Inhlekelele yesimo sezulu kanye nezingxabano ngezinto ezibalulekile zokusetshenziswa

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwengxenye yenkulumo kaMartin Auer (Ososayensi Bekusasa Austria) e-Linz Peace Talks ngoJanuwari 27, 2023

Ngemuva kokuhlasela kweRussia e-Ukraine ngoFebhuwari 2022, imishwana efana nokuthi: "Amandla avuselelekayo aqinisekisa ukuthula" yayivame ukuzwakala futhi ifundwe. Impikiswano evamile yilena: “Uwoyela negesi akugcini nje ngokubangela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kodwa futhi kubhebhezela izingxabano zezempi emhlabeni wonke. Ngakho-ke noma ubani ofuna ukudala ukuthula kufanele aqede ukuthembela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe - ngokutshala imali emithonjeni yamandla ehlanzekile njengelanga nomoya."1

Ngeshwa, lokhu akunaki iqiniso lokuthi inqwaba "yezinsimbi ezibucayi" njengethusi, i-lithium, i-cobalt, i-nickel nezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile ziyadingeka ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi ovela emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo kanye nokugcina logesi. Futhi lezi zisakazwa ngokungalingani kakhulu oqweqweni lomhlaba. Izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zokumbiwa kwezimayini ze-lithium, i-cobalt nomhlaba ongavamile zenzeka e-China, eDemocratic Republic of the Congo kanye nakunxantathu we-lithium eChile-Argentina-Bolivia.

Ephepheni lango-2020, i-European Commission yathi: “Ukuthola izinto zokusetshenziswa kuyisu lezokuphepha ukuze i-Europe ifinyelele i-Green Deal. ...2

NgoJulayi 2021, i-EU yaphetha isivumelwano samasu ne-Ukraine mayelana nokukhipha nokucubungula izinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamabhethri.3. I-Ukraine inezinqolobane ze-lithium, i-cobalt, i-beryllium nezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezibiza ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6.700. Idiphozi ye-lithium ilinganiselwa ukuthi ingenye yezinkulu emhlabeni.

Umfanekiso 1: Idiphozithi ye-lithium e-Ukraine. 
umthombo: https://www.icog.es/TyT/index.php/2022/11/white-gold-of-ukraine-lithium-mineralisation/

Kwathi ngo-February 2022, iRussia yahlasela i-Ukraine. Iningi lamadiphozithi lisezindaweni ezisempumalanga manje eziphethwe yiRussia, ikakhulukazi eDonetsk. Ngokusho kukasosayensi wezepolitiki u-Olivia Lazard, enye yezinhloso zikaPutin ukunqamula ukufinyelela kwe-EU kulezi ziqiwi. I-Russia ngokwayo inezinqolobane ezinkulu zezinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile futhi ilwela ukuba umdlali onamandla emakethe yomhlaba futhi. Kwenzeka lokhu nje, i-Wagner Group, elwa e-Ukraine, ikhona nasemazweni anothile ngezimbiwa e-Afrika, afana neMozambique, Central African Republic, Madagascar kanye neMali.4

Enye impahla eluhlaza i-nickel. NgoDisemba 2022, i-World Trade Organisation (WTO) yaphakamisa icala le-EU ngokumelene ne-Indonesia. I-Indonesia yaphasisa umthetho ngo-2020 ovimbela ukuthunyelwa kwe-nickel futhi udinga i-nickel ore ukuthi icwengwe e-Indonesia. I-EU yayimangalele ngalokhu. I-Indonesia imelana nephethini yakudala yamakholoni: izinto zokusetshenziswa zikhishwa ku-Global South, kodwa ukudalwa kwenani kwenzeka eGlobal North. Inzuzo yebhizinisi, izintela, imisebenzi iya enyakatho. “Sifuna ukuba yizwe elithuthukile, sifuna ukudala amathuba emisebenzi,” kusho uMengameli wase-Indonesia. Kepha i-EU ifuna ukugcina amaphethini wamakoloni.5

