Impilo kuMars - Ukuhamba uye ezindlini ezintsha

Isimo sababaleki sisongela bonke ubuntu. Igama elithi "ukuthuthela" - manje sibala izigidigidi ze-7,2 - lifinyelela ubukhulu obusha. Izinkinga zesakhiwo. Into eyodwa eqinisekile: singazishiya izimoto zethu ze-chic zisebenza ngamafutha ezinsalela zakamuva - umgwaqo oya ekhaya lethu elisha awukakhiwa.

Vele, imvelo eningi kusamele ichithwe ngaleso sikhathi, kepha kufanele ubhekane nezinselelo. Futhi lawo amasu wokuphuma esikhathini esizayo: iziphi izinketho ezisele lapho umoya usiba buthaka? Inketho eyodwa: Sihlala futhi senze izinzuzo zokubonga ezintsha, impumelelo yezobuchwepheshe - ngokwesibonelo ngaphansi kwengilazi enkulu yeglasi. Inketho yesibili: Sipakisha izinto zethu eziyisikhombisa bese siqala siye kumhlaba omusha, okude.

Umhlaba ongafinyeleleka

"Ngicabanga ukuthi isikhathi sethu sizokhunjulwa njengesiye lapho saqala khona ukuthola imihlaba emisha, njenge-15 esekupheleni. Ngekhulu ngezikhathi zikaChristopher Columbus. Singahle sicabange ukuthi umuntu ozothatha igxathu lokuqala kwiplanethi i-Mars, usevele ezelwe, "isazi sezinkanyezi uGernot Grömer ushukumisela ukungena okusemthethweni ku-225 million miles away, iplanethi ebomvu ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esibonakalayo.

Usihlalo we-Austrian Space Forum OWF uhlola izimo zempilo ezizayo kuMars futhi uyazi nalabo abangaba khona abazokhetha indawo yokuhlala entsha yesintu: "Izidalwa ezimbili ezisezulwini ezitholakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nguMwedzi noMars. Ngokusemqoka, ama-ice worlds ku-Outer Solar System nawo ayathakazelisa, njenge-Saturn inyanga Enceladus nenyanga yaseJovian Europe. Njengamanje sazi izindawo eziyisishiyagalombili ohlelweni lwamandla elanga lapho amanzi angamanzi angakhona. "

isiphetho iplanethi

Mashi
IMars iplanethi yesine yesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga esibonakala esivela elangeni. Ububanzi bawo bucishe bube yingxenye yobukhulu be ubukhulu boMhlaba ngamakhilomitha acishe abe yi-6800, umthamo wawo ulungile neshumi nesikhombisa soMhlaba. Izilinganiso zeRadar zisebenzisa uphenyo lweMars Express ziveze imali efakwa eqhweni lamanzi eligxunyekwe esifundeni esiseningizimu, iPlanethium Australe.

Enceladus
I-Enceladus (futhi eyiSaturn II) iyindawo yeshumi nane nesithupha ngobukhulu yama-62 izinyanga ezaziwa ngeplanethi yeSaturn. Kuyinyanga yeqhwa futhi kubonise umsebenzi we-cryovolcanic omthombo wakhe ophakeme kakhulu wezinhlayiya zamanzi e-ice e-hemisphere eseningizimu udala umkhathi omncane. Le mithombo mhlawumbe iphakela i-E-ring kaSaturn. Endaweni yokusebenza kwentaba-mlilo, butholakele ubufakazi bamanzi uketshezi, okwenza i-Enceladus enye yezindawo okungenzeka ukuthi zisezingeni elanga linezimo ezivumayo zokudala impilo.

