Elizabeth Oberzaucher
Mamiriro ezvekubereka emhuka zhinji akadai kuti agokwanisa kufukidza izvo zvavanoda, asi hazviwanzo kuitika, izvo zvinokonzeresa kuwanikwa kwezvekushandisa. Nekudaro, kuwanikwa kwezvekushandisa hakuna kugoverwa zvakaenzana, uye vamwe vanhu vane zvakawanda nekuda kwenzvimbo yavo yekutungamira kana pamusoro penharaunda yavo: zviwanikwa zvekudya, vakawanda vanobatana navo, uye vamwe vana. Izvi zvatova zveumbozha here?
Miganhu yezvatinotsanangudza seyakagadzikana ndeyemvura. Kwakatangira izwi rekuti hupfumi rinobva ku Latin, uko "dislocated" iri kunzwisiswa sekutsauka kubva kune zvakajairwa, uye inomira yakawanda uye marara. Saka umbozha kubvapo kubva pakushaiwa, kunopa mufaro. Nekudaro, hupfumi hunorevawo kuparadza kushandisa zviwanikwa, pasina kufunga nezve kuwanikwa kwakawanda uye kusimba.
Kune rimwe divi, kune nzvimbo yakawandisa yekunakirwa, yakawanda mufaro, kupfuura nakare kose. Pnguva imwechete, zvakadaro, kunyangwe munharaunda yedu-ine hukama, mhino dzemunhu dzinozvitutumadza kana mumwe munhu akazvipira ega kunakidzwa. Huturu hwatinotsvaga ndehwekuti isu takawana isu semubairo wekushanda nesimba, kwete iwo unowira mumakumbo edu. Iyo yekutanga inoonekwa semubhadharo wakakodzerwa nemubhadharo wekuti hupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva kazhinji hahufadzi, uye unoshanda sewe kukurudzira kupa mabasa ayo hupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva hwehunyanzvi hunoda kwatiri.
Nei Luxury iri Sexy
Zvinhu zvemhando yepamusoro zvinoshandawo sezviratidzo zviratidzo. Kana tichigona kudhura, tinosaina kuti hatigone kungoita zvido zvedu zvekutanga, asi gadzira zvasara izvo zvatinogona kushandisa zvine hunyanzvi. Kunyangwe kudzora kweakawandisa zviwanikwa chinhu chinoyevedza, izvi zvakaganhurirwa kubata kwavo noutsinye. Munhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu, zviwanikwa zvaive zvisina kukosha chete, asi zvakare zvakafunga kana zvaibvira kubereka zvinobudirira. Naizvozvo, kudzora zviwanikwa kwakaita basa rakakosha mukusarudzwa kwemumwe, asi achigara achibatanidzwa pamwe nekuda kugovera izvo zviwanikwa. Mune dzidziso yemhindumupindu, kuda kwechirume chinzvimbo kunotsanangurwa nekuwedzera tarisiro yekubereka yemadzitateguru edu ehurume. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti kuchine hukama pakati pehunhu hwemagariro pamwe nekubudirira kwekubereka kwemurume. Kubva pane izvozvi maonero, mumwe anogona kugumisa kuti zvimiro zvehunhu hazvisi zvemhando yepamusoro, asi zvinoshumirwa chinodiwa: vanobatsira varume kuwedzera mutengo wemusika wavo. Nekudaro, ivo vanongoita basa iri kana rasanganiswa nehunhu hunoratidza hunhu hwekutsigira uye hunotsigira, hwakadai sekugamuchirwa munharaunda uye rupo.
