aksel Sandemose uchaze i1933 kwinoveli edlala edolobhaneni laseJante. Kusukela lapho, le nhlangano ibizwa ngokuthi "Janteloven", ngokuthi "umthetho kaJante".
Ikhodi Yokuziphatha yaseJante - futhi ujabule?
Umthetho weJante (Danish / norw.: Janteloven, Sweden.: Jantelagen) yigama elime libuyele emuva kunoveli ka-Aksel Sandemose's (1899-1965) "Umbaleki Weqa Ithrekhi Yakhe" (En flyktning krysser sitt spor, 1933) , Kuyo, uSandemose uchaza imiloeu-encane yedolobha laseDenmark elibizwa ngeJante nengcindezi yokuguqula imvelo yomndeni neyenhlalo nomfana ovuthiwe u-Aspen Arnakke.
Umthetho weJante uqondwe njengekhodi lokuziphatha kwemithetho yezenhlalo yomkhakha wezamasiko waseScandinavia. Le khodi kungenzeka ukuthi icubungula umphakathi wonkana ngenxa yokufana kwayo: Abanye bayibheka njengeyona nto ebaluleke kakhulu - ekulinganiseleni ukuzikhandla kwempumelelo yobugovu; abanye babona umthetho weJante njengokucindezela kokukodwa kanye nentuthuko yomuntu.
Ngombono we-anthropological, uJanteloven angakhomba indlela ejwayelekile yokuzilawula kwe-Scandinavia ekusebenzisaneni kwezenhlalo: ukuthobeka okukhonjisiwe ngosuku kugwema umhawu futhi kuqinisekisa impumelelo yenhlanganisela.
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janteloven
Kepha konke lokho akuchazi ukuthi kungani amaDane engabhekwa njengothuthuka kakhulu emphakathini, kodwa futhi namaNorwegians, abantu abajabule kunabo bonke emhlabeni. Impendulo yalokhu ihlinzekwa nguChristian Bjørnskov, umcwaningi e-University of Aarhus: "IDenmark neNorway angamazwe athembela kakhulu kwabanye abantu." Kuwo womabili la mazwe, amaphesenti we-70 abaphendulile athi iningi labantu emhlabeni wonke, kunamaphesenti ama-30 kuphela. Ukwethemba yinto umuntu afunda ngayo kusukela azalwa, isiko lesiko, kepha eDenmark yakheka kahle, kusho uChristian Bjørnskov. Imithetho yakheka ngokucacile futhi yalandelwa, ukuphatha kusebenza kahle futhi ngokusobala, inkohlakalo ayivelakancane. Kucatshangwa ukuthi wonke umuntu wenza kahle. UKlaus Pedersen uyakuqinisekisa lokhu: "Ngenza ibhizinisi kuphela ngokuxhawula."
UKlaus wayehlala eSwitzerland iminyaka embalwa, lapho intela iphansi kakhulu futhi nezinzuzo zenhlalo ziphansi. Umbiko Wenjabulo ubeka iSwitzerland endaweni yesine neyesihlanu kwi-SPI 2017. Izindlela eziya enjabulweni ngokusobala zihluke kakhulu.
Inkomba Yokuthuthuka Komphakathi - uyajabula?
I-Social Progress Index (i-SPI) ibalwe kusukela ku-2014 yiqembu lokucwaninga eliholwa nguprofesa wezomnotho uMichael Porter weSikole Sebhizinisi seHarvard kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba lapho kutholakala khona idatha eyanele; ngonyaka we-2017, amazwe we-128 ayekhona. Kususelwa emnothweni wezifundo owenziwa izinhlangano zamazwe omhlaba kanye nezikhungo ezikhuluma ngokuphila, impilo, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelashwa, ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle, izindlu, ukuphepha, imfundo, imininingwane kanye nokuxhumana, imvelo, amalungelo abantu, inkululeko, ukubekezelelwa kanye nokufakwa. Umqondo uwukuba nomlingani womkhiqizo omkhulu wasekhaya (GDP), olinganisa kuphela impumelelo yezomnotho yezwe, kepha hhayi inqubekela phambili yomphakathi. Inkomba ishicilelwa yinhlangano engenzi nzuzo iSocial Progress Imperative, esekwe emsebenzini ka-Amartya Sen, Douglass North noJoseph Stiglitz, futhi ihlose ukufaka isandla ekufezeni izinhloso ze-Sustainable Development Goals.
IDenmark inenqubekela phambili ephezulu kakhulu yezenhlalo enamaphuzu we-90,57, ilandelwa yiFinland (90,53), i-Iceland neNorway (i-90,27 ngayinye) neSwitzerland (90,10). IDenmark ibala kahle kuzo zonke izindawo, ngaphandle kwemigomo yezempilo kanye neyokuphila, okuyisilinganiso seminyaka ye-80,8; eSweden engomakhelwane, yi-82,2. Ucwaningo luphawula ukuthi ukubhema nokuphuza utshwala okuphezulu eDenmark kungokusola.IRiphabhulikhi yase-Alpine ilahlekelwa yindawo ngokuqhathaniswa nonyaka owedlule, kepha ibala umbuthano omncane walawo mazwe onenqubekela phambili ephezulu kakhulu kwezenhlalo. Ukwanelisa izidingo eziyisisekelo zabantu, i-Austria iyakwazi ngisho nokukala i-5. Ngaphezu kokutholakala kwezindlu ezingabizi nokuphepha komuntu, lesi sigaba sihlanganisa nokutholakala kwamanzi okuphuza kanye nezindawo zokuhlanzeka. Kwezinye izigaba ezimbili ezibalulekile "Okuyisisekelo Wokuhlala Kahle" kanye "Namathuba Namathuba" I-Austria ibalwa njenge-9 ne-16. Naphezu komphumela omuhle ngokuphelele, i-Austria ingaphansi kwenani elilindelekile kwezinye izindawo. Uma i-GDP iqhathaniswa nezinga lentuthuko yezenhlalo, kunesidingo esicacile sokubamba, ikakhulukazi maqondana namathuba alinganayo nemfundo kanye nokubekezelelana komphakathi.
Ngamanani aphelele we-64,85 Social Progress Index yamaphuzu we-100, sibona ukuthuthukiswa konyaka onyaka okuncane (i-2016: amaphuzu we-62,88). Yize inqubekelaphambili yentuthuko yezenhlalo yenzeka, iyahlukahluka kubukhulu nangejubane, kuya ngesifunda. I-Social Progress Index ihlaziye amazwe we-128 emhlabeni wonke ngezici ze-50 zezenhlalo nezemvelo.
www.socialprogressindex.com
Photo / Video: Ugogo.