Europa
I-Europe (kufaka phakathi iJupita II), enobubanzi be-3121 km, iyindawo yesibili engaphakathi futhi encane kunazo zonke ezinyangeni ezine ezinkulu zeplanethi iJupiter kanye nesithupha ngobukhulu ohlelweni lwelanga. IYurophu yinyanga yeqhwa. Noma izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kweYurophu lifinyelela ubukhulu be--150 ° C, izilinganiso ezihlukile zibonisa ukuthi kunolwandle olujulile lwamakhilomitha angama-100 km lwamanzi uketshezi ngaphansi kwehabhu lamakhilomitha amaningi.
Umthombo: Wikipedia

Ama-colonialists asikhala

Ngaphezu kwakho konke, i-visa yababaleki abangabantu yile: ukwazi ubuchwepheshe nokubekezela. Ngokuzayo, ngokusho kukaGrömer, ukuphuma kokuqala okuncane - njengesiteshi esineMars esihlala isikhathi eside - kuzokhula kakhulu ukuze ekugcineni kube yizindawo ezincane: "Umzamo wezobuchwepheshe odingekayo ekugcineni isisekelo esingapheli, ngokwesibonelo enyangeni, uyabonakala. Abantu balapho - njengabafokazi bokuqala abafika kwiNew World - bazokhathalela kakhulu ukugcinwa kwengqalasizinda nokusinda. ”Futhi bebhekene nezingozi ezintsha nezingozi: izivunguvungu zemisebe, iziteleka ze-meteorite, izifo zobuchwepheshe. Isazi sezinkanyezi: "Kepha abantu bavumelana nezimo ngendlela emangalisayo - ukubheka nje iziteshi ezinabantu abahlala njalo base-Antarctic noma uhambo olude lwesikebhe lwanele.

"Njengabahlali bokuqala abafika kwiNew World, abantu bazokhathalelwa kakhulu ukugcina ingqalasizinda nokusinda."
UGernot Grömer, i-Austrian Space Forum OWF

Esigabeni sokuqala, silindele ukuphuma kwezesayensi, okungenzeka kulandelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni, njengokumbiwa kwezimayini ze-ore kuma-asteroids. Kodwa-ke, sikhuluma ngamaphrojekthi wesikhathi eside azofezeka emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule. ”Amakholoni amakhulu azokwazi ukwenzeka emakhulwini eminyaka - uma kunikezwe izinselelo eziningi zobuchwepheshe ezinjengokwakhiwa kwezinqubo ezintsha zokukhiqiza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza.

Izimfuneko zokuxazululwa komhlaba

Ngokungafani nendiza eya esiteshini sasemkhathini noma enyangeni, uhambo oluya eMars noma olunye ngaphakathi kohlelo lwethu lwelanga luthatha izinyanga ezimbalwa. Njengomphumela, ngaphezu kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo (izikhala ezingahlaleka) kwiplanethi kanye nohlelo lwezokuvakasha nendawo yokuhlala ejikelezayo idlala indima ebalulekile.

Ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe obufanele nokufinyeleleka, izimo eziyisisekelo ezihambisanayo ziyasebenza ukunika amandla amanye amaplanethi. Okokuqala, kudingeka ihlangabezane nezidingo zomzimba:

• Ukuvikelwa emathonyeni ezingozi emvelo njengemisebe, ukukhanya kwe-UV, izinga lokushisa ngokweqile ...
• Umkhathi we-Humane, njengokucindezela, umoya-mpilo, umswakama, ...
• I-Gravitation
• Izinsizakusebenza: ukudla, amanzi, izinto zokusetshenziswa

Izindleko zesiteshi iMars
Ngokwesisekelo se-Mars ngokulandelana kobukhulu be-International Space Station ISS (amathani we-5.543) mayelana nokuvulwa kwe-264 nge-Ariane 5 kuyadingeka. Izindleko eziphelele zokuthuthwa zizobe sezilinganiselwa kuma-30 billion. Lokhu kuyizikhathi eziyishumi izindleko zokuhamba kwesiteshi esisetshenziselwa ukuvakasha. Ngokubheka ukwabiwa kwezindleko zokuhamba kwe-ISS, ukuthunyelwa okunjalo kungabiza phakathi kwe-250-714 billion euros.
Kuyiqiniso, umuntu kufanele futhi abheke inzuzo engabonakali, ngoba ukucwaninga ngokufunda ngezinkanyezi kubangela ukuthuthuka okungenakubalwa nokwenziwa kobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kuhlaziywa kwezindleko kusebenza kuphela ukukhombisa izindleko ezingaba.