Umkhiqizi wesibili omkhulu we-lithium okwamanje yiChile (emva kwe-Australia). OGwadule lwase-Atacama, olunye lwezindawo ezome kakhulu emhlabeni, i-lithium carbonate impontshelwa phezulu njenge-brine. I-brine ivunyelwe ukuhwamuka ezitsheni ezinkulu. Ngokusho kweKhomishini Yezimayini kahulumeni waseChile, amanzi aphindwe kane akhishwa e-Atacama phakathi kuka-2000 no-2015 njengoba ayengena ngokwemvelo endaweni ngesimo semvula noma amanzi ancibilikisiwe. Amanzi aya ngokuya entuleka kwezolimo kubantu bomdabu ezindaweni ezivundile. Abantu bomdabu nabo abazange baxoxisane nabo kumaphrojekthi we-lithium. Lokhu kwephula i-UN Convention on Indigenous Peoples.6

Iziqiwi ezinkulu ze-lithium zingaphansi kwamaflethi kasawoti eSalar de Uyuni eBolivia. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje ayikambiwa nezezimayini. Uhulumeni wezenhlalakahle ka-Evo Morales umemezele i-lithium njengento esetshenziswayo yamasu enomgomo wesikhathi eside wokwenza iBolivia ibe ngenye yabakhiqizi abahamba phambili emhlabeni bamabhethri, okungukuthi ukugcina inani elengeziwe ezweni. Ekuqaleni kwaba nokungqubuzana namabutho endawo esifundazweni sasePotosí, lapho amadiphozithi atholakala khona. Babefuna ukuzuza ezindlekweni zamalayisense ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka futhi futhi abazange bavumelane nokukhethwa kozakwethu wamasu ukuze kuthuthukiswe. Inkampani yaseJalimane kufanele I-ACI Systems ephinde inikeze i-Tesla amabhethri futhi esiqale ukwakha ifekthri yamabhethri emakethe yaseNingizimu Melika kanye nokuqeqesha kanye nokufaneleka kwezisebenzi zaseBolivia. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kufanele kulethe ukudluliswa kobuchwepheshe eBolivia, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlanganyela kufanele futhi kunikeze iJalimane ukufinyelela ku-lithium efiselekayo.

Ingxabano phakathi kukaPotosí nohulumeni omkhulu yenziwa ngemibhikisho, iziteleka zendlala nemisebenzi yamaphoyisa echitha igazi. UMorales ugcine emise inkontileka ne-ACI.7 Okhethweni lukamongameli olwalandela ngemuva nje kwalokho, lapho uMorales engenele ihlandla lesine, i-Organisation of American States, obekumele iqaphe lolu khetho, ithi ithole umkhonyovu wabavoti. Icala laphinde laphikiswa. Amasosha ophiko lwesokudla asebenzise izinsolo zokukhwabanisa okhethweni njengezaba zokuketula umbuso.8 Inhlangano yaseMelika yaseMelika ingamaphesenti angama-60 ixhaswe yi-United States. Ngakho uMorales wasola i-US ngokuba yimbangela yokuketula umbuso. Uhulumeni kaTrump ukwamukele ngokusemthethweni ukuketula umbuso.

U-Elon Musk wabhala ku-Twitter ngemva kwesikhathi esithi: "Sivukela noma ubani esimfunayo, sigwinye!"9 Uhulumeni wobumbano wayichitha unomphela inkontileka ne-ACI, kwavula indlela yokudayiswa kwe-lithium yaseBolivia ezinhlanganweni zamazwe ngamazwe. Inkundla yophenyo I-Declassified ibike umsebenzi ophithizelayo owenziwa yinxusa laseBrithani ngemva kokuketula umbuso ukuze kuxoxwe nge-lithium.10

Kodwa-ke, ukumelana nokuketulwa umbuso kwakunamandla ngokwanele ukuba kuphoqwe ukhetho olusha.
U-Luis Arce, iqabane leqembu le-Morales, uwine ukhetho, kulokhu ngamanani angenakuphikwa, futhi izingxoxo ne-ACI seziqale kabusha ngenhloso yokuzuza imigomo engcono yeBolivia.11

Yebo, i-EU iphinde ilwele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamaminerali abalulekile ngaphakathi nasezindaweni eziseduze. Kepha kulapho imayini ye-lithium ihlangana khona nokuphikiswa okuyisisekelo.

