Helmut Melzer
Ukuphila, ikakhulukazi okungabizi kakhulu, kuyinkinga enkulu yezepolitiki - hhayi e-Austria kuphela. Kwezokuhlaliswa Kwezenhlalo kuhloselwe ukulungisa lesi simo. Kepha ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zezingqinamba zezomnotho, izindlu ezihlala zodwa ezixhaswe ngemali yentela ziba yizisulu zephinikhodi eminingi. Ukuthuthuka kwamazwe omhlaba eminyakeni edlule kuye kwabangela impikiswano evuthayo kwi-European Union. Umbuzo osemqoka: ubani ongasebenzisa ithuba izindlu zomphakathi?
Umbuzo wokuncintisana?
Ekuphenduleni impikiswano ye-pan-European, i-2005 yafaka isimangalo yinhlangano yabanini bezindawo i-European Property Foundation, ummeleli wabanini bamabhizinisi abazimele, eSweden kwiKhomishini Yokuncintisana ye-EU - ngenxa yokuphambanisa umncintiswano ngokuboleka okungabizi kakhulu kubathuthukisi bezindlu ezizimele abaxhaswe ngemali. UTenor: Akekho emakethe okufanele abonelelwe futhi athole inzuzo ngemali yomphakathi. Akunandaba ngisho nasendabeni yezindlu zenhlalo. Ngokwezifiso zabanini bomhlaba abazimele, umnini wendawo kufanele asebenze ngaphansi kwemibandela efanayo noma kufanele axhase kuphela abaswele.
Kepha ngenkathi amaScandinavians ehleli etafuleni futhi exoxa nokuyekethisa, atholakala eNetherlands abalingisi abaphumelele kakhudlwana. I-2010, iKhomishini yaseYurophu iqinisekise isikhalazo saseDashi ngodaba lokuncintisana kwamahhala. Nemiphumela, njengoba uBarbara Steenbergen we-International Tenants 'Association IUT, eveza: "Ngakho-ke, ukunikela kwabampofu kakhulu bekufanele kube nomkhawulo. Yindaba yesikhathi kuphela ngaphambi kokuvela kwama-ghettos. "
Icala lamaDashi
Imithetho emisha yomdlalo eNetherlands: Kwab "Wocos", abathuthukisi abangenzi inzuzo, umkhawulo weholo le-33.000 Euro ngonyaka (phambilini i-38.000 Euro) - okuphelele futhi manje futhi nokuzimele kwenani lezakhamizi zasekhaya. Ngokuqhathanisa: EVienna, ngokwesibonelo, umuntu ohola imali engenayo unomkhawulo weholo le-43.970 Euro ngonyaka (abantu ababili: i-65.530 Euro ff) njengemfuneko yokuqashwa okuxhaswayo nezindlu zokubambisana. Amakhaya asekhaya we-550.000 futhi cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyi-1,25 basebenzisa izindlu zenhlalo e-Austria. Bangaki abasazokwazi ukuthola izindlu ezixhaswe uma umkhawulo weholo ungehliswa?
USteenbergen ngesimo saseNetherlands: "Amakhaya ama-650.000 ngaleyo ndlela ashiywa ngaphandle ngokushesha. Intengo yokuqasha e-Amsterdam ifulethi elingamamitha skwele i-45 okwamanje i-1.000 Euro. Emaphethelweni edolobha, izikhathi zokulinda manje sezifika iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye. ”Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhwalithi lesakhiwo nalo lisongela ukuhlupheka okukhulu. Ngenxa yemikhawulo engenayo ephansi kanye nentela, izindawo zokuhlala ezizayo kumele zakhiwe ngendlela engabizi kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka.
Izindlu zomphakathi njengenhloso kazwelonke
I-2011 isabise ukuphinda into efanayo eFrance. Kuphinde futhi, inkampani yangasese yomnikazi wezindlu yakhalaza ku-EU - kodwa yahlangana nokumelana ne- "Grande Nation": Ekuphenduleni kwe-EU ngoMeyi 2013 iFrance imemezele ukuthi izindlu zomphakathi zisheshe zashwankathela umgomo wombuso. Kusukela lapho, ukuthula bekuyimbangela. Ubunikazi bezwe lonke ngokusobala buyehlula umgomo wokuncintisana we-EU. Ngemuva kwakho konke, umgomo wokuxhaswa ngezimali usebenza kwezindlu - kuyindaba yesizwe.