I-Terraforming in Earth 2.0

Okunye okucatshangwayo ukwakhiwa komhlaba, ukuguqulwa komkhathi ezimeni ezivumela abantu ukuba baphile. Into ebingalawulwa eMhlabeni iminyaka engamakhulu ambalwa. Ngokwezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe, noma kunjalo, ukwakhiwa kwethrafikhi kuhlotshaniswa nokusebenzisa isikhathi okuningi, kepha ngokusemandleni. Ngakho-ke, uGrömer, uchaza weqhwa we-polar weMars, lapho encibilika, kungaholela ekwandeni kobukhulu besibhakabhaka. Noma amathangi amakhulu e-algae emkhathini weVenus aholela ekwehlisweni komphumela wokugcina ukushisa endaweni yethu eshisayo kadadewethu. Kepha lezi yizimo ezibonisa ukuzivocavoca komhlaba ngokwasemhlabeni. Amaphrojekthi we-Mammoth angahle adinge ukwakhelwa i-millennia.

"Ngaphandle kwezinselelo zezobuchwepheshe, ngikuthola kujabulisa ikakhulukazi ukuthi ngolunye usuku imiphakathi izothuthukiswa kanjani lapho. Imithetho yethu eminingi nemihlangano yethu isuselwa ezimeni zendawo esiphila kuyo - lokhu kusho ukuthi singakwazi ukubona izinhlobo ezintsha zomphakathi ezivela lapha, ”kusho uGremer, ebheka ikusasa elikude lesintu.
Kepha ikoloni elide lemihlaba nezikude izinyanga ezikude kuwumbuzo osobala wokusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza. U-Grömer: "Okwenzelwe ukwedluliswa kobuntu, lokho bekungeke kube nomqondo omkhulu, ngoba umzamo wokugcina umhlaba njengendawo yokuhlala ulula ukwedlula ukunika amandla amakhulu ukuthutha kwabantu."

Impilo kuma-biospheres

Akunandaba noma emaplanethi akude noma emhlabeni owonakele ngokwemvelo - isidingo esibalulekile sekusasa ukuqonda kwesayensi kwe-eco-system nokunakekelwa kwayo. Imizamo emikhulu, efana nephrojekthi ye-Biosphere II, yenziwe kaninginingi ukuze yakheke i-delimised, i-ecosystems ezimele futhi izigcine isikhathi eside. Futhi ngomgomo osobala wokunika amandla indawo yokuhlala esizayo yabantu abangaphansi kwesakhiwo se-dome. Kusengaphambili kakhulu: Kuze kube manje, yonke imizamo yehlulekile.

I-Biosphere II (ibhokisi lemininingwane) - isivivinyo esikhulu kunazo zonke kuze kube manje - bekufisa kakhulu. Inani elikhulu lososayensi bamanye amazwe belungiselela iphrojekthi kusukela nge-1984. Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwakuthembisa: UJohn Allen wayengumuntu wokuqala ukuhlala ohlelweni lomvelo oluvaliwe ngokuphelele izinsuku ezintathu - enomoya, amanzi nokudla okukhiqizwe emkhakheni. Ubufakazi bokuthi umjikelezo wekhabhoni ungasungulwa unikezwe ukuhlala kukaLinda Leigh's 21ukuhlala.
E-26. Septhemba 1991 isikhathi sesifikile: Abantu abayisishiyagalombili baba nesibindi sokusinda kulolu vivinyo lweminyaka emibili kusakhiwo se-dome elinomthamo wamamitha we-cubic we-204.000 - ngaphandle kwempembelelo yangaphandle. Ababambiqhaza babelungiselele le nselelo enkulu iminyaka emibili.
Impumelelo yokuqala kwezobuchwepheshe, irekhodi lomhlaba, lalivele lishicilelwe ngemuva kwesonto: Ngokubhekelwa indawo okwakhiwe indawo enkulu, iBiosphere II ikwazile ukwakha ukwakheka okuminyene okungenakuqhathaniswa nalokhu: ngesilinganiso sokuvuza sonyaka samaphesenti ayishumi we-30 izikhathi eziminyene kunesivalo sendawo.

