Sonja Bettel
"Buen vivir ndeye zvemukati, kugarisana pamwe pamwe nekunamata kugutsikana kwenhengo dzese dzenharaunda dzisingakwanise kubhadharisa vamwe uye kwete kurasikirwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa."
Makore gumi apfuura, dambudziko remari rakazungunusa nyika. Kupunzika kwemusika wakazara mari muUnited States kwakaita kuti mabhiriyoni arasikirwa nemabhangi makuru, zvichiteverwa nekudonha kwehupfumi hwenyika uye mhirizhonga yezvemari munyika dzakawanda. Yuro neEuropean Monetary Union dzakawira mudambudziko rakadzika rekuvimba.
Vazhinji vakaziva mu2008 panguva pfupi yapfuura kuti hurongwa hwedu hwezvemari uye hwehupfumi huri munzira isina kunaka zvachose. Avo vakonzera Kudzvinyirira kukuru "vakaponeswa," vakaiswa pasi pe "yekudzivirira" uye vakapihwa mabhonasi. Avo vakanzwa kwavo kwakashata "vakarangwa" nekucheka mune zverubatsiro, kurasikirwa nebasa, kurasikirwa kwedzimba uye hutano kurambidzwa.
Buen Vivir - kudyidzana panzvimbo yemakwikwi
"Mukushamwaridzana kwedu uye nehukama hwezuva nezuva, isu takanaka kana isu tichirarama hunhu hwevanhu: kuvaka chivimbo, kutendeseka, kuteerera, tsitsi, kuonga, kushandira pamwe, kubatsirana uye kubatsirana. Iyo "yemahara" musika hupfumi, kune rumwe rutivi, yakavakirwa pamisimboti yeukoshi hwekuwana mari uye kukwikwidza, "anonyora Christian Felber mubhuku rake 2010" Gemeinwohlökonomie. Muenzaniso wehupfumi wenguva yemberi. "Kupokana uku hakusi chikanganiso munyika yakaoma kana yakawanda, asi njodzi yetsika. Anotigovanisa isu sevanhu uye senharaunda.
Hupfumi hwakanaka hwakajairika hunoreva chirongwa chehupfumi chinosimudzira chakanakira, pachinzvimbo chekuwana mari, makwikwi, makaro negodo. Iwe unogona zvakare kutaura kuti iye anoshandira hupenyu hwakanaka kune vese, pachinzvimbo cheumbozha kune vashoma.
"Hupenyu hwakanaka kune vese" hwava mumakore achangobva kupfuura iyi izwi rinoshandiswa zvakasiyana siyana. Nepo vamwe vachireva kuti iwe unofanirwa kutora nguva yakawanda uye nekunakidzwa neupenyu hwako, pamwe ungaparadzanise marara uye utore Kafati Latte kuti uende mukapu yakagadziriswazve, vamwe vanonzwisisa shanduko yakanyanya. Iyi yekupedzisira ndiyo nyaya inonyanya kunakidza, nekuti inodzokera kune yekune Latin America uye nekuwedzera kune yavo yezvematongerwo enyika uye yemagariro-nehupfumi kukosha zvakare kwekunamata.
"Zviri zvekuvaka nharaunda yakasimba uye inosimudzira munharaunda mune yegadziriro inosimbisa hupenyu."
Hupenyu hwakanaka hwemunhu wese kana Buen Vivir?
Latin America yakave yakaumbwa nekoloniism uye kudzvinyirira, yakatemwa "kukura" uye neoliberalism mumazana emakore apfuura. 1992, 500 Makore mushure mekunge Christopher Columbus awana America, iko kuenderera kwekutenda kutsva kwevanhu veko vakatanga, anodaro musayendisiti wezvematongerwo enyika uye nyanzvi yeLatin American Ulrich Brand. Sezvo 2005 muBolivia neEvo Morales uye 2006 kuEcuador naRafael Correa vanokunda sarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika uye vakaumba mubatanidzwa mutsva unofambira mberi, vanhu veko vanobatanidzwawo. Matunhu matsva anofanirwa kuita hutsva kutanga mushure memasimba ehutongi uye kudzvinyirirwa kwehupfumi kuri pachena. Nyika dzese dziri mbiri dzinosanganisira mumatunhu avo pfungwa ye "hupenyu hwakanaka" uye nekuona mune zvakasikwa chinyorwa vanogona kuve nekodzero.
Bolivia neEcuador vanoreva pano kune yekwavo, saka tsika dzisiri dzekoloni dzeAndes. Kunyanya, ivo vanoreva izwi reQuechua "Sumak Kawsay" (rinotaurwa: sumak kausai), rakashandurwa muchiSpanish se "buen vivir" kana "vivir bien". Izvo ndezve zvekunyama, zvemagariro uye zvemweya kugutsikana kune ese mitezo yenharaunda iyo isingakwanise kurasikirwa nevamwe uye kwete mukurasa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa. Chirevo chebumbiro reEcuadorian chinotaura nezve kugara pamwe chete mukusiyana uye kuwirirana nemasikirwo. Mubhuku rake Buen Vivir, Alberto Acosta, Mutungamiri wedare remakurukota reEcuador, anotsanangura kuti zvakafamba sei uye zvazvinoreva. Pfungwa ye "hupenyu hwakanaka" haifanire kuvhiringidzwa ne "kurarama zvirinani," anojekesa, "nekuti iyo yekupedzisira yakavakirwa pasimba risingaperi rekufambira mberi kwezvinhu." Pane kupokana, ndezve "kuvaka nzanga yakasimba uye inochengeterwa nzanga mukati merimwe sangano. Anochengetedza hupenyu.
