Upapasho olutsha: Verena Winiwarter - Indlela eya kuluntu olunobuhlobo bemozulu

nguMartin Auer

Kwesi sincoko sifutshane, kulula ukusifunda, umbhali-mbali wendalo esingqongileyo uVerena Winwarter unikezela ngengqwalasela ezisixhenxe zendlela eya kuluntu olunokuthi kananjalo lukhusele ubomi bezizukulwana ezizayo. Kakade ke, akusiyo incwadi yemiyalelo - "Kumanyathelo asixhenxe ukuya ..." - kodwa, njengoko uWiniwarter ebhala kwintshayelelo, igalelo kwingxoxo-mpikiswano eza kubanjwa. Iinzululwazi zendalo kudala zacacisa oonobangela bemozulu kunye nengxaki yezinto ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji kwaye zikwathiya amanyathelo ayimfuneko. UWiniwarter ke ngoko ujongana nentlalontle yotshintsho oluyimfuneko.

Ingqwalasela yokuqala ichaphazela intlalo-ntle. Kuluntu lwethu lwemizi-mveliso olunxibeleleneyo olusekwe kulwahlulo lwabasebenzi, abantu okanye iintsapho azisakwazi ukukhathalela ubukho babo ngokuzimeleyo. Sixhomekeke kwiimpahla eziveliswa kwenye indawo nakwiziseko ezingundoqo ezifana nemibhobho yamanzi, imijelo yogutyulo, iintambo zegesi nezombane, ezothutho, amaziko okhathalelo lwempilo kunye nezinye ezininzi esingaziphathiyo ngokwethu. Siyathemba ukuba ukukhanya kuya kukhanya xa sicofa iswitshi, kodwa eneneni asinalulawulo kuyo. Onke la maqumrhu enza ubomi bube nokwenzeka kuthi ebengenakubakho ngaphandle kwamaziko karhulumente. Urhulumente uzenza zifumaneke ngokwakhe okanye ulawula ukufumaneka kwazo ngemithetho. Ikhompyutha inokwenziwa yinkampani yabucala, kodwa ngaphandle kwenkqubo yemfundo karhulumente bekungayi kubakho bani wokuyakha. Omnye makangalibali ukuba intlalontle yoluntu, ukuchuma njengoko siyayazi, yenzeke ngokusetyenziswa kwamafutha e-fossil kwaye idibaniswa ngokungenakuphikiswa kwintlupheko "yeLizwe leSithathu" okanye i-Global South. 

Kwinqanaba lesibini imalunga nentlalo-ntle. Oku kujolise kwikamva, ekuboneleleni ngobukho bethu nobesizukulwana esilandelayo kunye nesilandelayo. Iinkonzo zomdla jikelele ziyimfuneko kunye nesiphumo soluntu oluzinzileyo. Ukuze urhulumente abonelele ngeenkonzo zomdla jikelele, kufuneka abe ngumbuso womgaqo-siseko osekelwe kumalungelo oluntu angenakohluthwa nasisiseko. Urhwaphilizo lujongela phantsi iinkonzo ezisebenzayo zomdla jikelele. Kwanokuba amaziko aluncedo kuluntu, anjengamanzi athengiswayo, imiphumo iba mibi, njengoko amava kwizixeko ezininzi ebonisa.

Kwinqanaba lesithathu umthetho, amalungelo asisiseko kunye namalungelo oluntu ayaphononongwa: “Kuphela lilizwe elinomgaqo-siseko apho onke amagosa kufuneka azithobe kumthetho nalapho inkundla ezimeleyo ibabeka esweni inokukhusela abemi kubuqhophololo kunye nobundlobongela baseburhulumenteni.” Kwinkundla yomgaqo-siseko urhulumente, amanyathelo anokuthathwa ngokuchasene nokungabikho kobulungisa kurhulumente. IEuropean Convention on Human Rights ibisebenza eOstriya ukususela ngowe-1950. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, oku kuqinisekisa ilungelo lomntu wonke lobomi, inkululeko nokhuseleko. UWiniwarter uqukumbela ngelithi: “Ngaloo ndlela, amalungu edemokhrasi yamalungelo asisiseko e-Austria kuya kufuneka akhusele ubomi babantu kwixesha elide ukuze enze ngokuhambelana nomgaqo-siseko, kwaye ngaloo ndlela angaphumeleli kuphela iSivumelwano seMozulu saseParis, kodwa aphinde asebenze ngokucokisekileyo njengoko . Ukusingqongileyo kunye nabakhuseli bezempilo." Ewe, ngamalungelo asisiseko eOstriya ayingo "malungelo omntu" anokuthi umntu omnye angazibanga ngokwakhe, kodwa kuphela isikhokelo senyathelo likarhulumente. Ngoko ke kuya kufuneka ukuba kufakwe isibophelelo sikarhulumente sokuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwemozulu kumgaqo-siseko. Nangona kunjalo, nawuphi na umthetho wesizwe wokhuseleko lwemozulu kuya kufuneka uzinziswe kwisikhokelo samazwe ngamazwe, ekubeni ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuyingxaki yehlabathi. 