Biology II

I-Biosphere II yakhiwa isuka ku-1987 iye kwi-1989 endaweni yama-acres we-1,3 enyakatho yeTucson, e-Arizona (e-USA) futhi kwakuwumzamo wokusungula i-eco-system evaliwe futhi ithole isikhathi eside. I-204.000 cubic met dome complex ifaka lezi zindawo ezilandelayo kanye nezilwane ezihambisana nazo: i-savannah, ulwandle, ihlathi lemvula lasezindaweni ezishisayo, ixhaphozi lomhlume, ugwadule, ezolimo ezinzima nezindlu. Iphrojekthi le isekelwa ngusomabhiliyoni we-US u-Edward Bass e-200 million dollars US. Zombili lezi zivivinyo zithathwa njengezehlulekile. Kusukela i-2007, isakhiwo sokwakha sisetshenziswe yi-University of Arizona ukucwaninga nokufundisa. Ngeshwa, leli gama liyinkomba yokuzama ukudala uhlelo lwesibili, oluncane lwe-eco-system, ngokusho komhlaba okuzoba yiBiosphere I.

Umzamo wokuqala wenzeka kusuka ku-1991 uye ku-1993 futhi wagcina kusuka ku-26. Septhemba 1991 iminyaka emibili nemizuzu ye-20. Abantu abayisishiyagalombili bahlala esakhiweni sama dome ngalesi sikhathi - bavikelwe umhlaba wangaphandle, ngaphandle komoya nokushintshana ngezinto. Kwakhishwa ukukhanya kwelanga kanye nogesi kuphela. Iphrojekthi yehlulekile ngenxa yokonakala okuphathelene kwezinto ezahlukahlukene kanye nabahlali. Ngakho-ke ama-bacterium asemhlabathini olimekayo akhulisa ngokungalindele inani le-nitrogen, izinambuzane zasakazeka kakhulu.

Umzamo wesibili bekuyi-1994 izinyanga eziyisithupha. Lapha futhi, ngokweqiniso umoya, amanzi nokudla kwakhiqizwa futhi kuphinde kubhekwe esimweni semvelo.

Isimo sezulu nokulinganisela

Kepha kwase kubuyela emuva okokuqala: Isimo semvelo sase-El Nino kanye namafu angajwayelekile sabangela ukwanda kwamazinga wekhabhoni futhi kwanciphisa kakhulu i-photosynthesis. Kakade, ukunqwabelana okuningi kwezinsimbi kanye nesikhunta sekuchithe izingxenye ezinkulu zesivuno, ukulethwa kokudla bekulinganisela kusukela ekuqaleni: Ngemuva konyaka owodwa, ababambiqhaza balahlekelwe isilinganiso samaphesenti we-16 bomzimba wabo.
Ngo-Ephreli 1992 ekugcineni umyalezo olandelayo owesabekayo: i-Biosphere II ilahlekelwa umoya-mpilo. Hhayi okuningi, kepha okungenani amaphesenti we-0,3 ngenyanga. Ngabe i-biosystem ingakunxephezela lokhu? Kepha ukulingana kwemvelo eyenziwe kwagcina kuphume ngokuhlangana: Izinga le-oxygen ngokushesha lehle laya kumaphesenti angama-14,5 akhathazayo. Ekugcineni, ngoJanuwari 2013, umoya-mpilo kwadingeka ukuthi unikezwe ngaphandle - empeleni ukuphela kwephrojekthi. Noma kunjalo, isivivinyo saphela ngo-26. Ngo-Septhemba 1993, e-8.20, ababambiqhaza bashiya i-biosphere ngemuva kweminyaka emibili. Isiphetho: ngaphandle kwenkinga yomoya ophefumulayo, zingama-6 kuphela ama-vertebrates asetshenziswa yi-25 asindile, izinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane zase zishonile - ikakhulukazi lezo ezazidingeka ukuba zithuthe izimbali zezitshalo, ezinye izimbungulu ezinjengezintuthwane, amaphuphu notshani zazikhulile kakhulu.

Ngaphandle kwakho konke okutholakele kokuqala: "Okungenani kusukela ocwaningweni we-Biosphere II, siqala ukuqonda ubudlelwane bemvelo obuyinkimbinkimbi lapho kusondela. Okusemqoka ukuthi ngisho nokushisa okulula komhlaba sekuvele kunenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ngokumangazayo, ”kuphetha uGernot Grömer.
Ukusuka kuleli phuzu, kuyamangaza ukuthi i-ecosystem enkulu efana neyomhlaba iyasebenza - naphezu kwethonya labantu. Isikhathi esingakanani sifinyelela kubahlali baso. Kunoma ikuphi, kunento eyodwa eqinisekile: indawo entsha yokuhlala ngekhe ibe khona, noma ngaphansi kwesibuko sengilazi noma ngenkanyezi ekude.