Kusiyana naAlberto Acosta, Mutungamiri Rafael Correa ainyatsoziva zviitiko mumadokero, zvekusununguka-zvehupfumi, izvo zvakakonzera kusiyana pakati pevaviri ava, anodaro Johannes Waldmüller. MaAustria akagara kuLatin America kwemakore gumi uye anotsvaga zvematongerwo enyika uye hukama nedzimwe nyika kuUniversidad de Las Americaas muguta guru reEquito. Kunze kweCorrea kwakaramba kuchida "buen vivir" uye kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo, panguva imwechete yakasvika yekutsoropodza vanhu veko (inoumba muEcuador chete 20 muzana yehuwandu), kuenderera kwe "extractivism", kureva kushungurudzwa kwe Zvivakwa zvakasikwa, kuparadzwa kwemapaki emarudzi akasiyana-siyana ekudyara kwe soya kana mapurojekiti ezvivakwa, uye kuparadzwa kwemasango emango emapuranga.
Kune mestizos, zvizvarwa zveEuropean uye vagari venyama, "buen vivir" zvinoreva kuva nehupenyu hwakanaka sevanhu vari kumadokero, kureva munyika dzepabudiriro, anodaro Ulrich Brand. Kunyangwe vechidiki vechiIndia vaigara muguta mukati memasvondo, vachiita mabasa, vachipfeka jean uye vachishandisa mbozhanhare. Pakupera kwevhiki vanodzokera kunharaunda kwavo uye vanochengeta tsika ikoko.
KwaUlrich Brand zvinonakidza kwazvo kuti kuverengeka kwakaita hunyanzvi hwazvino uno kwakatipinza sei mukutambudzika kwakanaka nekufunga kwekudyidzana kwevanhu vemunharaunda, uko kunowanzove neshoko rekuti "ini". Kuzvinzwisisa kwavo kwewakawanda-wanda, ayo anoona zviitiko zvehupenyu hwakasiyana, hupfumi, uye zvirongwa zvepamutemo nenzira isiri yehuzvidzori, ndechimwe chinhu chatingadzidza kubva kuLatin America muEurope, kunyanya maererano nezvezvino kutama
"Zvingave zvakakosha zvakanyanya kuti mupfuurire kutsvaga 'buen vivir' uye kodzero dzakasikwa," anodaro Johannes Waldmüller. Kunyangwe "buen vivir" yakaparadzirwa nenyika muEcuador iye zvino yaonekwa nevanhu veko seyakafungidzirwa, yakamutsa nhaurirano dzinonakidza uye zvakakonzera kudzoka ku "Sumak Kawsay". Latin America inogona kudaro - mukubatana nepfungwa dzehupfumi hwakajairika, kuderera, shanduko uye hupfumi hwekuvandudza - inoshanda senzvimbo yetopian tariro.
Buen Vivir: Sumak Kawsay uye Pachamama
"Sumak kawsay" rakashandurwa chaizvo kubva kuQuechua rinoreva "hupenyu hwakanaka" uye iri musimboti wenzvimbo yekugara yevanhu vanowanikwa muAndes. Izwi iri rakatanga kunyorwa mune zvemagariro-anthropological diploma theses mumakore e1960 / 1970, anodaro musayendisiti wezvematongerwo enyika, Johannes Waldmüller, anogara kuEcuador. Pakati pegore 2000 akave izwi rezvematongerwo enyika.
Netsika, "sumak kawsay" haina hukama hwakanangana nekurima. Izvi zvinoreva, semuenzaniso, kuti mhuri yega yega inofanirwa kubatsira vamwe kudyara, kukohwa, kuvaka imba, nezvimwewo, kuita madiridziro pamwe, uye kudya pamwe chete mushure mebasa. "Sumak kawsay" ine zvakafanana nehunhu mune dzimwe nharaunda dzenzvimbo, seMaori muNew Zealand kana Ubuntu muSouth Africa. Ubuntu zvinoreva kuti "Ndiri nekuti tiriko," anotsanangura kudaro Johannes Waldmüller. Asi zvakare muAustria, semuenzaniso, zvaigara zvakajairika hama nehama nevavakidzani kubatsirana uye kugovana michero yebasa kana kutsigirana kana mumwe munhu achishayiwa. Rubatsiro runoshamisa kubva kumagariro eruzhinji panguva yekufamba kwevapoteri kukuru 2015 / 2016 kana mapuratifomu matsva ekubatsira kunovakidzana senge "Frag pedyo nesuo" anoratidza kuti pfungwa yenharaunda ichiripo nanhasi uye panguva ino chete ndiyo yakadzurwa nehunyanzvi.
Mune rhetoric yezvematongerwo enyika yeBolivia, kota yechipiri inonakidza: "Pachamama". Kunyanya inoshandurwa se "Amai Pasi". Hurumende yeBolivia yakatowana iyo ye22. Kubvumbi kwakaziviswa "zuva rePachamama" neUnited Nations. "Pacha" haireve "pasi" mupfungwa yekumadokero, asi "nguva nenzvimbo". "Pa" zvinoreva maviri, "cha" simba, anowedzera Johannes Waldmüller. "Pachamama" inojekesa chikonzero nei "hupenyu hwakanaka" mupfungwa yevanhu vemo vekuAndes havafanirwe kutariswa pasina chikamu chavo chemweya. Kwa "Pacha" izwi rinonakidza iro rinotarisa pane huwandu hwekuva, husiri mutsara asi cyclical.
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