Sonja Bettel
Tsvagurudzo yakaratidza kuti kuzivikanwa kwezvakatipoteredza kwakakosha chete gumi muzana yezvekushanduka kune hunhu-hunonakidza maitiro.
Zhizha rino, munhu wese anga achiungudza nezve kupisa uye vamwe vakatambura chaizvo. Parizvino, vanhu vazhinji vanoziva kuti kukwira kwemhepo kuri kupindirana nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Kunyange zvakadaro, vanomhanyisa kuenda kubasa zuva rega rega uye vanobhururuka mundege nendege zororo, Izvo zvinokonzerwa nekushaikwa kwezivo, kushaiwa kwezvinokurudzira kana mirau yepamutemo? Mumwe anogona kuchinja kuziva kwezvakatipoteredza?
Chikamu chezvemagariro psychology chakave nemafungiro akasiyana pamusoro pezvavanotora kuti vanhu vachinje maitiro avo uye kumanikidza nzanga kuti ive nharaunda yakasarudzika hunhu mukati memakore apfuura 45, anodaro Sebastian Bamberg, Psychologist paFachhochschule Bielefeld kuGermany. Iye ave achitsvaga nekudzidzisa pamusoro penyaya yacho kubvira mumakore 1990 uye atoona nharaunda mbiri dzepfungwa psychology.
Chikamu chekutanga, anoongorora, chinototanga mumakore 1970. Panguva iyoyo, mhedzisiro yekusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza pamwe nekuitika kwekuparadzwa kwemasango, kukurukurwa kwemvura inonaya, kukoromoka kwecorale uye iyo inorwisa-simba renyukireya simba mukuzivisa kweruzhinji.
Chinja kucherechedzwa kwenzvimbo: Pfungwa mune maitiro
Panguva iyoyo, zvaifungidzirwa kuti dambudziko rezvemamiriro ekunze rakakonzerwa nekushaikwa kwezivo nekushaikwa kwekuziva kwezvakatipoteredza. Sebastian Bamberg: "Pfungwa yaive yekuti kana vanhu vakaziva kuti dambudziko nderei, vobva vazvibata zvakasiyana." Kushaurisa kwedzidzo kuchiri kwakakurumbira kupindira muzvishumiro zveGerman, anoona chiremba wepfungwa. Kutsvaga kwakawanda mu1980 uye 1990 makore kwakaratidza, zvisinei, kuti kuziva kwezvakatipoteredza kwakakosha kune 10% yekuchinja kwemaitiro.
"Kwatiri nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa, izvi hazvinyanyo shamisa," anodaro Sebastian Bamberg, nekuti maitiro anonyanya kutsanangurwa nemhedzisiro yakanangana neayo. Izvo zvakaoma nemamiriro ekunze ekukuvadza maitiro ndeyekuti iwe haucherechedze zvakakanganiswa nezviito zvako pachako uye kwete zvakananga. Kana yakatinhira ndokubhenekera padivi neni, pandakangotarisa kumota yangu, icho chaizove chimwe chinhu.
Sebastian Bamberg akataura mune yake tsvagurudzo, zvisinei, kuti iripo yakakwirira yezvekuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo inogona "yakanaka magirazi", kubudikidza neayo munhu anoona nyika: Kumunhu ane yakakura yenzvimbo yekuziva kwezvakatipfuura makiromita mashanu anokwira bhasikoro kuenda kubasa hakusi kwenguva refu, kune mumwe ane kuziva kwakadzika kwezvakatipoteredza.
Kuchinja kuziva kwezvakatipoteredza - mutengo & mabhenefiti
Asi kana zivo isina kukwana shanduko yehunhu, zvino chii? Mumakore e1990, zvakaverengerwa kuti vanhu vanoda zvirinani kukurudzira maitiro avo. Maitiro ekushandiswa akafambisa pakati pehurukuro yemamiriro ekunze uye nekudaro mubvunzo wekushandiswa kwemhoteredzo wakasununguka zvakanyanya pamusoro pekuongororwa kwemubhadharo-wemubhadharo kana pazvinangwa zvetsika. Sebastian Bamberg akadzidza izvi pamwe chete nevamwe pamwe chete kuti aunze tikiti remahara (kureva kuti rakatorwa mutengo) weti yemesitiketi yekutakura veruzhinji muGiessen.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, chikamu chevadzidzi vanoshandisa kutakurwa neveruzhinji chakawedzera kubva pa15 kuenda kune 36 muzana, uku kushandiswa kwemotokari dzevatakuri kwakawa kubva 46 kuenda ku31 muzana. Mune imwe ongororo, vadzidzi vakataura kuti vakachinjira kune zvekutakura vanhu nekuti yaive yakachipa. Izvo zvaizotaura for the mutengo-mubairo sarudzo. Asi izvo, tsika yemagariro zvakare yakashanda, zvinoreva kuti vandinodzidza navo vanotarisira kuti ini ndiende nebhazi panzvimbo pemotokari.