E-Portugal, i-Barroso, indawo ebizwa ngokuthi "iGugu Lezolimo" yi-FAO, isongelwa ukubhujiswa. I-lithium izombiwa lapho ezimayini ezivulekile.

E-Serbia, imibhikisho ephikisana nezimayini ze-lithium ezihleliwe ziholele ekutheni uhulumeni ahoxise ilayisensi yenkampani enkulu i-Rio Tinto.

Kungani umjaho wezimpahla ezibucayi ushube kangaka?

Ngokwesibikezelo sebhange lokutshala izimali iGoldman Sachs, kuzoba nezimoto eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2050 emhlabeni ngo-3, okuphindwe kabili kunanamuhla. Kulezi, amaphesenti angu-19 izimoto zikagesi kanti amaphesenti angu-9 asebenzisa i-hydrogen noma igesi ewuketshezi.

Umfanekiso 2: Izimoto ngo-2050 ngokusho kweGoldman Sachs
Okuwolintshi: izinjini ezivuthayo, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: izimoto zikagesi, okuphuzi: ezinye izinto zokubasa (isb. i-hydrogen)
umthombo: https://www.fuelfreedom.org/cars-in-2050/

Isimo se-International Energy Agency sithi amaphesenti angama-33 kumele kube izimoto zikagesi. Kodwa isamba sezimoto eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu akubuzwa.12 Akekho obuza ukuthi, “Singaphila kanjani ngalokho esinakho?”, kodwa kunalokho ulinganisela isidingo salezi zimpahla ezibalulekile ngokusekelwe ekukhulisweni komnotho okucatshangwayo, futhi vele ingcindezi yokuthola lezi zinsiza inkulu kakhulu.

Ngokusho kwe-OECD, wonke umnotho womhlaba kulindeleke ukuthi uphindwe kabili ngo-2050, usuka ku-$100 trillion namuhla uye ku-$200 trillion, ukalwa ngokwamandla okuthenga.13 Ngamanye amazwi, ngo-2050 kufanele ngabe sikhiqiza futhi sidla okuphindwe kabili kukho konke esikwenzayo namuhla. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kusho ukuthi isidingo sezinto ezingavuthiwe nazo zizophindeka kabili, zehliswe kancane ngokugaywa kabusha okuthuthukisiwe.

Ucwaningo olwenziwa yiNyuvesi yaseValladolid, olusanda kunyatheliswa kuyi-Journal of the Royal Society of Chemistry, lufinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi uma umkhuba wamanje wokuhamba nge-e-mobility udluliselwa esikhathini esizayo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-lithium ngo-2050 kungaba amaphesenti angu-120 yalokho ukuhlonza izinqolobane ezaziwa njengamanje. Esimeni esinengxenye ephezulu yezimoto ze-elekthronikhi ezingamaphesenti angama-300, esimweni lapho kugxilwe khona ezimotweni ezilula ezifana namabhayisikili e-elekthronikhi cishe amaphesenti ayi-100, futhi kuphela esimweni sokuwohloka besiyobe sehlise amaphesenti angama-2050 kuphela amadiphozithi. ngo-50. Imiphumela ye-cobalt ne-nickel iyafana.14  

Umfanekiso 3: Umthombo: Pulido-Sánchez, Daniel; e-Capellán-Pérez, e-Iñigo; Castro, Carlos de; UFrechoso, Fernando (2022): Izidingo zezinto ezibonakalayo namandla okufakwa kukagesi kwezokuthutha. Ku: Imvelo Yamandla. isayensi 15(12), amakhasi 4872-4910
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2022/EE/D2EE00802E

Ushintsho esizindeni samandla angeke luwuguqule umjaho wezinsiza. Izosuka kuphela kumafutha namalahle iye kwezinye izinto. Futhi lo mjaho awugcini nje ngokulawula izinto ezingavuthiwe, kodwa futhi umayelana nokubusa imakethe.

