Ukusebenza kahle kwamandla: isakhiwo esimeme asikho emnothweni?

Ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kubalulekile. Iqiniso ukuthi cishe amaphesenti we-40 wokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele aya emkhakheni wezokwakha, nawo omelele amandla amakhulu we-CO2 namandla angahle asindiswe. Ngokuya kwemizi yase-Austrian, ukushisa isikhala kumelela isabelo esikhulu kakhulu sokusebenzisa ngamaphesenti we-73,3 wokusebenzisa amandla kokugcina enanini le-272,5 Petajoule (Energy Status Austria). Noma ngubani ocabanga ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla emizini yasekhaya kwehla ngenxa yenhlekelele nokuqwashisa ngemvelo kuyiphutha: Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kokugcina okulungisiwe kwesimo sezulu Abahlali (Qaphela: Ukuze kukalwe izinga lokushintshashintsha okuhlobene nesimo sezulu ekufunweni kokugcina kwamandla, kulungiswa ukulungiswa kokusetshenziswa kwamandla.) I-Rose to the 2008, i-2009 yehla kakhulu ngenxa yezinkinga zomnotho yabe isima. Kusukela i-2012, isikhuphukile futhi futhi yayiseduze kwamaphesenti we-2013 e-26 kune-1995.

Amakamelo adinga ukulungiswa kabusha

Ikakhulu, isitoko sokwakha esikhona sinokuningi kakhulu esingakuthola ukukwenza ngokusebenza kwamandla nomnotho. Amakhaya ayisigidi se-2,2 noma cishe amaphesenti we-60 wesitoko sezindlu sesizodinga ukulungiswa kahle kwamandla ("Ukusebenza Kokubambisana Kwenqubomgomo Yezindlu Zase-Austrian", IIBW 2012). Izinga lokuvuselelwa kabusha e-Austria selibe cishe iphesenti elilodwa amashumi eminyaka, okusho ukuthi kuthatha iminyaka ye-100 kuze kube yilapho isitoko sokwakhiwa sakhiwe ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulungiswa kabusha kwe-thermal kwakha ingxenye kuphela yokulungiswa okuphelele. Amandla aphonswa ngokoqobo ngaphandle kwewindi.

Ukulimala kwezomnotho

Iqiniso lokuthi ukwakhiwa okungaguquki nokwakha kabusha akuyona nje ingxenye yezomnotho yawo wonke amakhaya, kepha futhi kuyisici sezomnotho, kusakamuva ngemuva kokwethulwa kwesheke lokuhlelwa kabusha kwe-Federal: I-2013 ingasekelwa ngama-euro ayizigidi ezingama-132,2 ekuxhaseni utshalomali oluzinzileyo lwama-euro ayizigidi ezingama-847. Sekukonke, imisebenzi ye-12.715 ivikelwe noma yadalwa futhi i-3,6 ilondoloze izigidi zamathani we-CO2.
Lokhu kuqhathaniswa nocwaningo oluthi "COIN - Izindleko Zokungasebenzi: Ukuhlola Izindleko Zokushintshwa Kwesimo Sezulu Kwe-Austria", ngokusho komnotho wase-Austria okufanele ubhekane nomonakalo ongafika ezigidini ezingama-2050 obangelwe wukushintsha kwesimo sezulu njalo ngonyaka kuze kube yi-8,8 kuyinto.

Ukusebenza ngamandla kokhiye

Yiziphi izinhlobo zokwakha futhi yiziphi izinto zokwakha ezisezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu? - Lo mbuzo uphenywe, phakathi kokunye, ucwaningo lwamanje "imiqondo yokwakha emisha ekuqhathaniseni kwemvelo kanye nakwezomnotho ngaphezulu komjikelezo wempilo". Isiphetho: "Njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kusuka ekwakhiweni kubangela ingxenye enkulu yomthelela wezemvelo wezakhiwo, ukugxila main kumele kube ekuhlelweni nasekwenziweni kwezakhiwo. Imiqondo ephelele ephelele ibalulekile nanamuhla ngezakhiwo ezincane ezifana namakhaya omndeni owodwa. "Futhi:" Okokuqala endaweni kukhathalogu wezinyathelo, kusamele kube nokwanda kokusebenza kahle kwamandla kwezakhiwo. "

