Hupenyu paMars - Kuenda kunzvimbo itsva

Vanhu vese vanotyisidzirwa nemamiriro ehupoteri. Izwi rekuti "kutama" - isu tava kuverenga 7,2 bhiriyoni - rinotora chikamu chitsva. Dzepasi, izvo zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko. Chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi: isu tinokwanisa kusiya edu echipo, mafosifisi-akachengetedzwa pamoto zvichangoburwa - nzira yekumba nyowani haisati yakavakwa.

Ehe, pachine nzvimbo yakakura yekuparadza, asi zvinonetsa zvinofanirwa kutarisana. Kunyangwe iwo matanho ekubuda mune ramangwana: ndedzipi sarudzo dzinosara kana mhepo ikaita diki nekuonda? Sarudzo yekutanga: Isu tinogara uye tinogumisa kuti titende kune zvitsva, zvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi - semuenzaniso pasi pegirazi rakakura. Sarudzo yechipiri: Tinorongedza zvinhu zvedu zvinomwe toenda kunzvimbo itsva, dziri kure.

Zvinowanikwa nyika

"Ini ndinofunga kuti nguva yedu ichayeukwa seiya yatakatanga kuenda kunyowenyika itsva, senge yekupedzisira 15." Zana remakore panguva yaChristopher Columbus. Tinogona kufunga kuti munhu uyo ​​achatora danho rekutanga kuplanethi Mars, atozvarwa, "anoongorora nezvenyeredzi Gernot Grömer anofambisa kupinda kwepamutemo pa 225 mamirioni mamaira kure, pasi rakatsvuka mukati menguva inowoneka.

Sachigaro weAustria Space Forum OWF inoongorora mamiriro ehupenyu hwamangwana paMars uye zvakare vanoziva vangangoita mukana wekugara nyowani huru yekugara kwevanhu: "Iyi miviri yekudenga inowanikwa nemuchadenga ndeyeMwedzi neMars. Muchokwadi, iyo nyika yechando muOuter Solar System zvakare inonakidza, seSaturn mwedzi Enceladus uye Jovian mwedzi weEurope. Parizvino isu tinoziva nzvimbo sere mune solar system umo mvura yemumvura inogoneka. "

ugari nyika

Mars
Mars ipasi rechina remuchadenga wedu wakaonekwa kubva kuzuva. Yayo dhayamita inenge hafu yakaenzana nehurefu hwePasi neinenge 6800 kilometres, huwandu hwayo hwakanaka gumi negumi rePasi. Radar zviyero zvichishandisa Mars Express probe yakaratidza masizi emvura echando yakadzika muodzanyemba polar mudunhu, iyo Plum Australe.

Enceladus
Enceladus (zvakare Saturn II) ndiyo gumi nemana uye yechitanhatu hukuru we 62 inozivikanwa mwedzi yepasi rino Saturn. Iyo mwedzi yechando uye inoratidzira basa re cryovolcanic rine matsime akanyanya kwazvo emvura echando masengezi munzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba hemisphere inogadzira mhepo yakatetepa. Iyi zvitubu zvimwe zvinopa E-mhete yeSaturn. Munzvimbo yekuputika kwemabasa, humbowo hwemvura yakawanikwa zvakare, zvichiita kuti Enceladus ive imwe yenzvimbo dzinogona kunge dziri muchimiro chezuva nemamiriro ezvinhu akanaka ekusikwa kwehupenyu.