inyathelo lesine ichaza izizathu ezithathu zokuba kutheni le ngxaki yemozulu iyingxaki “yenkohliso”. "Ingxaki engendawo" ligama elaqanjwa ngabacwangcisi besithuba uRittel noWebber ngowe-1973. Bayisebenzisa ukuchaza iingxaki ezingenako nokuchazwa ngokucacileyo. Iingxaki zobuqhophololo zikholisa ukuba zizodwa, ngoko ke akukho ndlela yokufumana isisombululo ngokuzama nangempazamo, kwaye akukho zisombululo zicacileyo ezichanekileyo okanye ezingalunganga, kuphela ezingcono okanye ezibi. Ubukho bengxaki bunokuchazwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kwaye izisombululo ezinokubakho zixhomekeke kwingcaciso. Kukho isisombululo esinye kuphela esicacileyo kwingxaki yokutshintsha kwemozulu kwinqanaba lezenzululwazi: Azisekho iigesi ze-greenhouse emoyeni! Kodwa ukuphumeza oku yingxaki yoluntu. Ngaba iya kuphunyezwa ngokusebenzisa izisombululo zobuchwepheshe ezifana nokubamba i-carbon kunye nokugcinwa kunye ne-geoengineering, okanye ngokutshintsha indlela yokuphila, ukulwa nokungalingani kunye nokutshintsha amaxabiso, okanye ngokuphela kwe-capitalism eqhutywa yi-capital capital kunye ne-logic yayo yokukhula? I-Winiwarter igxininisa iinkalo ezintathu: enye "yi-tyrancy yangoku" okanye nje ukungaboni okufutshane kwezopolitiko abafuna ukukhusela uvelwano lwabavoti babo bangoku: "Iipolitiki zase-Austrian zixakekile, ngokubeka phambili ukukhula koqoqosho olonakalisa imozulu, i-Securing pension. kubantu banamhlanje abadla umhlala-phantsi endaweni yokunika abazukulwana ikamva eliqaqambileyo ngemigaqo-nkqubo yokukhusela imozulu ubuncinane kangangoko.” Inkalo yesibini yeyokuba abo bangawathandiyo amanyathelo okusombulula ingxaki badla ngokuyibona ingxaki, kule meko, kukutshintsha kwemozulu. , ukuyikhanyela okanye ukuyijongela phantsi. Inkalo yesithathu iphathelele "ingxolo yonxibelelwano", oko kukuthi ubuninzi bolwazi olungenamsebenzi apho ulwazi oluyimfuneko lulahlekile. Ukongeza, ulwazi olungeyonyani, iinyani ezingaqinanga kunye nobuvuvu obuthe ngqo busasazwa ngendlela ekujoliswe kuyo. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukuba abantu benze izigqibo ezichanekileyo nezisengqiqweni. Kuphela ngamajelo eendaba asimahla nazimeleyo anokukhusela umthetho wedemokhrasi. Nangona kunjalo, oku kukwafuna inkxaso-mali ezimeleyo kunye namaqumrhu olawulo azimeleyo. 

Inyathelo lesihlanu ichaza ubulungisa bendalo esingqongileyo njengesiseko sabo bonke ubulungisa. Intlupheko, izifo, ukungondleki, ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala kunye nomonakalo ovela kwindawo enetyhefu yenza ukuba abantu bangakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo zedemokhrasi. Ubulungisa bendalo esingqongileyo ke ngoko sisiseko selizwe lomgaqo-siseko wentando yesininzi, isiseko samalungelo asisiseko kunye namalungelo oluntu, kuba idala iimfuneko ezibonakalayo zokuthatha inxaxheba kuqala. UWiniwarter ucaphula ingcali yezoqoqosho yaseIndiya u-Amartya Sen, phakathi kwabanye.” Ngokutsho kukaSen, uluntu “kukhona kanye “amathuba okuqonda” enziwa yinkululeko oluvumela abantu ukuba babe nawo. Inkululeko ibandakanya ithuba lokuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko, amaziko ezoqoqosho aqinisekisa ukusasazwa, ukhuseleko loluntu ngomvuzo omncinci kunye neenzuzo zentlalo, amathuba ezentlalo ngokufikelela kwiinkqubo zemfundo kunye nezempilo, kunye nenkululeko yokushicilela. Zonke ezi nkululeko kufuneka zixoxwe ngendlela ethatha inxaxheba. Yaye oko kunokwenzeka kuphela ukuba abantu banokufikelela kwimithombo yokusingqongileyo kwaye bakhululekile kungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo. 