Ukugijima kubiza kakhulu

Noma imiphumela yocwaningo ingakhulumi ngokusobala ngokuhlukahluka kwesakhiwo esisodwa noma ngaphezulu, kungafinyelelwa esiphethweni esikhulu, ngokusho kwababhali bocwaningo: "Isibusiso kuphela nomqondo wokwakha umhlaba awukho. Ukucatshangelwa nje kokutshalwa kwemali kokuqala kwesakhiwo, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwezindleko zokwakha (izindleko zokukhiqiza), akusoze kwakha isithombe esifanele sezindleko zangempela zesakhiwo. Yize izindleko zokubala izindleko zempilo zisuselwa ekucatshisweni okuhlukahlukene, kukhombisa ngokusobala kuphrojekthi ukuthi lapha futhi, izindleko zizonke zobunikazi ngaphezu kwempilo ewusizo elindelekile (iminyaka ye-50) zithonywe kakhulu yizindleko eziqhubekayo zokusebenzisa isakhiwo. "

Izindleko zamandla ezinqumayo

Kodwa-ke, lolu cwaningo lunezihibe ezimbili: izintengo zamandla zamanje kuphela ezisetshenziselwa ukubalwa, ngakho-ke ukwenyuka kwentengo ngokuzayo akubhekwanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphakeme kakhulu zabalwa, okufakazelwa ezinye izifundo - manje sezingamiswa.
Njengoba izintengo zamandla eziphakeme zazo zonke izinhlobo zilindelwe emashumini eminyaka ezayo, imiqondo yokwakha kugxile ekusebenzeni kwamandla - okuwukuthi, izindlu ezisebenzayo kanye ne-zero kanye nezindlu zamandla - ngokusobala kusizakala lapha. Iqiniso ukuthi le minqondo izophinda ibe eshibhile kwinani eliphelele lezindleko uma ingaqhamuki njengophumelele ngokuqhathanisa. Noma yiziphi izindleko ezingeziwe zifakwa embonweni, ukuthi zingakanani izinto ezingabikezelwa ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwentengo yamandla.
"Iqiniso ngukuthi: ngaphandle kwamandla kagesi asikho isakhiwo esizinzileyo. Akusasho ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kwenzeka, kepha kuphela ukuthi imiphumela iqine noma ingemihle kangakanani. Uma ufuna ukonga i-CO2, wakhe futhi usebenzise izindlu zakho amandla ngempumelelo nangokusebenzisa inzuzo okuhle kakhulu kwamandla ahlaziyiwe ekunikezelweni kwesidingo samandla esisele. Noma ngubani othi uphambana nalaba abangahambelani nalabo abangakhombisi intshiseko enkulu ngekusasa lesikhathi esiphakathi futhi ongathi, ngokubona kwezomnotho, angaba nentshisekelo enkulu ngesipho esivumayo, "kusho uRobert Lechner, Austrian Ecology Institute ÖÖI.

yemandla

Isici esinqumayo sokubheka ukusebenza kwezindleko zokwakha okuzinzile nokulungiswa kabusha kwamanani entengo - ikakhulukazi leyo yamafutha aluhlaza. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi izinsalela zamalahle zilinganiselwe futhi ziphelelwa isikhathi esingaziwa kodwa esibonakalayo, iminyaka yokugcina ikhombisile ukungaqiniseki kokukhula kwentengo. Into eyodwa eqinisekile: amanani entengo yokugcwala komhlaba azoqhubeka nokukhuphuka esikhathini eside.
I-Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy in the Energy Status Report 2015: "Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, intengo kawoyela ongahluziwe (eguqulwe ngokwezinga lokwehla kwamandla emali) I-2003 / 04 isiphinde yafika kuleli zinga ekuqaleni kweminyaka ye-1990er futhi yabe isikhuphuke kakhulu kangangokuba ngonyaka we-2008 amanani I-1980, amaphuzu avelele we-2. Inkinga kawoyela, idluliwe kakhulu. I-2008 ibilokhu yehla ezinyangeni ezedlule futhi i-2009 ibone indlela yayo yentengo kawoyela yangempela isondele. I-60 idola / umgqomo, okucishe kuthile unyaka we-1982. Eminyakeni i-2010 ne-2011 intengo iphinde yenyuka futhi ngokuqinile futhi yafika muva nje. 102 dollar / umgqomo irekhodi. Ku-2012, intengo yayingaphansi nje kwama-dollar e-100 / umgqomo, icishe ibe kathathu inani lentengo le-1990. Ku-2013, iphinde yawa phansi kancane futhi muva nje yayiseduze kwe-95 dollar / barrel. Ngokwemvelo, ukwenyuka kwamanani ezimakethe zamazwe omhlaba kube nomthelela onamandla esimweni samanani wamandla e-Austria. "
Ekuqaleni kwe-2015, intengo kawoyela ifakwe ngaphansi kwama-50 amadola futhi muva nje kuzungeze idola le-60.