Ngingathanda ukubhekisela esibonelweni esingokomlando: Isazi-mlando sezomnotho u-Adam Tooze ubhala ngezinjongo zikaShansela waseJalimane kamuva uGustav Stresemann njengelungu leReichstag eMpini Yezwe I: Ukwandiswa kobukhosi baseJalimane ngokuhlanganisa iBelgium, ugu lwaseFrance ukuze I-Calais, i-Morocco kanye nezindawo ezengeziwe e-Wathola iMpumalanga 'iyadingeka' ngoba inganikeza iJalimane inkundla eyanele yokuncintisana neMelika. Awukho umnotho ngaphandle kwemakethe eqinisekisiwe yabathengi okungenani abayizigidi eziyi-1 ongafanelana nezinzuzo zokukhiqiza ngobuningi e-United States15

Lona umqondo owawulawula iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala neyesibili, lena i-logic elawula ukunwetshwa kwe-EU, lena i-logic elawula impi yaseRussia ngokumelene ne-Ukraine, lena i-logic elawula ukungqubuzana phakathi kwe-United States ne-China. nakanjani. Akunjalo ukuthi labo abakhiqiza kangcono futhi abashibhile bazobusa emakethe, kodwa kunalokho okuphambene, labo abaphethe imakethe enkulu bangasebenzisa kangcono izinzuzo zezomnotho zokukhiqiza ngobuningi futhi baziqinise ngokumelene nokuncintisana.

Izimpi zezikhathi zanamuhla azigcini nje ngokuthi ubani ongathatha izinsiza kubani, ngubani ongasebenzisa amandla kabani okusebenza, kodwa futhi - futhi mhlawumbe ikakhulukazi - mayelana nokuthi ubani ongathengisa ini kubani. Lona umqondo womnotho osekelwe ekuqhudelaneni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezimali ukuze kwakhiwe imali eyengeziwe. Akukhona mayelana nokuhaha konxiwankulu ababi, kodwa ngabo isakhiwo indlela yokwenza ibhizinisi: Uma uphethe inkampani, kumele Benza inzuzo ukuze batshale izinto ezintsha ukuze bangasali ngemuva komncintiswano. I-villa kanye ne-yacht kuyimikhiqizo ephumayo ejabulisayo, kodwa umgomo uwukukhulisa imali ukuze uhlale ebhizinisini. Ukuqamba okusha kusho ukuthi ungakwazi ukukhiqiza okuningi ngomsebenzi ofanayo, noma okufanayo ngomsebenzi omncane. Kodwa njengoba ukuqamba okusha kwenza umkhiqizo wakho ushibhe, udinga ukuthengisa ngaphezulu kwawo ukuze wenze inzuzo edingekayo emasu amasha. Umbuso nezinyunyana ziyakweseka kulokhu, ngoba uma ungakwazi ukwandisa ukuthengisa kwakho, imisebenzi izolahleka. Akumele uzibuze: Ingabe umhlaba uyawudinga ngempela umkhiqizo wami, ingabe ulungele abantu? Kodwa uyazibuza ukuthi ngingabathola kanjani abantu ukuze bayithenge? Ngokukhangisa, ngokuwuyeka uphelelwe isikhathi noma uphuke ngokushesha, ngokugcina abathengi besebumnyameni mayelana nezakhiwo zawo zangempela, ngokubenza babe imilutha yakho, njengasendabeni yemboni kagwayi, noma ngisho, njengasendabeni yamathangi. nokunye okunjalo, abakhokhintela mabakukhokhele. Yebo, indlela yonxiwankulu yokwenza ibhizinisi nayo ikhiqiza imikhiqizo emihle newusizo, kodwa ayibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwezimali noma ngabe umkhiqizo uwusizo noma uyingozi inqobo nje uma ungadayiswa.