Factor group maitiro
Zvinonakidza, anodaro nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Bamberg, kuti vadzidzi vakabvunzwa isati yatanga kwetikiti yemesitamende neAStA, komiti yevadzidzi, kuti tiketi rinofanira kuunzwa. Pakange paine kupokana kukuru pamusoro pazvo kwevhiki, uye pakupedzisira vanenge zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvevadzidzi vakavhotera. "Mufungo wangu ndewekuti nharo idzi dzakatungamira mukutsigirwa kana kurambwa kwetiketi kunova chiratidzo chekuzivikanwa kwemudzidzi," anopedzisa kudaro nyanzvi yezvepfungwa yezvakatipoteredza. Kuruboshwe, mapoka ezvemamiriro ekunze aifarira, achichengetedza, vamiriri vemashopu vachipokana nazvo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kwatiri sevanhu veruzhinji hazvina kukosha izvo chete zvatinobatsirwa nemaitiro, asiwo zvakanyanya zvinotaurwa nevamwe uye zvinoitwa nevamwe.
Chinhu chetsika
Shanduko yedzimwe dzidziso pamusoro pekuziva nezvezvakatipoteredza inotaura kuti maitiro ezvakatipoteredza sarudzo ine hukama. Zvakanaka, ndine hana yakaipa kana ndichityaira mota, uye ndinonzwa zvakanaka pandinotenderera, kana kufamba kana kushandisa chiteshi cheveruzhinji.
Chii chinonyanya kukosha, kuzvifarira kana tsika? Ongororo dzakasiyana siyana dzinoratidza kuti vese vane basa rakasiyana: hunhu hunokurudzira kushanduka, kuzvifadza kunotadzisa izvozvo kuti zviitike. Vavariro chaiyoiyo yekune hunhu zvakasikwa maitiro haazi iye mumwe kana mumwe, asi hunhu hwega, saka kuti ndinoda kuva munhu worudzii, anotsanangura Bamberg.
Mumakore achangopfuura, psychology yezvemamiriro ekunze yakauya kumhedziso, zvichibva pane zvese izvi zvidzidzo, kuti kusanganiswa kwechinangwa kwakakosha kune hunhu hunogarisana:
Vanhu vanoda mubayiro wepamusoro wepamunhu nemutengo wakaderera, asi isuwo hatidi kuve nguruve.
Nekudaro, iwo emhando dzakapfuura aisazorega chimwe chakakosha chinhu: zvakatiomera zvakanyanya kuti tishandise maitiro, akajairwa maitiro. Kana ini ndichipinda mumota zuva rega rega mangwanani uye ndokuenda kubasa, ini handina kana kumbofunga nezvazvo. Kana pasina dambudziko, semuenzaniso kana ini ndisingamiriri mu traffic jam mazuva ese kana mutengo wemafuta uchikwira zvakanyanya, saka ini handioni chikonzero chekuchinja maitiro angu. Ndokunge, kutanga, kuchinja maitiro angu, ini ndinoda chikonzero chekuti, chechipiri, ini ndinoda zano rekuti ndingachinja sei maitiro angu, chechitatu, ndinofanira kutora matanho ekutanga, uye chechina, kuita hunhu hutsva tsika.
Kukurukurirana kusati kwasvika ruzivo
Isu tese tinogona kuziva kuti, kana tichida kurega kuputa, kuderedza uremu kana kuita zvimwe zvekurovedza muviri. Vanachipangamazano vanowanzokurudzira kuunza vamwe muchikepe, saka kufambidzana neshamwari kana shamwari yemitambo. Ruzivo zvinhu, sekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kana kudzivirira kwepurasitiki, saka zvine zero nemhedzisiro pamaitiro ezvakatipoteredza, saka Bamberg. Iyo nhaurirano inonyanya kushanda.
Imwezve nyaya inodzokororwa ndeye izvo munhu anogona kuita uye kuti matinji anoda kushandurwa sei. Natural psychology saka parizvino iri kunetseka nematanho ekuita pamwe maitiro anogona kuumba chimiro chemagariro ekugadziridza kugadzirwa uye nzira yekushandisa. Izvi zvinoreva:
Isu tinofanirwa kushandura zvimiro isu pachedu pane kumirira zvematongerwo enyika - asi kwete tega.
Muenzaniso wakanaka weizvi vanonzi vanoshandura mataundi, umo vagari vanobatana vachichinja hunhu hwavo uye hukama munharaunda dzakawanda uye nekudaro vanoita nezvematongerwo enyika.
Kuchinja kudzokera pakuziva zvakatipoteredza uye basa rekufambisa mukuita kudaro. Saka unogona sei kukurudzira vanhu kuti vatendeuke kubva kumotokari kuenda kune bhasikoro parwendo rwezuva nezuva kuenda kubasa? Alec Hager uye wake "radvokaten" anozviratidza. Kubva pagore 2011 anotungamira mushandirapamwe "Austria iri kutenderera kuti ishandise", iko parizvino makambani e3.241 ane 6.258 zvikwata uye 18.237 vanhu vanotora chikamu. Makiromita anopfuura 4,6 emakiromita akatoputirwa gore rino, achichengetedza 734.143 kilogiramu eCX2.
Alec Hager akauya nezano rekuratidzira Denmark, Germany neSwitzerland uye yakajairana neAustria. Semuenzaniso, iyo Radel Lotto yakaunzwa, kwaunogona kukunda chimwe chinhu zuva rega rega rekushanda muna May, kana iwe uri munzira. Ndeipi nzira yekubudirira kwe "Radelt zum Arbeit"? Alec Hager: "Pane zvinhu zvitatu: raffle, saka kutamba, uyo anounza pamwe zvakanyanya makiromita nemazuva, nevazhinji vanowanda mumakambani vanonyengetedza vavanoshanda navo kuti vapindewo."
Photo / Video: Shutterstock.