Kusuka kokujwayelekile kuya kubuchwepheshe obuphakeme

Into eyodwa iqinisekile: Njengawo wonke umkhiqizo, indlu ibiza ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi ngokuya ngekhwalithi nokusebenza kwayo. Isigaba esiphansi sokwakha okuzinzile futhi ngenxa yalokho futhi ukwakhiwa okujwayelekile kufakwa endlini enamandla amancane, ephezulu kakhulu yindlu ye-energy-energy, yona ekulinganisweni okuphelele nayo ikhiqiza isivuno samandla. Phakathi kukhona imiqondo yokwakha iPassive House neSonnenhaus kanye nezinye ezahlukahlukene ezixubile.

Izindleko zehlile

Ucwaningo lweNyuvesi Yezemvelo kanye ne-Life Science Vienna "Ukuqapha ukusimama kwezakhiwo ezikhethiwe zezindlu zokuhlala eVienna" kuqhathanise izindleko zokukhiqiza ngokuqhathaniswa nendlu ejwayelekile yamandla aphansi. Umphumela: izindleko zokwakhiwa okuzinzileyo ziyawa ngenxa yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, okungenani ekwakhiweni kwamakamelo okuhlala anezitezi eziningi. Ababhali: "Izindleko ezingeziwe zamayunithi okuhlala ezindlini zokuqala zaseViennese zazicishe zibe ngamaphesenti ama-4-12, lapho ngokuzayo izinhlelo ezisebenzayo ezisebenza ngokubiza ngezindleko ezingcono zingahle zithathe uhla lwamaphesenti we-4-6."
Kusetshenziswa isibonelo sokwakhiwa kwendlu ebambeke kancane, isifundo samanje saseJalimane "Ukuthuthukiswa Kwentengo Yokwakha Amandla Okwakha" sikhombisile ukuthi izindleko zangempela ze-1990 zithuthuke kanjani ekwandiseni izidingo zomthetho zokusebenza kahle kwamandla - ezilungiswe ngentengo ngenkomba yezindleko zokwakha. Umphumela: Izakhi eziningi njengamaphampu kakhonkolo weselula, amafasitela, ophahleni noma amaphampu okushisa namuhla kubiza kakhulu noma uthola ikhwalithi engcono kakhulu ngentengo efanayo. Ababhali: "Uma sibheka imiphumela yalolu cwaningo lokuqala, imicabango yokuthi" amandla akhuphukayo asebenza kahle njengezitha zemvelo yokwakha okungabizi kakhulu "ibonakala ingenakulawuleka. Ucwaningo lude luye lwaphetha ngokuthi zombili izindlela zanamuhla zokwakha nazo zonke izindinganiso ezizayo ukuhlelela okuhle namuhla kungenzeka kube nezindleko eziphansi kakhulu zanyanga zonke kunamazinga adlule amashumi eminyaka amuva.

