Isakhiwo esizinzileyo: izinganekwane zisuliwe

Ngaphandle kokungabaza okuthile okunenkani, manje kukhona ukuvumelana komhlaba wonke ekucwaningeni: Izifundo zomhlaba wonke ze-11.944 kusukela eminyakeni eyedlule i-1991 kuya ku-2011 zahlaziywa yiqembu lesayensi eliholwa nguJohn Cook, umphumela owethulwe ku- "Izincwadi Zocwaningo Lwezemvelo": amaphesenti we-97,1 ophenywayo, abaphawula ngakho, bayabona ukuthi abantu babangela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ngeshwa, akunakungatshazwa ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuyenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvota kwakamuva kukhombisa ukuthi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu sekufikile nasezingqondweni zabantu base-Austrian: cishe amaphesenti e-45 akhathazekile ngesimo sezulu (iStatista, i-2015), namaphesenti we-63 aze acabange ukuthi kuningi okufanele kwenziwe ukulwa noshintsho lwesimo sezulu (i-IMAS, i-2014). Imiphumela: ngokusho kombiko wokuhlola ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu we-Austrian Panel on Climate Change (APCC, 2014), izinga lokushisa okungenani kwama-degree Celsius angama-3,5 kulindeleke ukuthi liphele leli khulu leminyaka - kube nemiphumela emikhulukazi yezemvelo nakwezomnotho.

Akuphikiswa futhi ukuthi izakhiwo ziyimbangela enkulu yamagesi abamba ukushisa ngakho-ke futhi nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Cishe i-40 yamaphesenti ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele ibalwa ngumkhakha wokwakha, futhi omelele amandla amakhulu we-CO2 namandla asindisa amandla. I-Austria ne-EU bathathe izinyathelo eziningi zokulwa nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Inhloso ukuguqukela emphakathini ongaphansi, okonga amandla.

Isakhiwo esingasekelwa - izinganekwane:

Inganekwane 1 - ukusebenza kahle kwamandla akuyona - noma kunjalo?

Iqiniso lokuthi ukwakhiwa okungaguquki, okwakha amandla okusebenza kahle kanye nokuvuselela kabusha, ikakhulukazi ukufakelwa kwamandla okushisayo, kunomthelela ezakhiweni nokuthi lokhu kwenzeka kanjani kubalwe kahle futhi kulinganiswa ngokwakhiwa ekwakhiweni kwezikhungo ze-physics emashumini eminyaka edlule. Zonke izifundo ezibucayi nokuphenywa ezakhiweni ezikhona kanye nezinkulungwane zezakhiwo ezisebenzisa amandla ziyakufakazela lokhu.
Kepha ingabe imali ehleliwe, ebaliwe yamandla izotholakala ekusebenzeni? Lo mbuzo waphakanyiswa, phakathi kokunye, ngocwaningo olwenziwe yi-ejensi yamandla aseJalimane i-dena 2013, eyayihlola idatha etholakala kwizakhiwo ezingama-63 ezivuselelekile ngokwedlule eminyakeni eminingi. Umphumela uhlaba umxhwele impela: Ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla kokugcina okubaliwe kwe-223 kWh / (m2a) ngaphambi kokulungiswa kabusha kanye nesibalo sesidingo se-45 kWh / (m2a) ngokwesilinganiso ngemuva kokuvuselelwa, amandla okonga amaphesenti we-80 ahloselwe. Ngemuva kokulungiswa kabusha kwangempela, inani elisetshenzisiwe lokusebenzisa amandla we-54 kWh / (m2a) kanye nokudla okuphakathi kwamandla kwamaphesenti we-76 ekugcineni kufinyelelwe.
Umphumela waba nethonya elibi ngamacala ambalwa angawodwa aphuthelwe yithagethi yokulungiswa kabusha. Ngeshwa, futhi lokhu kuyenzeka: okokuqala ngqa kokusebenza kwezinyathelo ezisebenza kahle zamandla ezakhiwo ezintsha kanye nokuvuselelwa kabusha kungukusebenza kahle kwetheknoloji. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, noma kunjalo, ukwenziwa kuholela emaphutheni aholela kumphumela wokonga ube uphansi kunalokho obekubikezelwe. Ukuziphatha kwabasebenzisi nakho kungaba nomthelela omubi ekusebenzeni kwamandla okulindelekile. Imikhuba yakudala, njengokufaka umoya omude noma ukucisha umoya omncane wokuphuma komoya ophilayo, iba nomphumela wokuphikisa futhi kumele iqale ilahlwe.