Inyathelo lesithandathu iyaqhubeleka nokujongana nengqikelelo yobulungisa kunye nemingeni enxulumene noko. Okokuqala, impumelelo yamanyathelo acetyelwe ukukhokelela kubulungisa obungaphezulu kudla ngokuba nzima ukuyijonga. Ukufezekiswa kweenjongo zozinzo ezili-17 ze-Ajenda yowama-2030, umzekelo, kuya kulinganiswa kusetyenziswa izikhombisi ezingama-242. Ucelomngeni lwesibini kukungacaci kakuhle. Ukungalingani okumandundu kaninzi akubonakali nakwabo bangachaphazelekanga, nto leyo ethetha ukuba akukho sizathu sokuthatha amanyathelo ngakubo. Okwesithathu, akukho kungalingani phakathi kwabantu bangoku kunye nabexesha elizayo kuphela, kodwa naphakathi kweGlobal South kunye neGlobal North, kwaye hayi phakathi kwelizwe ngalinye. Ukunciphisa intlupheko eNyakatho akufuneki kufike kwiindleko zaseMzantsi, ukukhuselwa kwemozulu akufanele kufike kwiindleko zalabo sele behlelelekile, kwaye ubomi obuhle okwangoku abufanele bufike kwindleko yexesha elizayo. Ubulungisa bunokuxoxisana kuphela, kodwa uthetha-thethwano luhlala luphepha ukungaqondani, ngakumbi kwinqanaba lehlabathi.

inyathelo lesixhenxe Ugxininisa ngelithi: “Ngaphandle koxolo nokuthotywa kwezixhobo akukho luzinzo.” Imfazwe ayithethi nje intshabalalo ekhawulezileyo, kwanangexesha loxolo, umkhosi nezixhobo zibangela iigesi ze<em>greenhouse kunye nobunye ukonakala kwemekobume yaye zibanga ubutyebi obukhulu obufanele busetyenziswe kakuhle ukukhusela i<em>greenhouse gas. isiseko sobomi. Uxolo lufuna ukuthembana, nto leyo enokuzuzwa kuphela ngentatho nxaxheba yedemokhrasi kunye nolawulo lomthetho. UWinivarter ucaphula isithandi sobulumko esiziphethe kakuhle uStephen M. Gardiner, ocebisa ingqungquthela yomgaqo-siseko yehlabathi ukuze kubekho ibutho lehlabathi elinobuhlobo nemozulu. Njengohlobo lwenyathelo lolingo, ucebisa ingqungquthela yomgaqo-siseko yemozulu yase-Austrian. Oku kufuneka kwakhona kujongane namathandabuzo amaninzi amatsha-ntliziyo, imibutho yabacebisi kunye nezifundiswa malunga nokukwazi kwedemokhrasi ukumelana nemingeni yomgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu. Ukunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu kufuna iinzame zentlalo ezibanzi, ezinokwenzeka kuphela xa zixhaswa luninzi lwe-de facto. Ngoko akukho ndlela yokujikeleza umzabalazo wedemokhrasi kubantu abaninzi. Ingqungquthela yomgaqo-siseko yemo yezulu inokuqalisa uhlaziyo lweziko olufunekayo ukuphumeza oku, kwaye inokunceda ukwakha ukuzithemba ukuba uphuhliso oluyinzuzo lunokwenzeka. Kuba okukhona iingxaki zinzima, kokukhona kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuthembana, ukuze uluntu luhlale lukwazi ukwenza okuthile.

