Alexandra Binder
Nyika isina hosha - izvozvo zvinokwanisika here?
Iyo njodzi yekuyedza kwevanhu. Chiremba weBritish anozviziva izvozvo Edward Jenner, Uye zvakadaro haazeze kana ari pa14. Dai 1796 ichirova iyo chidiki chidiki chechikadzi inotambura nepopox. Anotapurira mvura ine hutachiona paruoko rwakatsemurwa rwemwanakomana wake wemusere ane makore masere. Jenner ari kushandira mishoni. Anoda hutachiona hunotyisa chibhokisi Vanhu ve400.000 vanofa gore rega rega muEurope chete gore rega. Nguva pfupi gare gare, mwana anogadziridzwa pasuru yacho isingakuvadzi. Kudzoka kuhutano, chiremba anozvikonzera, panguva ino ne pox yevanhu. Kana zano rake rikakwira, ipapo muviri wemukomana mushure mekukunda hutachiona wavaka chidziviriro kubva kuutachiona hwehuku. Uye zvirokwazvo, akaponeswa.
Kutemera, kubva mushoko rechiLatin rekuti Vacca, chiremba wechiBritish anodana mushonga wake. Ari kuseka, achitsvaga, asingatombomira pamberi pemwanakomana wake wemwedzi gumi nemumwe. Uyezve, makore maviri gare gare, mushonga wake unozivikanwa. Kupfuura neEurope, ichaitwa kusvika pakati pe1970, ichiunza kupera kweiyo diki, sekubvumidzwa neiyo WHO 1980.
Nyika isina hosha kuburikidza nemushonga weAI?
Makambani eIT achasanganisa mushonga mune ramangwana uye anogona kubatsira kune nyika isina chirwere:
IBM's Watson - IBM inoisa supercomputer Watson mukushandira hutano. Iyo inofananidza mhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwerudzi rwemurwere mumaminitsi nemamirioni emamwe marekodhi emurwere, kurapwa kunogona uye mishumo yekutsvagurudza. Izvi zvinotungamira kune iyo inokurumidza nzira yekunyatsoongororwa chirwere uye inoenderana kurapa kurapa. Kuti vaite izvi, vanoshanda pamwe nekambani yekurapa Quest Diagnostics. Vanachiremba kana makiriniki vanogona kutenga sevhiri sevhisi. "Uku kushambadzira kwakapararira kwaWatson mumunda weconcology," akadaro John Kelly, anoshanda nesangano reIBM.
Google - Na google zvakakodzera iyo injini yekutsvaga inopinda mumunda wekurapa. Ine iyo DNA test kambani 23andMe, akatotora dhatabheti re850.000 DNA samples iro vashandisi vakaendesa nokuzvidira. Makambani emishonga Roche naPfizer vachashandisa iyi data yeDVD pakutsvagisa. Asi Google inoda kuvandudza akawanda, iwo iwo mushonga. Google Labs yakabatana naNovartis kukudziridza insulin-inonzwa yekumonana lens uye kwenguva yakareba yakatanga kuvandudza nano-mishonga.
Microsoft - Bill Gates kambani ine icho chigadzirwa Zvehutano NEXT yakatengeswa, yegore-yakavakirwa ekuchenjera kungwara nekutsvaga basa. Mumakore gumi, ivo zvakare vanoda kuve vakagadzirisa "dambudziko rekenza". Izvi zvinofanirwa kuve zvinogoneka neiyo kambani ye "Biological Comptip Unit" ine chinangwa chenguva refu ndechokushandura maseru kuita makomputa anorarama ayo anogona kucherechedzwa. Kuita kwemasero emukenza hakuna kunetsa mukati mavo, akadaro maneja wevashandi Kunyangwe inoshambadza PC inemagetsi inokwana computa simba rekuona ari pasi pemahara.
apuro - Apple inopa vashandisi vayo ne Tsvaga YeKitKutanga, yekuvandudza yeapuratifomu, kugona kupa data ravo kubva kuhutano hutachiona zvakananga nezvekurapa kwekurapa. Izvi zvinokwezva makuru makuru ekutsvagisa sevasimudziri vakadaro ekudzidza maapp. "ResearchKit inopa nharaunda yemasayendisiti mukana wehuwandu hwakasiyana hwepasi rose uye kuunganidzwa kwedata kupfuura nakare kose," akadaro Apple.
Kuona, zano, gomarara - rakakwanira nyika isina chirwere?
