Malingaliro omanga: Kumanga bwinobwino mtsogolo

Kutalikirana ndi chikhumbo chachilengedwe chochulukirapo: Njira zanyengo zakhala zikuphatikiza mwalamulo, zomwe zikuthandizira zaka zikubwerazi. Ponena za kusintha kwa nyengo komanso momwe zolinga za nyengo za EU zinavomerezera, kufunikira kwa zomangamanga ndi kukonzanso kwawonjezereka. Pachifukwa ichi, 2012 yakhazikitsa "National Plan", yomwe mpaka 2020 imakhazikitsa pang'onopang'ono miyezo yocheperako yamphamvu yamphamvu yomanga nyumbazi ndi kukonzanso kwakukulu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ntchito yokhazikika ndiyofunikira mwalamulo. Ponena za kusunga phindu la nyumba yomwe yakonzedwayo, muyeso wocheperako uyenera kukhalabe chinthu choti chiziikidwe.

Chuma chachuma

Chowonadi ndi chakuti, malingaliro oti nyumba zokhazikika sizingagwire ntchito ndi zolakwika. (Chosankha chinafotokozedwa). Nyumba yokhazikika, yopatsa mphamvu ndiyotengera ndalama zambiri kuposa inzake wamba. Monga momwe ziliri ndi malonda onse, ndizokhudza kupeza kampani yoyenera yomwe imapereka chidziwitso choyenera pamtengo wabwino. Komabe, ndalama zowonjezera ndizofunikiranso, chifukwa potengera kukwera kwamphamvu kwamphamvu, nyumba zokhazikika zidzachepetsa mtengo woyendetsera ntchito. Chofunikira ndikutuluka ndalama zochepa kapena zochepa bwino - ndikakhala ndi chikumbumtima chabwino komanso chitonthozo chachikulu. Ngati simukufuna kuti mukhulupirire izi, mutha kupeza zambiri: Media Center for Sustainable Construction (www.nachhaltiges-bauen.jetzt) ​​imapereka maphunziro ambiri komanso kuwerengera komanso kusanthula nyumba zomwe zimakhala kale.

Factor ecology

Zowona kuti kudalirika kumalipira zachilengedwe ziyenera kukhala zisanachitike mchaka cha 2016. Koma apa, nawonso, kukayikira kukufalikira mobwerezabwereza, mwachitsanzo zokhudzana ndi tanthauzo lachilengedwe lakuzunguliridwa kwamphamvu, makamaka polystyrene. Apa, nawonso, zowona zili kale patebulo: Ngakhale njira zamagetsi zamagetsi monga ma EPS zilidi zinthu zamafuta, koma zimakhala ndi 98 peresenti ya mpweya ndi magawo awiri okha a polystyrene. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta potchingira ndiye kuti kumadzifikitsa pakanthawi kochepa, monga mafuta ambiri kapena ofanana amapulumutsidwa. Mapeto ake: Kusawonongera madamu kumawononga chilengedwe. Kupatula izi, pali zida zina zowonjezera zosowa zoti musankhe, kuphatikizapo zomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito.

Factor imapereka chitetezo champhamvu

Malingaliro azomangamanga ambiri osatha amabweretsa kuphatikiza kwakukulu: pogwiritsa ntchito Photovoltaics, mphamvu ya dzuwa, mphamvu zamagetsi ndi Co, mphamvu imaperekedwanso mtsogolo. Simuyenera kudalira kwathunthu kudzikwanitsa. Chidaliro chotsimikizika ndichakuchita bwino kwamphamvu kuphatikiza mphamvu zochepa. Izi zitha kuchitika mpaka nyumbayi yapamwamba ya Ideal Plus: nyumba yomwe imapereka mphamvu zambiri kuposa zomwe imagwiritsa ntchito.

Dongosolo la dziko

Mwa dongosolo la "National Plan", Austrian Institute of Construction Engineering (OIB) yakhazikitsa zofunika zowonjezera pakufunika kwa mphamvu yomanga ndi kukonzanso kwa zaka 2014 mpaka 2020. Maupangidwe a OIB 6 amatanthauzira malamulo omanga pang'onopang'ono mozungulira muzaka ziwiri mpaka mchaka cha 2020 mfundo za nyumbayi yokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa zimafikiridwa motero zimakhala zovomerezeka pamalamulo omanga. Zofunikira zochepa zamagetsi zitha kupezedwa mwa kukonza mtundu wamafuta pamalopo kapena mwakuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zingasinthidwe.
Kuchokera ku 2020 nyumba zonse zatsopano ziyenera kukhala "zosachedwa mphamvu" (pafupifupi zero magetsi nyumba), nyumba zaboma ngakhale 2018. Kukonzanso kwakukulu komwe kumakhudza zoposa 25 peresenti ya envelopu yomanga, miyezo yochepa yamafuta ndiyofunikira. Kuti muwonetse bwino momwe nyumbayi imagwirira ntchito bwino, zowonjezera zowonjezera zamagetsi zimafunikira zomwe zimapitirira zomwe zikufuna kutentha (HWB). Pankhani yogulitsa ndi yobwereka, zizindikiro zowonetsera mphamvu ziyenera kufotokozedwa, ndipo ku Austria kuyambira 2012 zofunikira za satifiketi yamphamvu.

