Pambuyo pa demokalase pambuyo pa Crouch

Pansi pa lingaliro la demokalase pambuyo pa demokalase, wasayansi yaku Britain komanso wasayansi wandale Colin Crouch adafotokoza ntchito yake yomwe adatchulanso dzina lomweli kuyambira mchaka cha 2005 chitsanzo cha demokalase chomwe kuchuluka kwake kudapangitsa asayansi andale ku Europe ndi United States kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za 1990er. Izi zikuphatikizira kukopa kwandale kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zachuma ndi mabungwe apamwamba, kusasunthika kwamayiko, komanso kukana kutsimikiza mtima kwa nzika kutenga nawo mbali. Crouch adalongosola mwachidule izi mu lingaliro - demokalase.

Mfundo zake zazikulu ndizakuti kusankha zisankho mu ma demokalase aku Western kumatsimikiziridwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndi zofuna zachuma komanso ochita. Nthawi yomweyo, zipilala za demokalase, monga zabwino wamba, zokonda ndi kusamalika kwa anthu komanso kudzisankhira nzika, zimasinthidwa motsatana.

Colin Crouch, wobadwa 1944 ku London, ndi wasayansi wazandale komanso waku Britain. Ndi ntchito yake yodziwitsa anthu za demokalase komanso buku lodziwikiratu, adadziwika padziko lonse lapansi.

Dongosolo la ndale pambuyo pa demokalase lomwe likufotokozedwa ndi Crounch limadziwika ndi izi:

Demokalase yoseketsa

M'mbuyomu, maboma a demokalase ndi njira zake zimasungidwa pambuyo pa demokalase, kotero kuti poyambilira, ndale zimawonedwa kuti ndizabwino. De facto, komabe, mfundo za demokalase ndi mfundo zake zikuchepa kwambiri, ndipo dongosolo lino lakhala "demokalase yoseketsa pamakonzedwe a demokalase yodzaza ndi anthu."

Magulu ndi kampeni yokonzekera zisankho

Ndale zaphokoso ndi zisankho zamasankho zimamasulidwa kwambiri ku zomwe zingapangitse ndondomeko za boma. M'malo mokangana pazinthu zandale ndi zina, pali njira zomwe zingapatsidwe anthu. Ntchito yokonzekera zisankho imayamba kudzilowetsa ndale, pomwe ndale zenizeni zimachitika khomo lotsekeka.
Zipani zikukwaniritsa ntchito zoyenera kuvota ndipo zikuyamba kukhala zosafunikira kwenikweni, chifukwa ntchito yawo ngatikhalapakati pakati pa nzika ndi andale ikupitilira kupatsidwa mphamvu zofufuza. M'malo mwake, zida za chipani zimayang'ana pakupatsa mamembala ake zabwino kapena maofesi.

Zabwino zonse

Zinthu zandale zimachulukirachulukira kuchokera pamgwirizano pakati pa ochita ndale ndi azachuma omwe akuchita nawo mbali pazandale. Izi sizolingalira zokomera anthu ena, koma zimathandizira phindu ndi kukweza mawu. Ubwino wamba umamveka bwino ngati chuma chambiri.

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Mawayilesi akuluwa amagwiranso ntchito pazachuma ndipo sangathenso kugwiritsa ntchito demokalase ngati mphamvu yachinayi m'boma. Kuwongolera kwa media kuli m'manja mwa kagulu kakang'ono ka anthu omwe amathandizira andale kuti athetse "vuto la kulumikizana kwakukulu".

Nzika yosachita chidwi

Nzika idasankhidwa mu mtundu wa Crounchs. Ngakhale amasankha oimira ake andale, salinso ndi mwayi woteteza zofuna zawo m'ndale ino. M'malo mwake, nzika imachita zinthu zina, ngakhale zopanda chidwi. Ngakhale amatha kukhala nawo pazokambirana pakati pa andale, iye sangakhale ndi chidwi chilichonse pandale.

Chuma cha anthu

Mphamvu zoyendetsera ndale, malinga ndi Crouch, ndizofunika kwambiri pazachuma zomwe zimayimiriridwa ndi olemekezeka olemera. M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, yakwanitsa kukhazikitsa malingaliro abwino padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti athe kufotokoza zofuna zawo. Nzika zazolowera kuzolowera, ngakhale zitakhala kuti zikutsutsana ndi zofuna zawo komanso ndale zawo.
Kwa Crounch, neoliberalism ndizomwe zimayambitsa komanso chida chowonjezera demokalase.

Komabe, Crouch akuwonetsera poyera kuti njira imeneyi ndi yopanda demokalase, chifukwa lamulo la malamulo ndi kulemekeza ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi anthu zimakhalabe zolimba. Amangovomereza kuti salinso othandizira andale masiku ano.

Komabe, Crouch akuwonetsera poyera kuti njira imeneyi ndi yopanda demokalase, chifukwa lamulo la malamulo ndi kulemekeza ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi anthu zimakhalabe zolimba. Amangovomereza kuti salinso othandizira andale masiku ano. Alongosola zochulukirapo pang'ono za mtundu womwe ma demokalase aku Western amamuwona iye, kusiya njira za demokalase zokhudzana ndi kutenga nawo mbali komanso mfundo zokhazikitsidwa ndi zabwino, zofuna ndi kuphatikizira anthu wamba.