Europe
Europe (inosanganisira Jupita II), ine dhayamita ye3121 km, ndiyo yechipiri yemukati uye diki pane yegumi hukuru hwemwedzi wepuraneti Jupiter uye yechitanhatu yakakura kwazvo mudenga solar. Europe mwedzi wechando. Kunyangwe temburicha iri pamusoro peEurope inosvika pakakwirira -150 ° C, zviyero zvakasiyana zvinoratidza kuti pane 100 km yakadzika yegungwa yemvura yemvura pasi peiyo yakawanda-kilomita yemvura hure.
Kwayaka: Wikipedia

Iwo nzvimbo coloniesists

Sezvo vhiza yevapoteri vevanhu inoshanda pamusoro pezvose: hunyanzvi kuziva-uye kutsungirira. Mune ramangwana, sekureva kwaGrömer, yekutanga, yekubudikira - senge manned, isingaperi Mars station - ichakura zvakanyanya, pakupedzisira ichiva nzvimbo diki: "Basa rehunyanzvi rinodiwa kuchengetedza chigadziko zvachose pamwedzi, semuenzaniso, zvinofungidzirwa. Vanhu variko vachange vari - sevaimbova vagari vekutanga muNyika Nyowani - vane hanya zvakanyanya nekuchengetedzwa kwesimba uye kupona. "Uye kutarisana nenjodzi nyowani nenjodzi: madutu emagetsi, kukanganisa kwemamiriro ekunze, kushaya simba kwehunyanzvi. "Nyanzvi yekuongorora nyeredzi:" Asi vanhu vanokwanisa kuchinjika zvakanyanya - kutarisa vanhu vanogara muAntarktisstationen, kana nzendo refu dzechikepe.

"Somunguva yakapfuura, vagari vekutanga muNyika Itsva vachanyanya kuve nehanya nekuchengetedza zvivakwa uye kupona."
Gernot Grömer, Austrian Space Forum OWF

Seyhanho yekutanga, isu tinotarisira kubuda kwesainzi, pamwe zvichiteverwa nemaindasitiri ekushandisa senge ore migodhi muasteroid. Nekudaro, tiri kutaura pamusoro pekwenguva refu zvirongwa zvinozoonekwa mumakumi emakore ekutanga. "Makoramu akakura anozoitika chete mumazana emakore - chero matambudziko akasarudzika akadai sekusimudzira kwemaitiro ekugadzira matsva uye kuvhara mashandisirwo esimba anogona kushandiswa.

Zvinotarisirwa pakugadziriswa kwepasi

Kusiyana nekubhururuka kuenda kuchiteshi chechiteshi kana mwedzi, rwendo rwekuMars kana imwe mukati medu rezuva rinotora mwedzi yakati wandei. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mukuwedzera kune nzvimbo dzekugara (dzinogara nzvimbo) mupasi uye dhizaini yekutakura uye nzvimbo yemumusha inotora nzvimbo yakakosha.

Kunze kwehunyanzvi hwakakodzera uye kuwanika, zvinoenderana mamiriro ezvinhu anoshanda kuti gonesa hupenyu pane mamwe mapuraneti. Kutanga, inoda kusangana nezvido zvemuviri:

• Dziviriro kubva pamipimo inokuvadza yezvakasikwa, senge radiation, UV mwenje, kupisa kwakanyanya ...
• Humane mamiriro ekunze, akadai sekumanikidza, okisijeni, humidity, ...
• Gravitation
• Zviwanikwa: zvekudya, mvura, mbishi

Mutengo wechiteshi cheMars
YeMars pachigadziko mukurongeka kwehukuru hweInternet Space Station ISS (5.543 matani) nezve 264 kutanga neAriane 5 anodiwa. Mari yakakwana yekufambisa inozofungidzirwa kune 30 bhiriyoni. Aka kakapetwa kagumi mutengo wekufambisa wechiteshi che orbital. Tichifunga nezve theoretical kutakura mutengo migawo yeISS, mishoni yakadaro ingadhura pakati pe250-714 mabhiriyoni euros.
Ehe, munhu anofanirawo kufunga nezvepundutso rwepfuma, sezvo kutsvakwa kwevazivi venyeredzi kunoguma nekuwanda kwezvinhu uye zvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi. Uku kuongorora kwemutengo kunoshanda chete kuratidza mutengo wakaringana.

