UKarin Bornett
I-ISDS yisifushaniso sokuxazulula izingxabano zabatshalizimali. Kuhunyushwe kusiJalimane, igama elithi "ukulungiswa kwengxabano yabatshalizimali-umbuso" lisho. Ithuluzi lomthetho wamazwe omhlaba futhi eselivele lifakwe ezivumelwaneni eziningi. Amazwe ase-Europe aphethe izivumelwano zokutshala imali ezi-1400 ezibandakanya i-ISDS. Emhlabeni wonke kunomsindo omkhulu I-Attac Austria ngaphezu kwe-3300 yezivumelwano ezinjalo. I-CETA ifaka ne-ISDS kanti ne-ISDS nayo ibiyingxenye yezingxoxo ze-TTIP.
I-ISDS - ilungelo elikhethekile lezinkampani
I-ISDS, lokhu cishe kuyilungelo elikhethekile lokusebenza kwabatshalizimali. I-ISDS ivumela izinkampani zamanye amazwe ukuthi zimangalele izifundazwe ngomonakalo uma zikholelwa ukuthi imithetho emisha izonciphisa inzuzo yazo.
Ingozi lapho: Imithetho ingavinjelwa izinkampane, ngoba inqubomgomo ayifuni ukubeka icala engcupheni. Isikhungo Sezemvelo saseMunich, ngokwesibonelo, sibhala: "Ukuvikelwa kwezimali kudala amalungelo akhethekile ezinkampanini zamanye amazwe. Ubanikeza isikhali esijulile sokuphoqelela izintshisakalo zabo ezithile maqondana nentando yeningi. "U-Alexandra Strickner, isazi sezokuhweba e-Attac Austria, uyaqiniseka ukuthi:" Umthetho we-ISDS ubeka izintshisekelo zomphakathi, ngoba uhlinzeka ngemithetho emisha ngelebuli yentengo. Njengoba izibonelo zibonisa, lokhu kungasho ukuthi imithetho emisha esezingeni lomphakathi ayethulwanga nhlobo (noma kuphela ngezinga elincane) ngenxa yezinsongo zenkululeko, noma ukuthi izakhamizi kumele zisebenzise imali yazo yentela "ukunxephezela" izinkampani ngenzuzo elahlekile. Lokhu kusizakala ezinkampanini zamanye amazwe. Bangadlula izinkantolo zezwe futhi bathole amalungelo okungekho omunye umuntu emphakathini onawo. "
Imodeli enqatshiwe?
Kodwa-ke, lolu hlelo luza ngaphansi kwengcindezi eyandayo emhlabeni jikelele - kanti nezepolitiki ziphenduka ngokwengxenye: amazwe anjenge India, Ecuador, South Africa, Indonesia, Tanzania kanye neBolivia aseziqedile izivumelwano ezinjalo. I-Italy iyekile ukuphuma kwi-Energy Charter Conventiony, nayo efaka ne-ISDS mechanism. Ehlelweni lokuphinde liguqulwe lesikhungo sokuhweba saseNorth America i-NAFTA ngeke kube ne-ISDS phakathi kwe-US neCanada. I-ECJ ikhiphe isinqumo sokuthi i-ISDS ayihambelani nomthetho we-EU phakathi kwamazwe we-EU (izivumelwano eziningi zingukukhuliswa kwangaphambili kwe-EU). Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari, amazwe angamalungu e-22 EU amemezele i-2019 ukuphela kwe-ISDS phakathi kwezizwe ze-EU: cishe i-190 yezivumelwano ezinjalo izothinteka. I-2017 yakhala kakhulu Ingqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yezokuhweba Nentuthuko (UNCTAD) okokuqala kunqanyulwe izivumelwano zokutshalwa kwezimali ngaphezulu nge-ISDS kunaleyo entsha eqediwe. Kepha ezinye izivumelwano ze-ISDS neVietnam neMexico sekuye kwaxoxiswana ngazo futhi manje kufanele zivunyelwe yizikhungo ze-EU. Ngaphezu kwalokho izingxoxo ngezivumelwano zokutshalwa kwezimali njengamanje ziyaqhubeka phakathi kwe-EU neJapan, China ne-Indonesia.
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Photo / Video: Ugogo.
