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NguRobert B. Fishman

Iibhanki zembewu zigcina iyantlukwano yofuzo kwisondlo somntu

Malunga ne-1.700 yemfuza kunye neebhanki zembewu kwihlabathi jikelele zikhusela izityalo kunye nembewu kwisondlo somntu. I "seed seed" isebenza njenge-backup Indawo egcina iMbewu yaseSvalbard eSvalbard. Imbewu evela kwi-18 yeentlobo zezityalo ezahlukeneyo zigcinwa apho kwi-minus 5.000 degrees, kuquka iisampuli ezingaphezu kwe-170.000 zeentlobo zerayisi. 

Ngowama-2008 urhulumente waseNorway wayenebhokisi yeenkozo zerayisi ezivela kwiiPhilippines ezazigcinwe kwitonela lomgodi owawusakuba ngumgodi eSvalbard. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqaliswa ukwakhiwa kwendawo ekugcinwa kuyo ukutya koluntu. Ekubeni imeko yemozulu iye yatshintsha ngokukhawuleza iimeko zezolimo kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zincipha ngokukhawuleza, ubuncwane beyantlukwano yemfuza ekwiSvalbard Seed Vault iye yabaluleke ngakumbi nangakumbi kuluntu. 

Ugcino lwezoLimo

“Sisebenzisa inxenye encinci yezityalo ezityiwayo ekutyeni kwethu,” utshilo uLuis Salazar, isithethi seCrop Trust eBonn. Ngokomzekelo, kwiminyaka eyi-120 eyadlulayo, amafama e-USA ayesalima iindidi ezingama-578 ezahlukeneyo zeembotyi. Namhlanje bangama-32 kuphela. 

Iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziya ziphela

Ngokukhula kwezoshishino kwezolimo, ziya zisanda iintlobo zeentlobo zezityalo ezinyamalalayo emasimini nakwiimarike zehlabathi. Isiphumo: ukutya kwethu kuxhomekeke kwiindidi ezimbalwa nezimbalwa zezityalo kwaye ke ngoko kulula kakhulu ukusilela: i-monocultures ivuthulula umhlaba ohlanganiswe ngoomatshini abanzima kunye nezitshabalalisi ezondla kwisityalo ngasinye ngokukhawuleza. Abalimi basasaza iityhefu nezichumisi ezingakumbi. Iintsalela zee-arhente zingcolisa umhlaba namanzi. Iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziyaqhubeka nokuhla. Ukufa kwezinambuzane sisiphumo esinye kuphela kwezininzi. Isangqa esikhohlakeleyo.

Iintlobo zasendle ziqinisekisa ukuphila kwezityalo eziluncedo

Ukuze kugcinwe iindidi kunye neentlobo zezityalo kunye nokufumana ezintsha, iCrop Trust ilungelelanisa "IProjekthi eNxulumene neZilimo“- inkqubo yokufuya nophando ngokhuseleko lokutya. Abavelisi kunye noosonzululwazi bawela iintlobo zasendle ezinezityalo eziqhelekileyo ukuze baphuhlise iintlobo ezintsha ezikwaziyo ukumelana neziphumo zengxaki yemozulu: ubushushu, ingqele, imbalela kunye nezinye imozulu embi. 

Isicwangciso sesexesha elide. Ukukhula kwesityalo esitsha kukodwa kuthatha iminyaka elishumi. Ukongeza, kukho iinyanga okanye iminyaka yeenkqubo zokuvunywa, ukuthengisa kunye nokusasazwa.

 “Sandisa iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo kwaye sinceda ukuba zifikeleleke kumafama,” uthembisa uLuis Salazar osuka kwiCrop Trust.