Terraforming muPasi 2.0

Zvingangofungidzwwe kuita kwemuchadenga, kushandurwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu kune mamiriro ezvinhu anogonesa vanhu hupenyu. Chinhu chisina kudzorwa Pasi pano kwemazana mazana emakore. Zvinoenderana nehunyanzvi hunyanzvi, zvisinei, kuita nyika kwakabatana nekushandisa kwakanyanya nguva, asi zvichinyatsoita. Nekudaro, anotsanangura Grömer, iyo polar ice cap yepaMars, painonyungudika, inogona kutungamira mukuwedzera kwekudenga kwemweya. Kana matangi makuru ealgae muVenus mhepo anotungamira mukudzikisira kwegreenhouse mhedzisiro mune yedu inopisa hanzvadzi nyika. Asi izvi zvakare zviitiko zvekuverengera zveruzivo rwepadhesi. Mammoth mapurojekiti angangoda kuve akagadzirirwa mamirenia.

"Pamusoro pematambudziko ehunyanzvi, ini zvinondinakidza kuona kuti rimwe zuva makambani achagadzira sei ikoko. Mazhinji emitemo yedu nemagungano zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze atinogara - ndiko kuti, tinogona kuwona mafomu matsva enharaunda achibuda pano, "anodaro Grömer, achitarisa kure kure ramangwana revanhu.
Asi iyo yakareba iyo colonization yenyika dziri kure uye mwedzi inove yakajeka mubvunzo wekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa. Grömer: "Nekutsvagirwa kwevanhu, izvo hazvingavi nemusoro, nekuti kuedza kuchengetedza pasi senzvimbo iri nyore pane kutendera kutama kwakakura kusimuka."

Hupenyu mune biospheres

Kunyangwe pamapuraneti ari kure kana papasi rakakuvadzwa neakasika - Chinodiwa chakakosha chenguva yemberi ndiko kunzwisiswa kwesainzi ye-eco-system uye kuchengetedzwa kwavo. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kuedza kwakakura kwakatoitwa, sekunge chirongwa cheBiosphere II, kugadzira yakasarudzika, yemamiriro ekunze uye kuichengetedza kwenguva yakareba. Kunyangwe iine chinangwa chakajeka chekugonesa ramangwana rekugara kwevanhu vari pasi pejecha rinogadzirwa. Zvakawanda kwazvo kumberi: Parizvino, kuedza kwese kwakundikana.

Biosphere II (Infobox) - muyedzo mukuru kusvika pari zvino - waive nechinangwa chikuru. Masayendisiti mazhinji epasi rose ave achigadzirira chirongwa ichi kubvira 1984. Chekutanga bvunzo kumhanya kwaive kuvimbisa: John Allen akave munhu wekutanga kurarama mune yakazara yakavharwa system yekudyarwa kwemazuva matatu - aine mweya, mvura uye chikafu chinogadzirwa musango. Hufakazi hwekuti kutenderera kwe kabhoni kunogona kuiswa kwakakonzera kugara kwe21 kwaLinda Leigh.
Pa 26. Nyamavhuvhu 1991 yaive nguva: vanhu vasere vakashinga muyedzo makore maviri mune dome yakavakwa nehuwandu hwe204.000 cubic metres kurarama - pasina pesvedzero kubva kunze. Kwemakore maviri, vatori vechikamu vaive vagadzirira iyi dambudziko rakakura.
Kubudirira kwekutanga kwehunyanzvi, rekodhi renyika, rakatoburitswa mushure mevhiki: Neine nzvimbo yakakura yekuvhenekera, Biosphere II yakakwanisa kuvaka zvisingaenzaniswi kuvaka kwakasimba: neyakavhurika mwaka pagore yezana gumi muzana 30 nguva denser pane nzvimbo shuttle.