Ingxoxo ye-EU kwezindlu zomphakathi
Imibuzo eseyidingida manje ngaphakathi kwe-EU: NgoJuni 2013, iPhalamende laseYurophu livume ukuthi kube nombiko osalungiswa ngezindlu zezenhlalo e-European Union. Iphepha lokuqala lengxoxo elinemiklamo eminingi, izimfuno nezeluleko. Kuzokwenzekani? Awazi. "Ikhomishini ibingakasho kanjalo," kusho uSteenbergen we-IUT futhi ehlola amabhodlela entando yeningi e-EU: "Uma wonke umuntu ephikisana futhi neKhomishini namanje ingahambi, khona-ke akusekho ukusilela kwentando yeningi? Iziphathimandla zivota ngokungahambisani nokuvota okucacile kweziphalamende. "
KuClaire Roumet, unobhala-jikelele we-European Association of Social Housing CECODHAS, iphepha alikho ekuqaleni kakhulu: "Ngibiza iminyaka yokugcina ye-20 iminyaka emibili elahlekile yenqubomgomo yezindlu zezenhlalo. Kwakukhona ukwenyuka kwezindleko zezindlu yonke indawo. Izingxenye zabantu azinayo imali eyanele yezindlu. "
Izincazelo ezehlukene zezindlu zenhlalo ziyinkinga eyisisekelo, hhayi umbuzo wosayizi wezwe: "Amazwe amaningi agxile ekukhuthazeni impahla. Ngesikhathi senhlupheko, kunemali encane yezindlu, imixhaso yezifundo ivaliwe. Lokho akusimeme. Izakhiwo zokuhlala kufanele zishintshwe ngendlela efanele, ”kusho uRoumet.
"Sibhale ukubuyela komphakathi emafulege. Ngicabanga ukuthi sidinga ukucacisela labo abaphethe ukuthi kusebenza kanjani izindlu ezingenzi nzuzo. Emazweni amaningi, imakethe eyikhululekile noxhaswe ngokuphelele eyaziwayo. Indawo yokuhlala engabizi ayisebenzi emakethe. Imakethe inomkhuba wokukhuphuka ngamanani entengo, "uSteenbergen we-International Tenants 'Association akafisi iqembu lesazi kuphela leKhomishini, kepha nokusabalalisa imodeli yase-Austrian.
Indlela yase-Austrian njengemodeli
Kodwa yini eyenza imodeli yase-Austrian ekuqhathaniseni kwamazwe angaphandle nhlobo? UWolfgang Amann ovela e-Austrian Research Institute for Real Estate, Construction and Housing IIBW: "Sinohlelo olunezimakethe eziqashisayo okuthiwa zihlanganisiwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izimakethe eziqashisayo zezentengiso nezokuhlalisana ziyancintisana. Imizi ebheke izindlu - ngaphandle kwezicebi ngempela - zombili izingxenye zemakethe zivulekile. Lokhu kuholela kumanani azuzisayo nomncintiswano wekhwalithi. Ngasikhathi sinye, intela yomphakathi ingaphansi kwentela yemakethe yamahhala kuphela. Njengomphumela, ukusetshenziswa kwemali yomphakathi ekwenyuseni izindlu kungaphansi kwesilinganiso se-EU15. "
Kepha njengoba wonke umuntu azi, akuyona yonke into ephelele. “Sinenkinga ebizwa ngokuthi yangaphandle yangaphandle. Iningi lemizi enezindlu ezindala ihlala kahle futhi ishibhile. Kepha ngubani okwamanje osesho izindlu, kunzima kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kuthinta ikakhulukazi amakhaya asemasha, okuvame ukuthi kwenziwe maqondana nezabelomali ezinzima. Ngokuvamile, uma une ende ende yokuhlela, unethuba elihle. Uma ungazi ukuthi uzohlala kuphi isigamu sonyaka, kufanele ukhokhele kakhulu lokho ”, u-Amann eveza isimo samanje. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe, i-Austria, njengoba izibonelo zangaphambilini zibonisa, ngentengo nokunikezela.