Inganekwane 2 - Ukusebenza kahle kwamandla akukhokhi - noma ingabe kuyakwenza?

Umbuzo wokuthi ngabe ezinye izindleko ezengeziwe zokwakha nokulungisa kabusha ziyakhokha ngokwezimali ziphinde zaphendulwa kaninginingi ngezifundo nangophenyo. Ikakhulu, kubalulekile ukucubungula impilo yesakhiwo nokuvela kwezindleko zamandla.
Ngokuyinhloko, zonke izindlela, zilingana, ngokwezinga elithile, ngokwezomnotho, kepha ingabe imigomo yohlaka nezinyathelo ezisetshenziswayo zinquma ngezinga elingakanani. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukufakwa okufudumele kwendlu yakudala, i-facade kuyodingeka ivuselelwe noma kunjalo.
Kodwa-ke, izitatimende ezijwayelekile ngokusebenza kwezindleko kufanele zibhekwe ngokuqapha, ngoba izimo - inani lokutshalwa kwezimali, indlela yokwakha noma into yokwakha, uhlobo lokushisa njll - aziqhathaniswa futhi amanani entengo esikhathi esizayo akunzima ukubikezela. Ngaphandle kwesici sezinto eziphilayo, kepha-ke, izici ezinjengokwandisa inani lempahla nokukhula kahle kwenhlanhla nakho kuyinzuzo esobala.

Inganekwane 3 - ukufakwa kuholela ekubumbeni - noma cha?

Kuyiqiniso ukuthi kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezisetshenziswayo, noma kufakwe insured noma cha, kufakwa umswakama ngandlela thile okufanele ukhishwe ngaphandle. Mold yakheka futhi ezakhiweni ezintsha, ezingakaze zomiswe ngokuphelele ngemuva kokwakhiwa, futhi ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni ezidinga ukulungiswa kabusha. Ukufakwa okufudumele kwangaphandle - ukuhlela okuhlelekile kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinyathelo zokwenziwa ezinikeziwe - kunciphisa ukulahleka kobushushu kube ngaphandle kuqine kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise amazinga okushisa ezindonga zangaphakathi. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokukhula kwesikhunta. Imvamisa yokukhula kwesikhunta nayo kubangelwa yindlela yokuziphatha komsebenzisi: Ikakhulu ngamawindows amasha, aqinile, kubalulekile ukubheka okuqukethwe komswakama womoya nokuphefumula ngokufanele noma ukusebenzisa uhlelo olukhona lokufaka umoya egumbini lokuphumula.

Inganekwane 4 - amadamu yi-carcinogenic - noma cha?

Ukuvezwa kweRadon kanye nengozi yomdlavuza ohambisana nakho kuvame ukubikwa ngokufakelwa amandla. Kodwa-ke, kunembile ukuthi imisebe yomsakazo evela ku-radon i-radon enhle (ukulinganisa iBequerel Bq) ayibangelwa ukufakwa, kepha iphunyuka isuka emhlabathini iye emoyeni ngenxa yokufakwa kwemvelo.
Kodwa-ke, ukugxila kwe-radon kuyabonakala futhi ezakhiweni ezivalekile, njengoba igesi linganqwabelana lapha. Ukungena komoya okwanele kwegumbi noma umoya ophilayo wegumbi lokuphumula kuletha esimweni esejwayelekile umphumela owanele.
Ukuvikelwa, ngokwesibonelo, kungahlinzeka ngokufaka uphawu lokuphamba emhlabeni kanye nezikhala zokuphila ezihambisanayo.
Ukubuka konke okuhle kunikela i Radon imephu.