Biology II

Biosphere II yakavakwa kubva ku1987 kuenda ku1989 pane imwe nzvimbo ye1,3 acres kuchamhembe kweTucson, Arizona (USA) uye yaive muyedzo wekumisikidza yakavharwa eco-system uye kuwana-yenguva refu. Iyo 204.000 cubic mita dome tata yaisanganisira nzvimbo dzinotevera uye dzakabatana nyama uye mhunga: savannah, gungwa, tropical tropical sango, mangrove swamp, renje, yakasimba kurima uye dzimba. Iyo purojekiti yakapihwa mari nemabhiridha wekuAmerica, Edward Bass, pamamirioni mazana mana emamiriyoni eUSNUMX. Ese bvunzo dzinoonekwa dzakundikana. Kubva 200, iyo yekuvakisa imba yakashandiswa iyo University yeArizona pakutsvaga nekudzidzisa. Sezvineiwo, zita iri chiratidzo cheyedzo yekusika yechipiri, diki eco-system, zvinoenderana nepasi panenge paine Biosphere I.

Kuedza kwekutanga kwakaitika kubva ku1991 kuenda ku1993 uye ndokupedzisira kubva ku26. Gunyana 1991 makore maviri uye 20 maminetsi. Vanhu vasere vaigara mune dome complex panguva ino - yakadzivirirwa kubva kunze kwenyika, isina mweya nekushinhana zvinhu. Mwenje wezuva nemagetsi chete ndizvo zvakapihwa. Iyo purojekiti yakundikana nekuda kwekushomekedzana kwezvinhu zvakasiyana siyana uye vagari. Semuenzaniso, zvipuka zviduku -vhu zvakasikwa zvakawedzera zvisingatarisirwe huwandu hweitrogen, uye zvipembenene zvawanda zvakanyanya.

Kwechipiri kuyedza yaive 1994 kwemwedzi mitanhatu. Pano, zvakare, chaizvo, mhepo, mvura uye chikafu chakagadzirwa uye ikadzoreredzwa mune ecosystem.

Mamiriro ekunze & kuenzanisa

Asi ipapo yekutanga kudzoreredza: Iko kwezvakatipoteredza chiitiko cheEl Nino pamwe nemamwe makore anoshamisa emagetsi akakonzera kuwedzera kwebhabhoni diokosi uye yakadzora kwazvo photosynthesis. Pamwe, kuwanda kwemakonzo uye fungi akange aparadza zvikamu zvakakura zvekukohwa, chikafu chakapihwa zviri pakati nepakutanga: Mushure megore rimwe, vatori vechikamu vakarasikirwa neavhareji ye16 muzana yehuremu hwavo.
Pakupedzisira, munaApril 1992 iyo inotevera inotyisa meseji: Biosphere II inorasikirwa neokisijeni. Kwete yakawanda, asi ingangoita 0,3 muzana pamwedzi. Ko biosystem inogona kugadzira izvo? Asi iyo kuenzana kwechisikirwo yakasikwa yakazopedzisira yabuda paruoko: iyo oxygen oxygen yakakurumidza kudonha kune inoshungurudza 14,5 muzana. MunaJanuary 2013 pakupedzisira yaifanira kuzopihwa okisijeni kubva kunze - chaiko iko kuguma kwepamberi kwepurojekiti. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuyedza kwakapera: pa26. Nyamavhuvhu 1993, pa8.20 pm, vanyoreri vakasiya iyo biology mushure memakore maviri ekudhirowa. Mhedziso: kunze kwedambudziko rekufema mweya, vertebrates anoshandiswa ne25 akange angorarama matanhatu chete, zvipembenene zvakawanda zvainge zvafa - kunyanya izvo zvingave zvinodikanwa kuti pollinating maruva emuti, humwe huwandu hwevanhu svosve, mapete uye huswa hwanga hwakawedzera zvakanyanya.