Inzuzo ibaliwe

I-Energy Institute Vorarlberg kanye ne-e7 Energy Market Analysis ziye zabala izindleko zamandla ezizayo. Ocwaningweni "Ukuhlaziywa kwezinga lemfuneko elikhokhela izindleko zokwakhiwa kwezindlu okusha eVorarlberg" (2013) izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezakhiwo nezinhlanganisela - izindlu zomndeni owodwa nezendlu enhlobonhlobo, ukwakhiwa okuqinile nokwakhiwa ngokhuni, kanye negesi, i-pellet kanye nokushisa ipayipi lokushisa - maqondana nokusebenza kahle kwamandla nokusebenza kahle kweminyaka eyi-30 kubalwa futhi kuqhathaniswa. Izindleko zokuqala zokutshalwa kwezimali zezinto ezihambelana namandla nezakhi, izindleko zokuhlela, izindleko zokugcina nokulungisa kanye nezindleko zamandla kufaka phakathi ukwenyuka kwamanani kufakiwe.

Izinga lentengo eliphakeme leVorarlberg eliphakeme lisebenze njengesisekelo sezindleko zokwakha. Umphumela: Yize izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali ezihamba phambili zamandla ahamba phambili ngohlelo lonozungezilanga kuqhathaniswa nokuhlukahluka ngokuya ngokwamandla aphansi futhi ngaphandle kohlelo lwelanga ziphakeme, kepha izindleko zangempela zibonakaliswa kucatshangelwa emashumini eminyaka ambalwa.
Lezi zifundo ezenziwa ngababhali abahlukahlukene zibonisa ngokusobala ukuthi izindleko ezingezekile zamabhilidi ezemvelo nawokusebenzisa amandla kahle zilingana ngaphezulu kwamashumi eminyaka noma ziphansi kakhulu.

Ukulahleka kokushisa & nokonga okungenzeka

Ukubalwa, okungahle kulondolozwe ngokulungiswa kabusha, indawo yokucwaninga yokuvikela ukushisa kwe-FIW eMunich esifundweni esisetshenzisiwe. Njengesibonelo, kusetshenziswe ikhaya lomndeni owodwa eqenjini le-1968 yobudala ukuya kwi-1979 (incl. Fluctuation range). Uma izindleko eziphelele zokubuyiselwa zibalwa ngokwesibonelo se-67.780 Euro, imali eyongayo iholela kwisilinganiso esengeziwe sezindleko se-2,28 Euro / kWh kanye nesikhathi sokukhokha esilinganiselwe seminyaka engu-16.

Ubukhulu bokufaka bokufaka

Imiphumela emisha yamandla edamu efanelekile ihlinzekwa yi-inthanethi yokubala ye-Institute for Building Biology and Ecology (IBO). "Kaningi kwabezindaba kwenziwa ngendlela engeyiyo eyangempela yokuphikisana nokufakelwa okushisayo: Kuyabiza kakhulu, ngoba imboni yokufakelwa inenzuzo, ayisebenzi kahle, iyalimaza imvelo, iyinkinga ekulahlekelweni. I-baubook isisungule i-Calculator yemvelo yemvelo kanye nokubala okungabizi kakhulu kwezakhi, okungenzeka ukuthi ihlole ngayo obala ukuthi ngabe isilinganiso sokufakwa siyinzuzo nokuthi siyithinta kanjani imvelo, "kusanda kwethulwa iBernhard Lipp, i-Austrian Institute for Building Biology and Ecology (IBO) , ithuluzi le-AWR (www.baubook.at/awr). Ngaleli thuluzi, ukubuyiswa kwemvelo kwezomnotho nezomnotho kwezinyathelo zokufakwa kungabalwa ngokushesha nangokucacile ku-inthanethi. Lokhu futhi kulethe amanani amahle ukukhanyisela: Ngokwezomnotho, inani elifanelekile likhona phakathi kwamasentimitha we-25 ne-50. Isibonelo: Kumaphaneli wokufakelwa kwamaminerali we-mineral, amanani anembe kakhulu alungile okungenani amasentimitha we-85 (imvelo) yamandla ayisisekelo angavuseleleki namasentimitha we-23 (ezomnotho). Noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ngekusasa nasekusebenzeni kwamandla ukukwakha kabusha, ngoba kungabhekwa ukuthi ngaphezulu kokujikeleza kwempilo yesakhiwo kuvame ukuvuselelwa kube kanye kuphela.

Photo / Video: Ugogo.