Igalelo kubomi babalimi abancinci

Abanini bamafama abasakhasayo kumazantsi ehlabathi, ingakumbi, badla ngokufikelela kuphela imihlaba ehlwempuzekileyo nenesivuno esiphantsi kwaye kaninzi abanayo imali yokuthenga imbewu enelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wamaqumrhu ezolimo. Iintlobo ezintsha zokuzala kunye neentlobo ezindala ezingenalungelo lobunikazi zinokusindisa ubomi. Ngale ndlela, imizi yemfuza kunye neebhanki zembewu kunye neTrust yeZityalo zenza igalelo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezolimo, iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nokondla abemi behlabathi abakhulayo. 

Kwi-Ajenda yayo yowama-2030, iZizwe eziManyeneyo Iinjongo ezili-17 zophuhliso oluzinzileyo ibekwe emhlabeni. “Ukuphelisa indlala, ukufumana ukhuseleko lokutya kunye nesondlo esingcono, nokukhuthaza ulimo oluzinzileyo,” yinjongo yesibini.

ITrasti yeZityalo yasekwa ngokwe "IsiVumelwano saMazwe ngaMazwe ngeZibonelelo zeGenetic yeZityalo zoKutya kunye nezoLimo" (iSivumelwano seziTyalo). Kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo, amazwe ali-143 kunye neManyano yaseYurophu avumelana ngemilinganiselo eyahlukahlukeneyo yokukhusela nokulondoloza iintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo kwezolimo.

Malunga ne-1700 yemfuza kunye neebhanki zembewu kwihlabathi jikelele

I-1700 yemfuza yaseburhulumenteni kunye neendawo zabucala kunye neebhanki zembewu kwihlabathi jikelele zigcina iisampulu ezimalunga nezigidi ezisixhenxe zezityalo ezahlukeneyo zofuzo ukuze zigcinelwe inzala kwaye zifikeleleke kubalimi, amafama kunye nenzululwazi. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwezi ziinkozo, iitapile kunye nerayisi: malunga nama-200.000 eentlobo ezahlukeneyo zerayisi zigcinwa ikakhulu kwimizila yemfuza kunye neebhanki zembewu zase-Asiya.  

Apho imbewu ingenakukwazi ukugcinwa khona, zikhulisa izityalo kwaye zizinyamekele ukuze izithole ezintsha zazo zonke iindidi zihlale zikhona.

I-Crop Trust ithungelana nala maziko. Isithethi seTrust uLuis Salazar ubiza ukuhlukahluka kweentlobo kunye neentlobo "njengesiseko sokutya kwethu".

Enye yezona zinto zinkulu kwaye zininzi ezahlukileyo kwezi bhanki zemfuza zisebenza oku I-Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics kunye noPhando lweZityalo zeZityalo IPK eSaxony-Anhalt. Uphando lwakhe lusebenza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, "ukuphucula ukulungelelaniswa kwezityalo ezibalulekileyo ezilinywayo kwiimeko eziguqukayo zemozulu kunye nokusingqongileyo."

Ingxaki yemozulu itshintsha imo engqongileyo ngokukhawuleza kunokuba izilwanyana kunye nezityalo zikwazi ukuziqhelanisa. Iibhanki zembewu kunye nemfuza ke ngoko zibaluleke kakhulu ekondleni ihlabathi.

Imozulu itshintsha ngokukhawuleza kunokuba izityalo zikwazi ukuziqhelanisa

Kwanoovimba bembewu abanakusikhusela kwimiphumo yotshintsho esilubangelayo thina bantu emhlabeni. Akukho mntu waziyo ukuba imbewu isaza kuphumelela na emva kweminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka yogcino phantsi kweemeko zemozulu ezahluke kakhulu kwixesha elizayo.

Imibutho emininzi engekho phantsi kukarhulumente iyakugxeka ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamaqela ezolimo afana neSyngenta kunye nePioneer ku. Isityalo iTrust. Bafumana imali yabo ngembewu eguqulwe ngokwemfuza kunye namalungelo awodwa abenzi kwiimbewu, apho abalimi banokusebenzisa kuphela imirhumo ephezulu yelayisensi. 