Interview

Isazi sezinkanyezi uGernot Grömer ku-Mars ukumbumbuluzwa, amalungiselelo okuya esikhathini esizayo kwiplanethi ebomvu, izithiyo zobuchwepheshe futhi kungani kufanele sihambe siye eMars nhlobo.

"Sekuphele iminyaka senza umdlalo wokulingisa we-Mars futhi sixhumana nalokhu emaphephandabeni nasezingqungqutheleni eziningi - sikwazile ukwenza ucwaningo e-Austria zisencane, okuyinto ekhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Umugqa ophansi ulula kakhulu: udeveli usemininingwane. Yini engiyenzayo uma isakhi esibucayi sehluleka ebhodini lesiyingi endaweni yesudi yesikhala? Ngabe iyini ngempela imfuneko yamandla ekusebenzeni ngaphandle futhi ungalindela ukuthi u-astronaut ayenze? Ohambweni lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele silethe izinga eliphakeme ngokwedlulele lobuciko, ikhwalithi kanye namakhono wokwenza ngcono - ngisho nokuhamba isikhala. Isibonelo, amaphrinta we-3D ngokuqinisekile azoba yingxenye yemishini ejwayelekile yeziteshi zenyanga.

Ukulingisa ku-Kaunertal Glacier
Njengamanje sisebenzela ukumbumbuluzwa kwe-Mars ngo-Agasti 2015: Kumamitha we-3.000 ngaphezulu kwezinga lolwandle kwi-Kaunertal Glacier, sizobe silingisa ukuhlola kweqhwa le-Mars ngaphansi kwezimo zesikhala amasonto amabili. Njengamanje yilona kuphela iqembu eYurophu elizocwaninga ngalokhu, ngakho-ke intshisakalo yamazwe omhlaba iphakeme ngokufanayo.
Sinezindawo "zokwakha" eziningi - kusuka ekuvikelekeni kwemisebe, ukugcinwa kwamandla okusebenzayo, ukuvuselelwa kwamanzi futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuthi ngingawenza kanjani isayensi ku-Mars kahle ngangokunokwenzeka ngensimbi encane yemishini nezinsimbi zelebhu. Yini esiyifundile kuze kube manje? Ekulingisweni okukhulu kwe-Mars eNyakatho yeSahara, sikwazile ukukhombisa ukuthi impilo (yefossil, microbial) ingaboniswa ngaphansi kwezimo zesikhala. Lokho kungahle kungazwakali njengokuningi, kepha kukhombisa ukuthi ngokomthetho sifunda kancane kancane ukuqonda amathuluzi nezinqubo zokusebenza lapho umsebenzi ongahlosile ophephile futhi ngokwesayensi ungahloswa.

"Ngoba ikhona".
Kunemifino eminingi ezungeze ukuhambela eMars: ilukuluku (lesayensi) lokufuna ukwazi, kwabanye, mhlawumbe ukucatshangelwa kwezomnotho, ubuchwepheshe bokuqhuma kobuchwepheshe, amathuba okubambisana kwamazwe anokuthula (njengoba kuye kwenziwa isibonelo e-International Space Station njengephrojekthi yokuthula kusukela ngeminyaka ye-17 ). Impendulo ethembekile kunazo zonke, nokho, indlela anikeze ngayo uSir Mallory embuzweni wokuthi kungani aqala ukukhuphuka iMount Everest: "Ngoba ikhona".
Ngicabanga ukuthi thina bantu sinokuthile kithi okwenza kwesinye isikhathi kusenze sizibuze ukuthi yini engaphezulu komqondo futhi okuthe, ngokumangala kwethu, kwaba nomthelela ekusindeni kwethu njengomphakathi. Thina bantu sasingakaze senzelwe ukuba "yizinhlobo zesifunda," kepha sesisabalale emhlabeni wonke. "

Photo / Video: Ugogo, imgkid.com, Katja Zanella-Kux.