Ukuqasha e-Austria
Kusukela ngonyaka we-2009, isabelo semali etholwayo esetshenziselwa izindleko zasendlini esidinga ukusetshenziswa kwezindleko zezindlu ezindlini eziqashiwe sikhuphuke sisuka kumaphesenti we-23 saya kumaphesenti we-25. Ukuthuthuka kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngesigaba sokuqashwa. Ezentengiselweni eziphambili zokuhlala, izindleko zezindlu zikhuphuke ngamaphoyinti cishe amathathu futhi zazingamaphesenti ama-2013 imali engenayo yasendlini e-28. Izindlu ezingenayo impesheni, okungukuthi imindeni emincane kakhulu, inezindleko ezinkulu zezindlu. Kuthinta ikakhulukazi abantu abaphila bodwa (amaphesenti ama-31 abesifazane, amaphesenti ama-28) kanye nemindeni enomzali oyedwa (amaphesenti we-31). Okungenani kunakho konke, ukuthi isikhathi eside kangakanani indlu ihlala efulethini kubalulekile ngenani lezindleko zezindlu.
Izintela zezindlu eziqashiwe eziphambili zikhuphuke ngamanani ahlukile kuzigaba zokuqasha ngazinye kusukela ku-2009. Ngenkathi ukwanda okuphelele kwezindleko ze-2009-2013 bekukuphesenti le-13, intela yokuhlala endaweni yomkhakha wokuqasha yangasese inyuke ngamaphesenti we-17,2, isuka ku-6,6 yaya kuma-7,8 euros ngemitha elilodwa lesikwele. Ukunyuka kwezindlu ngokubambisana kwakuphansi ngamaphesenti ayishumi ngesikhathi esifanayo sonyaka owedlule. Izindawo zokuhlala zikamasipala bekumele zikhokhele amaphesenti we-2013 ngaphezulu kwe-8,3 ngonyaka we-2009.
Okwezinkontileka ezintsha (kuze kube yiminyaka emihlanu yesikhathi sokuqasha esedlule), isilinganiso se-7,6 Euro ngemitha yesikwele ngasinye siyakhokhelwa. Amakhaya anokuqashiswa kwesikhathi eside kweminyaka engaphezu kwe-30 asebenzisa i-4,8 Euro kufaka nezindleko zokusebenza.
(Umthombo: Izibalo Austria)
Iphromoshini & Isisa
KuMarkus Sturm, usihlalo we-Association for Housing Development vwbf, impumelelo yohlelo lwezindlu zase-Austrian isuselwa kakhulu ezinsikeni ezimbili: "Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu okuxhaswa yizindlu kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi imboni yezindlu engenzi nzuzo. Ngokuxhumana okusekwe ngokubambisana kwabathuthukisi bezindlu abahlomule kahle ngokwezimali kanye nabathuthukisi bezindlu abahlanganiswe ngokwenhlalo, kuye kwenzeka ukuthi kwandiswe kakhulu ukunikezwa kwezindlu ezingabizi kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka asanda kwedlula. "Ngokuningiliziwe: Ngokwabelana ngamaphesenti we-24 wesamba sesamba sezindlu, ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zenhlalo e-Austria I-EU ukuqhathanisa okwesibili.
Ngaphandle kokuhlinzekwa ngezindlu, uhlelo oluneGemeinnützige Wohnbauträger luphinde futhi lubonise isici sezomnotho, njengoba uSturm egcizelela: "Ngenxa yokuqhubeka nokuthola izindlu zomxhaso kanye nezinhlangano zokwakha ezingenzi inzuzo ephezulu akuyona nje indawo entsha yokwakha engaba yingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zezindlu eziqediwe ngonyaka kodwa futhi iqinisekisa umfutho oqinile kwezomnotho. "
Onjiniyela abangenzi inzuzo
Cishe wonke umuntu wesithupha ohlala e-Austria uhlala efulethini elakhiwe futhi / noma liphethwe izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo. Umkhakha wezindlu ongenzi inzuzo njengamanje uphatha amakamelo e-865.700 kuzwelonke, okuyi-252.800 condominiums. Lokhu kufana cishe nephesenti le-25 lesitoko sezindlu ezise-Austria. Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule, lesi sabelo sasesisondele emaphesenti ayishumi. I-2013 yaqedwa izinhlangano zokwakha izindlu ze-13.720, i-2014 16.740 kwakuyizindlu ezintsha.
Ezindlini ezigcwaliswe njengamanje cishe i-50.000 ngonyaka, amaphesenti ama-50 axhaswe, amaphesenti we-50 axhaswe ngemali (phambilini: amaphesenti we-70 / amaphesenti we-30). Ibhilidi elixhaswe njengamanje linabelwe ngokuphelele ngabangenzi nzuzo, abathuthukisi bezentengiselwano babamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwezikhondomu ngasese. (Umthombo: GBV).