Yemboro sekutyaira
Hazvishamisi kuti "kupinza mune chimwe chinhu" kunotamba chikamu chepakati munharaunda mune vanhu vazhinji vanowana basa risingapi mubayiro wechinangwa, asi senzira yekupedzisira. Hunhu hwokuzvarwa nahwo hwakaitwa nezvatinoita ndiko kuomesa musoro. Kukurudzira kunotifambisa mune chaikoiko, kunotipa kukurudzira kuti tifambe, simba rekushingirira kuita uye dzimwe nguva kuita zvinhu zvinonetesa uye zvisingafadze. Muvanhu, kugona kumirira mubairo, iko kuzadziswa kwechinangwa chekukurudzira, kunozikanwa kupfuura mune imwe mhuka. Kune akawanda marudzi, hapafanire kuve nenguva yakawandisa pakati pemaitiro nemubairo - kana chirango - icho, kana zvikasadaro hachizivikanwe sekuwirirana. Muvanhu, zvakadaro, uyu mubairo wakanonoka unoshanda zvinoshamisa uye nehurefu hwakanyanya. Isu tinotsungirira risinganakidze hupenyu hwehupenyu kwegore rese zvakanaka nemafungiro ezororo rakanaka. Isu tinoisa zvirambidzo pazvinhu zvedu zvezuva nezuva kuitira kuti tiite mainvestment investimendi. Asi zvakare mhedzisiro yekuenda kumitambo yekudya kana yekudya ine midzi yayo mumubayiro unotarisirwa mune ramangwana.
"Sezvo hupenyu hwehupenyu hunowanda, zvinhu zvinozviratidza-izvo zvakange zvakachengeterwa kwenguva shomashoma muchizvarwa chakapfuura."
Elizabeth Oberzaucher, University of Vienna
Inflationary yakasvibirira
Zvatinofunga zvekumbozha sezvisina kukosha asi zvinodikanwa zvinoenderana zvakanyanya nemagariro edu. Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvemamiriro ezvinhu uye mukurumbira zvinhu izvo isu chatinoda kupa chimwe chinhu? Sezvo miitiro yekurarama ichikwira, zvinhu zvinozviratidza-izvo zvakange zvakachengeterwa kwenguva shomashoma muchizvarwa chakapfuura. Pamwe pamwe nekukwira kwepamusoro, kudiwa kwezvinhu izvi kunoderera. Luxury ndiyo inoshamisa, haiwanzo kuwanikwa, inodhura. Izvo zvinowanikwa kune wese munhu anorasikirwa nehuhu hunhu hunokosha. Saka kwatinotungamira zvido zvedu kunoenderana zvishoma pane izvo chaizvo zvinodiwa pane izvo zvinonzi zvisingawanzo kukosha.
Kwenguva yakareba, mota yaionekwa kunge yakasarudzika nekuti kune vanhu vazhinji kufamba kwakakwanisika chete neimwe nzira. Iko kukosha kwakapihwa kune imwe mavhiri mana eumboo kunogona kuoneka mune zvinotevera zvinotevera: kusiyana nemidziyo yevatengi, mwero weVAT pamotokari uchiri 32 muzana panzvimbo ye20 muzana. Huwandu hwemutero hwakawedzerwa haufambe neimwe nzira pasi pezita rekushandisa "mutero wakashata". Zvekutenga mota vanhu vane mhosva avo kufamba kwavo kunogonawo kuitwa pasina mota yavo. Kunyanya mumaguta akakura, kuve nemotokari kune vanhu vazhinji zvinoreva kuve neyekumira panzvimbo pemotokari, uchifunga nezvekuti inowanzoita sei isingafambiswe. Pano, zvakadaro, shanduko iri kuitika nhasi: nhamba yevechidiki vasina rezinesi rekutyaira iri kuwedzera. Munzvimbo dzemadhorobha, huwandu hwemota pagumbo rinodonha. Mota dzakatsiviwa nehunhu hutsva hwemhando yepamusoro.