Isithethi sikaMisereor uMarkus Wolter sisalincoma inyathelo likarhulumente waseNorway. Lo mboniso kunye neSvalbard Seed Vault ukuba loluphi ubuncwane uluntu olunalo ngembewu evela kwihlabathi liphela. 

Isifuba sobuncwane kumntu wonke 

KwiSeed Vault, hayi iinkampani kuphela, kodwa nayiphi na kunye nayo yonke imbewu inokugcinwa simahla. Ngokomzekelo, ukhankanya iCherokee, abantu beZizwe zokuQala e-USA. Kodwa kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba imbewu yoluntu igcinwe kwi-sito, oko kukuthi emasimini. Kuba akukho mntu waziyo ukuba imbewu egciniweyo isazakuhluma na emva kwamashumi eminyaka phantsi kweemeko zemozulu ezahluke ngokupheleleyo. Abalimi bafuna imbewu efikelelekayo ngokukhululekileyo elungelelaniswe neemeko zabo zengingqi kwaye banokuphuhla ngakumbi kumasimi abo angaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuya kusiba nzima ngakumbi ngenxa yemithetho engqongqo yokuvunywa kwembewu, ulumkisa uStig Tanzmann, ingcali ngembewu yombutho “Isonka Sehlabathi”. Kukwakho nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana ne-UPOV, ezinqanda ukutshintshiselana kunye norhwebo lwembewu engenalungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza.

Ubukhoboka betyala lembewu enelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza

Ukongeza, ngokwengxelo yeMisereor, amafama amaninzi kufuneka angene ematyaleni ukuze athenge imbewu enelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza - ngokuqhelekileyo kwiphakheji ene-fertilizer efanelekileyo kunye ne-pesticide. Ukuba isivuno emva koko sibonakala sisincinci kuneso bekucwangcisiwe, abalimi bebengenakukwazi ukubuyisela imali-mboleko. Uhlobo lwangoku lobukhoboka betyala. 

UStig Tanzmann ukwaqaphela ukuba iinkampani ezinkulu zembewu ziya zibandakanya ulandelelwano lwemfuza olusuka kwezinye izityalo okanye ukusuka kuphuhliso lwazo ukuya kwimbewu esele ikho. Oku kubenza babe nalo ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi kwaye baqokelele imirhumo yelayisensi yosetyenziso ngalunye.

KuJudith Düesberg ovela kumbutho ongekho phantsi korhulumente u-Gen-Ethischen Netzwerk, kuxhomekeke nokuba ngubani onokufikelela kwiibhanki zembewu ukuba kuyimfuneko. Namhlanje ezi ikakhulu ziimyuziyam “ezenza kancinci kukhuseleko lokutya.” Unika imizekelo evela eIndiya. Apho, abafuyi bazama ukuzala iintlobo zekotoni zendabuko, ezingaguqukiyo, kodwa abakwazanga ukufumana imbewu efunekayo naphi na. Iyafana nabalimi berayisi abasebenza kwiintlobo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nezikhukula. Oku kukwangqina ukuba imbewu kufuneka igcinwe, ingakumbi emasimini nakubomi bemihla ngemihla babalimi. Kuphela kuxa isetyenziswe emasimini imbewu inokuthi iqhelane nemozulu etshintsha ngokukhawuleza kunye neemeko zomhlaba. Kwaye amafama asekuhlaleni ayazi kakuhle into echumayo kumasimi awo.

info:

Umnatha wokuziphatha weGene: Ibalulekile kubunjineli bemfuza nakwiinkampani zembewu zamazwe ngamazwe

MASIPAG: Uthungelwano lwamafama angaphezu kwama-50.000 XNUMX kwiiPhilippines azilimela ngokwawo irayisi aze atshintshiselane ngembewu. Ngale ndlela bazenza abazimeleyo kumaqumrhu amakhulu embewu