Emuva ekubekweni izindlebe
Kungakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukubeka imali yomxhaso wezindlu: "Ukuphephisa imodeli yezindlu, ukwenziwa kabusha kokuphawulwa kwezikhwama zemixhaso yezindlu ngokuqinisekile kuyisidingo. Uma ufuna ukugcina izindlu zomphakathi zisezingeni eliphezulu ejwayelekile, kepha futhi zidinga izindlela zokuqinisa izinkampani zezindlu ezingenzi inzuzo kanye namathuluzi asebenza ngokutholwa komhlaba wezindlu zenhlalo. "Ngokufanayo ubona i-Amann IIBW:" Ngincenga ukudinwa! Sidinga ukuqhubeka kwezokuphepha kwezezimali kokuphakanyiswa kwezindlu. Sidinga isilinganiso esilinganiselayo sezindlu ezixhaswe futhi ezizimele. Sidinga izinhlangano zokwakha ezingenzi inzuzo. "
Izibalo Zamanje Zezindlu
Ama-2013 akhiwa kulo lonke elase-Austria cishe amafulethi e-51.000. Akufaki amayunithi azokwakhiwa eVienna ngendlela yokutholwa, ukwakhiwa noma ukuguqulwa kwezakhiwo ezikhona. Ngalesi sibalo samanje, umphumela waba ngaphezulu kwamaphesenti we-16 ephakeme kunangonyaka owedlule. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-2011, ukukhuphuka kucishe kwaba ngamaphesenti we-30. Umphumela omuhle owenziwe nge-2013 ubangelwa kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zokuhlala ezinamakamelo amaningi, ngokwesilinganiso ezikhiqize cishe ingxenye yamakamelo ngaphezulu kwalokho okwenzeka eminyakeni emibili edlule (nangamaphesenti we-36 kuqhathaniswa ne-2012, kanye nephesenti le-58 ngaphezulu kwe-2011).
(Umthombo: Izibalo Austria)
Ukuthula komphakathi ngokufinyelela okubanzi
Kepha emuva embuzweni obalulekile wokuthi ngubani manje okufanele akwazi ukufinyelela ezindlini zenhlalo - futhi ngani. USturm von vwbf: "Ngokungafani namanye amazwe, umkhakha wezindlu oxhaswayo ubonakala ngokutholwa yizigaba ezibanzi zabantu. Lokho sekuzibonakalisile. Ukuhlangana okuxubile kwezenhlalo kuvikele ngempumelelo ukuthambekisa okwehlukanisa njengasemadolobheni aseFrance (uBanlieus) futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuhlukana komphakathi okubonakalayo okuhambisana "neziqhumane" zomphakathi.
Ngalo mbono uSturm akayedwa, futhi nesazi senqubomgomo yezindlu u-Amann ubona kule ndlu, ukufinyelela okubanzi ezindlini zenhlalo kuyisidingo: "Indlela yase-Austrian nemikhakha emikhulu yezindlu zenhlalo, nayo evulekele ama-SME, inezinzuzo eziningi. Ukuba khona kwawo wonke amakilasi ezenhlalo emizini efanayo kuyindlela enhle kakhulu yokuxhumana nabantu. Noma ngubani obonana nsuku zonke futhi ubingelela futhi azi izingane zomakhelwane unokuqonda okungcono kwezinkinga ezivame kakhulu ezingaziwa ezinye "isigaba sezenhlalo". Njengomphumela wokuhlanganiswa komphakathi, azikho ama-ghettos futhi azikho izindawo ezivuthayo. Izintela zomphakathi zibiza kakhulu kangangokuba ngisho nezindlu ezinkulu ezixhaswe ngemali ephansi kunezindleko ezinkulu kunalokho, kusho, uhlelo lokuxhaswa kwezindlu e-UK noma izinkuthazo zentela eNetherlands. '
Enhlokodolobha yezwe yaseVienna, ukuxubana komphakathi yinto ebalulekile enqubomgomo yezindlu. Izikhundla eziphezulu ezijwayelekile njengokuthi idolobha elinokuphila emhlabeni nazo ziyavuza leli qiniso. UChristian Kaufmann, okhulumela iWohnbaustadtrat uMichael Ludwig: "Asifuni ukugcotshwa kobuthakathaka bomphakathi ezindaweni ezithile. Lokho kwehlukanisa iVienna futhi sifuna ukukugcina lokho. Ngenxa yeNetherlands, iSweden neFrance, sesethule uhlelo olubizwa ngeResolution on Social Housing Conservation, olujoyine amadolobha aseYurophu i30. "
Photo / Video: Ugogo.