Le ndlela yokwenza ibhizinisi kufanele ifinyelele umkhawulo weplanethi, futhi kufanele iphikisana ngokuphindaphindiwe nemingcele yomakhelwane bayo. Lesi simiso sezomnotho asisivumeli ukuthi sithi: Yebo, empeleni sesanele yikho konke manje, asisakudingi okwengeziwe. Ukuwohloka komnotho, umnotho ongathambekele ekukhuleni okungapheli. kumele ihlelwe ngokwehlukile ngokomgomo. Futhi umgomo kufanele ube: Iqembu labathengi nabakhiqizi - futhi ngabakhiqizi ngiqonde labo abenza umsebenzi - kumele banqume ngokwentando yeningi ukuthi yini, kanjani, ngayiphi ikhwalithi, futhi ngaliphi inani elikhiqizwayo. Yiziphi izidingo eziyisisekelo nezibalulekile, yini enhle uma unayo, futhi yini ukunethezeka okungadingekile? Singahlangabezana kanjani nezidingo zangempela ngokusetshenziswa okuncane kwamandla, izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nomsebenzi wendlela olukhuni?

Kungahlelwa kanjani lokhu? Akubonakali kunesibonelo esisebenzayo emhlabeni njengamanje. Mhlawumbe ukudla okucatshangelwayo ngumkhandlu wesimo sezulu. E-Austria, bekunabantu abayi-100 abakhethwe ngokungahleliwe nabamele umphakathi, okwathi, ngezeluleko zochwepheshe, bakha iziphakamiso zokuthi i-Austria ingafinyelela kanjani izinhloso zayo zesimo sezulu. Ngeshwa, lo mkhandlu awunawo amandla okuphoqelela iziphakamiso zawo. Imikhandlu enjalo yezakhamizi, eyeluleka ngazo zombili izinqumo zezomnotho nezepolitiki, ingaba khona kuwo wonke amazinga omphakathi, komasipala, esifundazweni, kuhulumeni kanye nasezingeni laseYurophu. Futhi izincomo zabo kuzobe sekufanele zivotelwe ngokwentando yeningi. Izinkampani kufanele zizinikele enzuzweni efanayo esikhundleni senani labanikazi bamasheya. Futhi uma izinkampani ezizimele zingakwazi ukwenza lokhu, imisebenzi yazo kufanele ithathwe izinkampani zamadlelandawonye, ​​zikamasipala noma zikahulumeni. Indlela enjalo kuphela yokwenza ibhizinisi ngeke ize imelane nemingcele yeplanethi noma imingcele yomakhelwane. Isimiso esinjalo sezomnotho kuphela esingadala izimo zokuthula okuhlala njalo.

1 https://energiewinde.orsted.de/klimawandel-umwelt/energiewende-friedensprojekt

2 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0474&from=EN

3 https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-and-ukraine-kick-start-strategic-partnership-raw-materials-2021-07-13_en

4 U-Lazard, u-Olivia (2022): Izinhloso ZaseRussia Ezaziwa Kancane e-Ukraine. Itholakala ku-inthanethi ku- https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/87319

5 https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-global-race-to-secure-critical-minerals-heats-up/

6 https://www.dw.com/de/zunehmender-lithium-abbau-verst%C3%A4rkt-wassermangel-in-chiles-atacama-w%C3%BCste/a-52039450

7 https://amerika21.de/2020/01/236832/bolivien-deutschland-lithium-aci-systems

8 https://www.democracynow.org/2019/11/18/bolivia_cochabamba_massacre_anti_indigenous_violence

9 https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EksIy3aW0AEIsK-?format=jpg&name=small

10 https://declassifieduk.org/revealed-the-uk-supported-the-coup-in-bolivia-to-gain-access-to-its-white-gold/

11 https://dailycollegian.com/2020/09/bolivias-new-government-and-the-lithium-coup/
https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/was-bolivia-s-coup-over-lithium-32033
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/13/morales-bolivia-military-coup
12 https://www.fuelfreedom.org/cars-in-2050/

13 https://data.oecd.org/gdp/real-gdp-long-term-forecast.htm

14 uPulido-Sánchez, uDaniel; e-Capellán-Pérez, Iñigo; Castro, Carlos de; UFrechoso, Fernando (2022): Izidingo zezinto ezibonakalayo namandla okufakwa kukagesi kwezokuthutha. Ku: Imvelo Yamandla. isayensi 15(12), amakhasi 4872-4910. I-DOI: 10.1039/D2EE00802E

15 Tooze, Adam (2006): Economics of Destruction, Munich