Kuti abvise chirwere, mune iyi chirwere chinotapukira, chii chinodiwa pamusoro pechiono chose, zano, gomarara uye rakabatika vanhu vepasi rese? Zvinonzwika zvakanaka here kuti zvive zvechokwadi? Zvakare. Nekuti inoshaya inonzi yekudzivirira kudzivirira kwemukati. Vhoti, vaccination uye isina kukwana magadziriso ekurapa munyika zhinji anoona izvi. Naizvozvo, mbichana mbichana ichiri yega chirwere chakatapukira. Hazvizoshanduke kuti munguva pfupi, nyika isina hosha kurota remangwana.
MuAustria chete, vanopfuura hafu yevabereki vaceptics (56%), maererano nekuongorora kwakaitwa neKarl-Landsteiner Association Yekusimudzira kwekurapa-Sayenzi. Saka chii chinoda panguva ino? Kurudyi, zvakare muoni. Zita rake anogona kuva Scott Nuismer. Nusimer musayendisiti kuYunivhesiti yeIdaho kuMoscow zvakare ane chirongwa chakashinga: kugadzira mushonga unozvipararira woga uye unodzivirira zvakanyanya kana kubvisa chirwere chinotapukira. Kuti izvi zvinogona kushanda, Nuismer yakaverengerwa simason uchishandisa muenzaniso wepoliyo. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, semuenzaniso, chete 11 muzana yakachengetedzwa zvakakwana pakati pe17- kusvika kune 53-vane makore ekuGermany.
Zvombo zvitsva zvinopesana nekenza
Masero ekudzivirira emuviri
MuUS, 2017 yakatenderwa kubva munaSeptember iine genetical immune modified immune masokisi. Izvi hazvizongobata dzimwe nzira dzechirwere chemoukemia uye lymphoma, asiwo dzimwe mhando dzekenza, dzakadai sebundu pazamu, ovary, mapapu kana pancreas, vanoongorora tariro.
Molecular Biology
Iko kushandurwa kwemajini kunobatsira kukurudzira kwegomarara kwakaongororwa zvakadzama mumakore apfuura. Nekuda kweizvozvo, biotech zvinodhaka (monoclonal antibodies) uye madiki maumbirwo akaumbwa akagadziriswa ayo anorwisa zvakananga maitiro uye kusaina nzira dzemasero emukenza. Ikozvino pane zvinopfuura 200 zvinhu mune chinangwa checancer kurapwa mumakiriniki miyedzo pasi rese.
Arsenic
Arsenic, inozivikanwa sehupfu yekuuraya, inogona kuponesa hupenyu hwevanhu panguva yakakodzera dhigirii, inotumirwa panguva yakakodzera. Arsenic trioxide inovandudza mukana wekupora mune mumwe musiyano we acute myeloid leukemia, promyelocytic leukemia. Izvi zvakaratidzirwa nekuongororwa kwePhase III muNew England Journal of Medicine.
epigenetics
Sayenzi iri kushanda kuti iwane epigenetic mamaki ayo anoita basa rekenza senge kenza yeropa. Muchiitiko ichi, vari kuyedza vamiririri vanozoshandura shanduko idzi. Cancer masero, saka tariro yavo, inogona kushandurwa kuti iite maseru ane hutano nenzira iyi.
Cold plasma
Kuvimbiswa ndeyemhando yeplasma, ine nezve kupisa kwemuviri uye inogona kugadzirwa nyore nyore kubva kumagetsi yakajairirwa magasi akanaka uye kubva kumhepo. Kurapa masero emukenza aine plasma inotonhora, iwo anouraya nekukurumidza uye nemasikirwo, maseru emuviri akapoterera, masimba emuviri anogona kukura zvakare mukati medumbu rakakuvara.