Ekugqibeleni, kwaye phantse ngokudlulayo, iWiniwarter iya kwiziko elenzelwe ngokwenene uluntu lwanamhlanje: "uqoqosho lwemarike yasimahla". Uqala ngokucaphula umbhali u-Kurt Vonnegut, ongqina indlela yokuziphatha ekhobokisayo kuluntu lwemizi-mveliso, oko kukuthi, ukuba likhoboka lamafutha efosili, kwaye uqikelele “i-turkey ebandayo”. Kwaye emva koko ingcaphephe yeziyobisi uBruce Alexander, othi ingxaki yokukhotyokiswa kwihlabathi liphela kwinto yokuba uqoqosho lwentengiso yasimahla lubeka abantu kuxinzelelo lobuqu kunye nokhuphiswano. NgokukaWiniwarter, ukushenxa kumafutha efosili kunokubangela ukuba umke kuqoqosho lwemalike ekhululekileyo. Ubona indlela yokuphuma ekukhuthazeni ukudityaniswa kwengqondo, oko kukuthi ukubuyiselwa koluntu oluye lwatshatyalaliswa ngokuxhaphazwa, olusingqongileyo lutyhefwe. Ezi kufuneka zixhaswe kulwakhiwo ngokutsha. Enye indlela kuqoqosho lwemarike iya kuba ngamafelandawonye azo zonke iintlobo, apho umsebenzi ujoliswe eluntwini. Uluntu olunobuhlobo kwimozulu ke ngoko lolo lungakhobokiyo kumafutha ezilwanyana zamandulo okanye iziyobisi eziguqula ingqondo, kuba lukhuthaza impilo yengqondo yabantu ngokubambana nokuthembana. 

Into eyahlula esi sincoko yindlela yokufundisa ngeendidi ezahlukeneyo. Abafundi baya kufumana iimbekiselo kwinani lababhali abavela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi. Kucacile ukuba isicatshulwa esinjalo asikwazi ukuphendula yonke imibuzo. Kodwa ekubeni oku kubhalwa kufikelela kwisindululo sendibano yemozulu yomgaqo-siseko, ubani unokulindela ingxelo eneenkcukacha ezingakumbi ngemisebenzi eyayiza kusonjululwa yindibano enjalo. Isigqibo sepalamente esinesininzi sesibini esithathwini siyakwanela ukwandisa umgaqo-siseko okhoyo ukuze ubandakanye inqaku elimalunga nokukhuselwa kwemozulu kunye neenkonzo zomdla jikelele. Ingqungquthela eyonyulwe ngokukhethekileyo mhlawumbi kuya kufuneka ijongane nesiseko esisisiseko sombuso wethu, ngaphezu kwayo yonke into malunga nombuzo wokuba umdla wezizukulwana ezizayo, esingenakuweva amazwi azo, unokumelwa ngayo ngoku. Ngenxa yokuba, njengoko uStephen M. Gardiner ebonisa, amaziko ethu angoku, ukusuka kwilizwe lesizwe ukuya kwi-UN, ayengalungiselelwe oko. Oku kuya kuphinda kubandakanye umbuzo wokuba, ukongeza kuhlobo lwangoku lwedemokhrasi emele ngabameli babantu, kunokubakho ezinye iifom ezinokuthi, umzekelo, zitshintshe amandla okwenza izigqibo ngakumbi "ezantsi", okt kufutshane nabo bachaphazelekayo. . Umbuzo wedemokhrasi yezoqoqosho, ubudlelwane phakathi koqoqosho lwabucala, olujolise kwingeniso kwelinye icala kunye noqoqosho loluntu olujolise ekulungelweni komntu wonke kwelinye, kufuneka kube ngumxholo wengqungquthela enjalo. Ngaphandle kommiselo ongqongqo, uqoqosho oluzinzileyo alunakucingelwa, ukuba kuphela ngenxa yokuba izizukulwana ezizayo azikwazi ukuphembelela uqoqosho njengabathengi ngemarike. Ngoko ke kufuneka kucaciswe ukuba imimiselo enjalo iza kwenzeka njani.

Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, incwadi kaWiniwarter iyakhuthaza kuba itsala ingqwalasela kude ngaphaya kwemida yetekhnoloji efana namandla omoya kunye ne-electromobility kwimilinganiselo yokuhlalisana kwabantu.

UVerena Winivarter ngumbhali-mbali wendalo esingqongileyo. Uvotelwe njengososayensi wonyaka ngo-2013, ulilungu leAkhademi yase-Austrian yeSayensi kwaye ukhokela ikhomishini yezifundo ezahlukeneyo zendalo apho. Ulilungu le Scientists for Future. A Udliwano-ndlebe malunga nengxaki yemozulu kunye noluntu inokuviwa kwipodcast yethu "Alpenglühen". Incwadi yakho ingenile Umshicileli wePicus yavela.