Pasinei nezvose zvakawanikwa zvekutanga: "Zvirinani kubvira panguva yekuongororwa kweBiosphere II, isu tinotanga kunzwisisa hukama hwakaoma nehukama munzira. Pfungwa iripo ndeyekuti kunyangwe green greenhouse yatove nematanho akaoma kunzwisisa, "anopedzisa Gernot Grömer.
Mupfungwa iyoyo, zvinokatyamadza kuti hukuru hwakawanda hwesikirwo sePasi huchishanda - kunyangwe ichisimudzirwa nemurume. Inguva yakareba sei kusvikira vagari vayo? Chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi: chitsva chekugara nzvimbo haichazovapo kwenguva refu, kana pasi pegirazi dome kana pane imwe nyeredzi iri kure.

indavhiyu

Astrobiologist Gernot Grömer pane iyo Mars simason, gadziriro dzekudzokorora mune ramangwana kupuraneti tsvuku, zvipingamupinyi zvehunyanzvi uye nei tichifanira kuenda kuMars zvachose.

"Isu tanga tichiita Marssimulation kwemakore uye tichitaura izvi mumaburitsirwo mazhinji uye nyanzvi dzemakomishari - muAustria takakwanisa kutora tsvagiridzo yekutanga panguva yekutanga, iri kutanga nekukurumidza. Iyo quintessence iri nyore kwazvo: Dhiyabhesi iri mune zvese. Chii chandinoita kana chikamu chakakomba chikatadza pane redunhu bhodhi mune chipenga sutu? Izvo chaizvo chaizvo simba rinoda spacecraft rinotarisa uye yakawanda sei iwe yaunogona kutarisira nyeredzi? Kune mishando yemunguva yemberi tinofanirwa kuunza pamwe nesu - kunyangwe yekufambisa nzvimbo - zvakasarudzika huwandu hwepashure, hunhu uye kugona kugadzirisa. Semuenzaniso, 3D anodhinda zvirokwazvo ichave chikamu cheyakajairwa michina yezviteshi zvemwedzi.

Simulation paKaunertal Glacier
Isu tiri parizvino kushanda pane Mars simulation muna Nyamavhuvhu 2015: Pa 3.000 metres pamusoro pegungwa pamhenderekedzo yeKaunertal Glacier, tichave tichienzvera kuongororwa kwe glars ye Mars pasi penzvimbo kwemavhiki maviri. Isu tiri tega boka kuEurope yekutsvagira izvi, saka kufarira kwenyika dzepasirese kwakakwirira.
Tine "nzvimbo dzekuvaka" dzinoverengeka - kubva pakuvharidzira radiation, kuchengetedza simba, kuchenesa mvura, uye pamusoro pazvo, mashandisirwo madiki ezvigadzirwa nemidziyo yerabhoritari kuita sainzi zvakanyatsobudirira paMars. Chii chatakadzidza kusvika parizvino: Mukukura kwakakura kwazvo Marssimulation muNorth Sahara, takakwanisa kuratidza kuti (fossil, microbial) hupenyu huri pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu hunoonekwa. Izvo zvinogona kunge zvisingaite sezvakawanda, asi zvinoratidza kuti musimboti isu tiri kudzidza zvishoma nezvishoma kunzwisisa maturusi uye mashandiro ebasa rekuti basa rakadzika riinhi uye rakabudirira.

"Nekuti iripo".
Kune akawanda mashiripiti akapoterera kuenda kuMars: iyo (yesainzi) kuda kuziva, kune vamwe, pamwe kufunga kwehupfumi, tekinoroji-inosimuka, mukana wekubatana kwenyika dzerunyararo (sekurarama semuenzaniso kuInternet Space Station seprojekiti yerunyararo kubvira 17 makore ). Mhinduro yakatendeseka, zvisinei, ndeyekuti akapa sei Sir Mallory kumubvunzo wekuti sei akatanga akwira Mount Everest: "Nekuti iripo".
Ini ndinofunga isu vanhu tine chimwe chinhu matiri icho dzimwe nguva chinoita kuti isu tizvibvunze kuti chii chiri kupfuura mhiri uye izvo, nekushamisika kwedu, zvakabatsira mukupona senzanga. Isu vanhu hatina kumbofungidzirwa se "marudzi emudunhu," asi takapararira nepasi rose. "

Photo / Video: Shutterstock, imgkid.com, Katja Zanella-Kux.