ufulu wa anthu

Ufulu waumunthu ndi nkhani yamtundu wathu lero. Koma zikafika pofotokoza izi, ambiri a ife zimawavuta. Koma kodi ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi uti? Ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi ufulu womwe munthu aliyense ayenera kulandira nawo chifukwa chokhala munthu.

chitukuko 

Mu 1948, mayiko omwe anali mamembala a 56 a UN kwa nthawi yoyamba anafotokoza ufulu womwe aliyense padziko lapansi ayenera kukhala nawo. Umu ndi momwe chikalata chodziwika kwambiri chokhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe "The General Declaration of Human Rights" (UDHR) chidapangidwa, chomwe chimakhalanso maziko achitetezo cha mayiko padziko lonse. M'mbuyomu, nkhani ya ufulu wachibadwidwe inali yokhudza malamulo amtundu wokhawo. Cholinga chokhazikitsa malamulo padziko lonse lapansi chinali kuonetsetsa kuti pali chitetezo ndi mtendere pambuyo pa nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse lapansi.

M'chiwonetserochi, zolemba za 30 zidafotokozedwa, zomwe kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri ya anthu ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa aliyense - osatengera mtundu, chipembedzo, jenda, msinkhu ndi zina zotero. Ukapolo ndi malonda aukapolo, ufulu wolankhula, ufulu wachipembedzo, ndi zina zambiri. Mu 1966, UN idaperekanso mapangano awiri: Mgwirizano Wapadziko Lonse Wokhudza Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Ndale ndi Mgwirizano Wapadziko Lonse Pazachuma, Chikhalidwe ndi Chikhalidwe. Pamodzi ndi UDHR amapanga "International Bill of Human Rights". Kuphatikiza apo, pali misonkhano ina ya UN, monga Geneva Refugee Convention kapena Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Makulidwe ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi ufulu wa anthu

Ufulu waumunthu pamipangano iyi amatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu. Mbali yoyamba ikuwonetsera ufulu wonse wazandale komanso zachitukuko. Gawo lachiwiri limaphatikizapo ufulu wachuma, chikhalidwe komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ufulu wogwirizana (ufulu wamagulu) nawonso amapanga gawo lachitatu.

Wowonjezera ufulu wachibadwowu ndi boma lamunthu, lomwe liyenera kutsatira zina. Udindo woyamba wa mayiko ndi ulemu, ndiye kuti, mayiko akuyenera kulemekeza ufulu wachibadwidwe. Udindo woteteza ndi udindo wachiwiri womwe mayiko akuyenera kutsatira. Muyenera kupewa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, ndipo ngati pakhala pali kuphwanya kale, boma liyenera kupereka chipukuta misozi. Udindo wachitatu wa mayiko ndikupanga zochitika pokwaniritsa ufulu wa anthu (udindo wotsimikizira).

Zowonjezera malamulo ndi mapangano

Kuphatikiza pa mayiko, Human Rights Council ku Geneva ndi ma NGO ambiri (mwachitsanzo Human Rights Watch) amawunikiranso kuti akutsatira ufulu wa anthu. Human Rights Watch imagwiritsa ntchito anthu apadziko lonse lapansi kuti awonetse kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu mbali ina ndikukakamiza omwe amapanga zisankho mbali inayo. Kuphatikiza pa ufulu wachibadwidwe wadziko lonse lapansi, pali mapangano ndi mabungwe ena akumadera, monga European Convention on Human Rights ndi European Court of Human Rights, African Charter of Human Rights ndi Rights of the Peoples ndi American Convention on Human Rights.

Ufulu waumunthu ndi mfundo zofunika kuzipeza kale. Popanda iwo sipangakhale ufulu wamaphunziro, sipangakhale ufulu wolankhula kapena wachipembedzo, palibe chitetezo ku nkhanza, kuzunzidwa ndi zina zambiri. Ngakhale kuti ufulu wachibadwidwe ukukulira, kuphwanya ndi kunyalanyaza ufulu wa anthu kumachitika tsiku lililonse, ngakhale m'maiko akumadzulo. Kuwona, kuzindikira ndi kupereka malipoti padziko lonse lapansi kwamachitidwe ngati awa kumachitika makamaka ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma (makamaka Amnesty International) ndikuwonetsa kuti, ngakhale kukhazikitsidwa kwa ufulu, kuwongolera koyenera kotsata ndikofunikira.

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