Status zviratidzo zveboka
Sezvo kushanda kwezviratidzo kwezvikamu kunoenderana nekuti vamwe vangatarisira kuzengura peke, sarudzo dzinovhurwa kukurudzira kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwezvinhu. Chese chinhu chinogona kuve chiratidzo chechimiro, chinofanira kungozivikanwa seichi. Izvi zvakaitika, semuenzaniso, muchikamu chekudya: Mumakore achangopfuura, kudyiwa kwechikafu chepamusoro-soro mune yepamusoro kirasi yepasi kwakawana kukosha kukuru. Haisi chete mari yakawanda inoshandiswa kumari, inotaurirwazve zvakanyanya nezvazvo. Chete nemari inowirirana, zvinokwanisika kupa mari kune hunyanzvi hwevarimi vemudunhu uye waini yakajeka yeiyo waini yewaini. Pamusoro pekunakidzwa, kusimudzirwa zvakare kunorangarira kusimudzira sekukurudzira kweiyi tsika yekushandisa. Huturu hwehunhu hwehutano hwakanaka hunoreva kuti parizvino hwakachengeterwa vanhu vepamusoro, asi vanohuita chiratidzo chemhando, uye nokudaro hunogona kubatsira ruzhinji rwakawanda kurwirira. Kurudziro iyi pamusoro pekuzeya yakatsanangurwa neyezve shanduko yepfungwa Bobbi Low uye akaiswa mune yehupfumi hwehupfumi. Iyo yekushanduka kwendangariro yekupokana yakavakirwa pane chokwadi chekuti chimiro chinotora chikamu mukusarudzwa kwemukwanyina. Saka kana mamwe maitiro akasarudzika maitiro akaitwa mamiriro ezviratidzo, ivo kazhinji vanogona kuteverwa sekudikanwa.
Izwi rekuti "Nudging”Zvave kuzivikanwa kubvira Richard Thaler paakapiwa mubayiro wegore rino weNobel muEconomics. Panzvimbo pekukakavadzana, nzira iyi inoshandisa manzwiro uye maitiro asina chaanoziva kuti vanhu vasarudze yakanyanya kutsiga maitiro.
Naizvozvo, umbozha mukana unoshamisa: kana tikabudirira kusanganisa hunhu hwakanaka uye zvinhu nemufananidzo wekunakisa uye chinzvimbo, tinoita kuti zvakatipoteredza ziva uye hunhu hunhu hunodiwa uye hunokwezva. Kana tikasarudza iyi sarudzo kubva mukati medhiyo, tinoramba takavimbika neimwe nzira inodiwa yepasi rese pane apo nhaurwa dzinopokana dzinounzwa kwatiri nekwedu index yemunwe yakasimudzwa.
Kumirira kuwedzera kwebhizimusi
Kunonoka mubairo kunoda huwandu hwakafanira hwekuzvidzora. Matanho atinokwanisa kuzviita paudiki akafunda mune 1970 makore uchishandisa marshmallow test. Pano, mwana akapihwa marshmallow uye akapa maviri sarudzo: ingave inogona kudya imwe marshmallow nekukasira, kana kuti inogona kuzvidzora uye kumirira kwechinguva kuti iye anoedza adzoke. Dai mwana asina kudya marshmallow panguva iyoyo, aigona kutora mumwe. Kuedza uku kwakaratidza kuti vana vaive nekunetseka kukuru kuramba muedzo; vazhinji vakadya pipi pasati yatanga yaedzwa. Zvichangoitwa kutsvagurudza kwakaratidza kuwedzera kwechikamu chevana vakaramba vakasimba. Nekudaro, izvi zvinogona kuve nechokuita nenyaya yekuti nhasi vana vane zvakawanda zvisingavhiringidzwe mikana yekuwana sweets.
Maitiro evanhu vakuru anoratidzawo kuti hatisi kunyatsonaka pakufunga nezveramangwana uye kumirira mibairo. Kunyangwe iri rekudyara kana kurongedza pension, hatidi kuita sarudzo dzehupfumi zvakanyanya. Maitiro ezvehupfumi ehupfumi anopa huchenjeri mukati memamiriro ezvinhu atinoda kusarudza gare gare, asi mibairo yepamusoro: mubairo wepamberi unofanirwa kunge wakadzikira zvakanyanya pane iyo ramangwana remubatsiro, uye izvi hazvifanirwe kunge zvichinyanyisa munguva yemberi. Chekupedzisira asi chisiri chidiki, isu tinofanirwa kuve nekutenda kuti dura redu mune ramangwana riri mumaoko akachengeteka. Ari ega nguva yenguva yatotangisa kusagadzikana.
Photo / Video: Shutterstock.