Kutsutsa Kwa Crouch

Kutsutsidwa kwa mtundu wa pambuyo pa demokalase kumbali ya asayansi andale ndizosiyana kwambiri komanso ndikukonda. Amawalozera, mwachitsanzo, motsutsana ndi "nzika yosasamala" yoyesedwa ndi Couch, yemwe akutsutsana ndi gulu lazopanga anthu wamba. Amanenanso kuti demokalase ndi "yopanda tanthauzo ngakhale pang'ono" ndipo yakhalapo. Demokalase yachitsanzo, momwe mphamvu za anthu owoneka bwino azikhala zochepa komanso nzika zonse zitenga nawo mbali pazokambirana, sizinakhalepo. Osachepera, chofooka chapakati cha lingaliro lake chikuwoneka pakuperewera kwamphamvu zamphamvu.

Demokalase yachitsanzo, momwe mphamvu za anthu owoneka bwino azikhala zochepa komanso nzika zonse zitenga nawo mbali pazokambirana, sizinakhalepo.

Komabe, Crouch, pamodzi ndi iye m'badwo wonse wa asayansi andale ku Europe ndi United States, amafotokoza chimodzimodzi zomwe zimachitika tsiku lililonse ife tisanafike. Kodi tingafotokozenso bwanji kuti mfundo yodziyimira pawokha - yomwe yayendetsa chuma padziko lonse lapansi motsutsana ndi khoma, ndikuwonetsa pang'onopang'ono ndalama za anthu kuti zitheke kuwonongeka kwa mabungwe ena, ndikupitilizabe umphawi, kusowa kwa ntchito, komanso kusafanana pakati pa anthu - sichinatenge nthawi kuti chisankidwe?

Ndipo Austria?

Funso lakufika pamalonda a Crouch ku demokalase ku Austria litakwaniritsidwa kale lidafunsidwa ndi Wolfgang Plaimer, mnzake wakale wofufuza ku Johannes Kepler University Linz. Malinga ndi iye, Crouch ali ndi ufulu wambiri mogwirizana ndi demokalase yaku Austria. Makamaka, kusintha kwa zisankho zandale kuchokera kudziko lina kupita ku gawo lalikulu kumalimbitsa chikhazikitso cha pambuyo pa demokalase m'dziko lomwelo. Momwemonso, malinga ndi Plaimer, kusintha kwa mphamvu kuchokera kwa anthu kupita ku chuma komanso ndalama, komanso kuchokera ku nthambi yowunika malamulo kupita kuofesi yayikulu, zikuwonekera bwino. Kudzudzula kwa Pondaer pamfanizidwe wa Crouch kumawonetsera momwe maboma azakhalira ngati "heyday demokalase": "Kulimbikitsa demokalase pantchito zachitukuko komanso kugwiritsidwa mwala kopanda tanthauzo la demokalase yaposachedwa ndikusocheretsa," atero Plaimer, pofotokoza izi mwa zina ndi kuchepa kwa demokalase. zomwe zidapezeka kale ku 1960er ndi 1070er ku Austria.

Prof. Reinhard Heinisch, mtsogoleri wagulu lofufuza tsogolo la akatswiri a tsogolo la Democracy komanso dipatimenti ya Science Science ku University of Salzburg, akupezanso lingaliro lamalingaliro kumbuyo kwa malingaliro a Crouch atangotsutsa demokalase ndipo sasemphana ndi kutsimikizika kwazodabwitsa kwa zochitika zomwe adalemba. Kuphatikiza apo, amawona postdemocracy ya Crouch'sche m'malo mokhala mdziko la Anglo-Saxon. Komabe, sizitanthauza kuti mfundo zotsutsa sizovomerezeka ku Austria.
Heinisch amawona demokalase ya demokalase ngati chinyengo chapadera cha demokalase ku Austria. Uwu ndi bokosi labwino kwambiri lomwe lamangidwa pandale, ndi zipani zolamulira zaka zambiri zomwe zikuthandizira kugawa kwa maudindo akuluakulu aboma, atolankhani komanso mabungwe aboma. "Mabungwe okhazikitsawa amalola kuti mbali zonse sizimagwirizana ndi zofuna za mamembala awo komanso anthu ambiri azilamulira," adatero Heinisch.

Crouch akutikumbutsa kuti demokalase yolimba si nkhani yeniyeni ndipo kuyang'anitsitsa mwina sikunakhaleko. Chifukwa chake, ngati tikana "zoyeserera pambuyo pa demokalase" ndikukhala mu demokalase yomwe yakhazikika pa zabwino zofananira, zokonda ndi kufanana pakati pamalamulo, ndipo pomwe lamulo limachokera kwa nzika, ndiye kuti ndi chofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera.

Mapeto a demokalase ya Crouch

Kaya kutsata demokalase kwa Crouch ndikotsimikizika mokwanira kapena ndikugwira ntchito ku Austria kapena ayi - zoperewera kwa demokalase sizikusowanso ku Germany. Kaya ndikuwongolera kwa Nyumba yamalamulo ku Federal Government kapena kwa "oyimira anthu athu" ku chipani, kuchepa kwa ma referendamu, kapena kusawonekera kwa zisankho ndi kuthekera.

Crouch akutikumbutsa kuti demokalase yolimba si nkhani yeniyeni ndipo kuyang'anitsitsa mwina sikunakhaleko. Chifukwa chake, ngati tikana "zoyeserera pambuyo pa demokalase" ndikukhala mu demokalase yomwe yakhazikika pa zabwino zofananira, zokonda ndi kufanana pakati pamalamulo, ndipo pomwe lamulo limachokera kwa nzika, ndiye kuti ndi chofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera.

Kuzindikira uku mwina ndi komwe kumayendetsa zolinga za demokalase zambiri zomwe zikugwira ntchito ku Austria pofuna kuwonjezeka mwalamulo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida za demokalase mwachindunji. Monga nzika yokomera demokalase, tikuyenera kupempha kusaina kwathu, kuthandizira izi pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yathu, mphamvu, kapena zopereka, kapena kupitiliza malingaliro awo ndi zomwe akufuna mdera lathu.