Nheyo ye "biotic chombo"
Uye izvi ndozvazvinoita: MuLabhoritari Nuismer uye timu yake vari kutevedzera hutachiona, mune iyi kesi PolioInjiniyenzi yakagadzirirwa kumisa kuti ikonzere chirwere asi kugeza masimba emuviri pakurwisa pathogen kana imwe hutachiona. Utachiona uhwu hunoburitswa musango, hunopararira huchiri hwoga uye kunyange vacheche vachangozvibata nekwavanogara. Kushanya kwachiremba kuchirongwa? Hapana anochida futi. Nekudaro, izvo izvo zvinotora kuti tizive kuti isingaakuvadze mutsauko wepakutanga pathogen, senge hutachiona husina kusimba hutachiona hunoshandurwa kuti hurege kukura kuva hutachiona hunokonzera chirwere. Sezvineiwo, izvi hazvireve kupenga chiratidzo chenguva yemberi, kuzviparadzira pachako vaccging yave kutoshandiswa mukuedza kwemhuka. Panyaya yechirwere chebarabi neSin-Nombre hantavirus, makonzo emhembwe arikuri kuyedza izvozvi. Uye musayendisiti Nuismer ane chokwadi chekuti nenzira iyi munguva pfupi vhairasi dzakadai seEbola dzicharwiswa, dzinotapurwa kubva kuchikara kuenda kuvanhu.
Nyika isina hosha: muponesi genetic engineering?
Saka munguva pfupi tinogona kuve nezvirwere zvinotapukira zvichitongwa. Asi zvakadiniko nezvezvirwere zvakagara nhaka? Kunyangwe izvo hazvina kugona kutamba mutambo we2050. Uye nekuda kwe genetic engineering. Mumazamu, masayendisiti achapindira nemaune genome kuitira kuti abvise majini ane mhosva yezvirwere zvisingawanzo.
Izvo hazvizoitika nekukurumidza? Yakareba kare, muna Kubvumbi 2015 kuChina - kunyangwe kuyedza kwakakundikana panguva iyoyo. Kurapa kweGene muvanhu vane chirwere chakakomba vatove vanofungidzirwa nezvetsika uye zviri pamutemo vasingazeze, chero bedzi shanduko isingaendeswa kune vana. Kuti apindire, hunhu chete hwekuzvarwa huri pasi pechirwere hunofanirwa kunyatsozivikanwa, seCystic Fibrosis, Huntington's chirwere uye Amyotrophic Hamoraoal Sclerosis (ALS). Zvirwere izvi zvichabviswa mukutanga embryonic chikamu mune ramangwana.
Uye imwe nzira inounza genetic engineering nayo: "Crispr / Cas9". Izvi zvinogona kushandiswa kuchinja genome yezvinomera, mhuka nevanhu. Semuenzaniso, kushandurwa kwemapfupa muzvirwere zvakadai seresa cell anemia kuchakurumidza kuve chinhu chekare mune yedu ramangwana mamiriro. Panzvimbo pekuendesa masero evanopa, mumwe anongogadzirisa hurema hwakashata mune yega hematopoietic masero. Yunivhesiti yeMassachusetts yakatobvisa gene mumaseru maseru inogadzira mhando yedhaidhiya yemasidhi. Kuzvidzima pachinzvimbo chekucheka nekugadzirisa kuchazoita motto. Pakupedzisira, kune zvakare nhau dzakanaka kune vanoda nzvimbo dzinopisa. Kunyangwe hosha dzinopisa dzakadai semarariya dzichangova dzakare - kubudikidza nekupindira kwakanangwa mune genome reumhutu.
Kutsoropodzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekutanga genetic engineering
Parizvino Greenpeace inotyisidzirwa nekufunga kweAdvocate General kuEuropean Court of Justice. Novel genetic engineering maitiro haafanire kunge achibatwa zviri pamutemo kunge genetic engineering. Iyi inovesi genetic engineering nzira dzakadai seCRISPR-Cas (Yakasunganidzwa Nguva Dzose Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) zvinehunyanzvi kupindira genome strand. Ikozvino hapana chikonzero chekutenda kuti zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa uchishandisa nyowani genetic engineering nzira hazvina kukanganisa pamunharaunda kana pahutano. Mune genetic engineering modified uchishandisa CRISPR-Cas nzira, kusachinja kwekuchinja genome kwakawanikwawo mune zvidzidzo. "Kana zvidyarwa chete, zvidyarwa izvi zvinokwanisa kudarika kana kuramba zvichibereka. Migumisiro yeiyi tekinoroji yengozi inogona kukanganisa zvirimwa zvese, mhuka nevanhu - kunyangwe avo vasingashandisi hunyanzvi hwakadai kana kuramba zvigadzirwa zveGM, "akadaro mutauri weGreenpeace Hewig Schuster.
Kana kuti rinofanira kunge rakasiyana zvachose. Nezve Tsika Chinese Chinese TCM? kana dzimwe nzira?
Photo / Video: Shutterstock.