Inganekwane 5 - izinto ezifakwayo insangu ziyimfucuza eyingozi yesikhathi esizayo - noma cha?

Ikakhulu, izinhlelo zokufakelwa kwenhlanganisela yokushisa (i-ETICS) kwesinye isikhathi zibhekwa ngokungabaza ngokuqondene nempilo yenkonzo nokulahlwa. Ukuqina kwabo manje kulinganiselwa ukuthi kube ngeminyaka eyi-50: I-ETICS yokuqala yabuyiselwa e-1957 eBerlin futhi namanje isasebenza. Noma kunjalo, kusobala ukuthi ukufakwa kwe-thermal kumele kuthathelwe indawo ngemuva kwamashumi ambalwa eminyaka. Ngokufanelekile, ukufakwa kuzosetshenziswa kabusha, noma okungenani kuphinde kusetshenziswe kabusha.
Ukusetshenziswa kabusha akunakwenzeka okungenani ku-ETICS ngenxa yokunamathela ku-facade ngokwesimo sobuciko esikhona njengamanje. Noma ngabe kunokucatshangelwa kokuqala mayelana ne-ETICS ngamakhefu okwakhelwe ngaphakathi, okungahlinzeka ukwakhiwa kabusha, ama-disasakhe asaholela kunoma yikuphi ukubhujiswa okukhulu kwezinto. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinkampani sezivele zisebenza kwizisombululo ezifana nokugaya. Kwezinye izinto ezifana nezinto ezifakwa ngobuningi, ukuncishiselwa kwamaphesenti we-100 kungenzeka ukuphinde kusetshenziswe.
Ukuphinda usebenzise izinto zokufakelwa akuyona inkinga yobuchwepheshe, kepha akuvamile ukusetshenziswa lapho kwenziwa. Isibonelo, imfucumfucu ingachotshozwa kalula lapho kufakwa izinto zokwakha ezenziwe ngamapuleti ezenziwe ngegwebu elilukhuni bese kuthi okusetshenziselwa izigaxa eziphumayo zisetshenziselwe okunye. Nge-EPS, ngokwesibonelo, amaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili ama-EPS asetshenziswe kabusha angaphakwa ekukhiqizweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunethuba lokusebenzisa i-granules okuxekethile njengendawo yokulinganisa. Ngokungeziwe kumandla okuphinda kusetshenziswwe kabusha okushiwo ngenhla, kukhona futhi nenketho yokuthola kabusha izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenzisiwe. Uma zonke izinketho ziphelile, isinyathelo sokugcina siyasebenza kabusha okushisayo.

Inganekwane 6 - izinto ezifakwayo ziqukethe uwoyela futhi ziyingozi emvelweni?

Impendulo yalo mbuzo itholakala kuhlu lwamandla namandla ezemvelo (igrafu). Ngokuya ngezinto zokufakelwa nokusebenza kahle kokufakelwa, lokhu kwehluka ngezindlela ezihlukile. Umbuzo wokuthi ngabe ukusetshenziswa kwamadamu kudalwa yini ngokwemvelo, kepha kungaqinisekiswa ngokusobala. Isibonelo, i-Karlsruhe Institute of Technology iqhathanise ukusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza kwezinto ezifakwayo kulo lonke umjikelezo wempilo kanye nomthelela omuhle emvelweni.
Isiphetho: Isikhathi esibuyisayo sembuyiselo kanye nesemvelo yokusebenzisa izinto ezifakwayo singaphansi kweminyaka emibili, ukufakwa kokushisayo kunengqondo kakhulu kusukela lapho kubhekwa khona amandla ayisisekelo nokulinganisela kwegesi yesimo sezulu. Yithi: ukungangeni edamini kuyalimaza imvelo.

Photo / Video: Ugogo.