Maganizo omangira olimba

Kuphatikiza apo, pali malingaliro angapo omanga omwe angasankhe, onse omwe amabweretsa ambiri, nthawi zina maubwino osiyanasiyana a anthu ndi chilengedwe. Mutha kusankha pa lingaliro, kapena kuphatikiza zida zaumisiri ndi ntchito momasuka. Komabe, pamapeto pake, ukadaulo waluso wa akatswiri omwe adachita mapangano amawerengedwa kuti atsimikizire momwe amagwirira ntchito. Kupatula apo, nyumba yamakono ndiyopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri masiku ano.

valence

Kuti mumvetsetse kuyerekeza kwa lingaliro lanyumba kufunika kotsatiraku kumagwira ntchito: Kumanga kotsika kwambiri kumayimira nyumba yokhazikika. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi Passive House ndi Sonnenhaus, omwe malingaliro ake Mphamvu zamagetsi "ndizosiyana kwambiri. Nyumba ya Plus Energy House, yomwe imapanga mphamvu zambiri kuposa momwe imawonongera, pano imawonedwa kuti ndiyo njira yofikira kwambiri.

Malingaliro Omanga: Nyumba Yotsika Kwambiri Magetsi

Nyumba yokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, yomwe imakwaniritsa muyeso wam'mbuyo wamtsogolo, imadziwika ndi envelopu yomanga yabwino kwambiri. Imafika pafupi ndi Passive House potengera mphamvu zamagetsi ndi kupuma kwamlengalenga. Osati kuvomerezedwa, koma akulimbikitsidwa ndikugwiritsanso ntchito mphamvu zowonjezereka monga Photovoltaic kapena mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi njira yoyendetsera mpweya yoyendetsedwa ndi kutentha.
Komanso gawo la lingaliro ndi kapangidwe koyenera kuti muchepetse kutentha, kugwirizanitsidwa ndi dzuwa ndi kupewa milatho yamafuta.
Malinga ndi EU Buildings Directive, nyumba iliyonse ya anthu ndipo, monga 2018, nyumba zonse ziyenera kukhala "zokwanira mphamvu", ngakhale nyumba zochepa zamagetsi kapena "pafupifupi zero magetsi nyumba", kuyambira 2020.

Malingaliro omanga: Nyumba yakungokhala

Zofunikira pa nyumba yotsikirako kale ndizokwera kwambiri: Kuti zitheke kutentha kwapansi pa 15 kWh / m².a (malinga ndi PHPP), muyezo wokwanira nyumba uyenera kukwaniritsidwa pazinthu zina, mwachitsanzo, mawindo omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe osunthira kutentha a U-mtengo osachepera 0,80 W / (m²K)) komanso yolemba matenthedwe a U-mtengo wa 0,15 W / (m²K). Chifukwa cha kupuma kwapadera kwa mpweya (50 Pascal pansi / kupsinjika koyesedwa kotsika kuposa kuchuluka kwa nyumba ya 0,6 pa ola limodzi), njira yolowera mpweya wabwino yopuma imafunika. Mnyumba yongokhala, pafupifupi 75 peresenti ya kutentha kochokera ku mpweya wotuluka umabwezeretsedwera kumweya wabwino kudzera pa chowonjezera kutentha, momwe zimakhalira nyengo yabwino yopanda njira yotenthetsera yokhayokha komanso yopanda mpweya. Mutha kupitabe mpweya.
Teknoloji ya Passive House yakhalapo kwa zaka zoposa 20. 1991 inali ntchito yoyamba kukhazikitsidwa ku Germany. Ku Austria, nyumba yoyamba kumangidwa idamangidwa mchaka cha 1996 ku Vorarlberg (Sonnenplatz, 2006). Mpaka pano (monga za 2010) pali nyumba zozungulira za 760 zolembedwa ku Austria. Popeza sizinthu zonse zolembedwa, "chithunzi chamdima" cha nyumba zomwe zimangokhala ndizopamwamba kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa nyumba zomwe zikupezeka pano zikuyerekezeredwa ku 6.850, ndikuwonjezerapo.

Maganizo omanga: Nyumba yoyendera dzuwa

Lingaliro la nyumba yoyendera dzuwa imasiyana kwambiri ndi malingaliro a ena. Kuchita bwino kwamphamvu sikuti kumangoyang'ana pano, koma kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa mphamvu zanu mwaulere. Mwa kusunga kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito akasinja amadzi otentha, mphamvu yoyendera mphamvu ya dzuwa ingagwiritsidwe ntchito chaka chonse potentha madzi otentha ndi kutentha kwa malo. M'nyengo yozizira, poyatsira moto kapena poyatsira timiyala timathandiza. Njira zoyendetsera nyumba yoyendera dzuwa ndiyabwino kutenthetsa, kuposa 50 peresenti yotentha ndi kutentha ndi madzi otentha ndiotenthetsera kowonjezera kokha ndi magwero amagetsi obwezerezedwanso monga nkhuni.
Mawuwa adapangidwa ndi Sonnenhaus Institute ku Straubing (D). 1989 idamangidwa ku Oberburg, Switzerland, nyumba yoyamba kukhazikika dzuwa ku Europe.

Zomanga Zomanga: Nyumba ya Energy Energy

Lingaliro la nyumba ya PlusEnergy kwenikweni likufanana ndi la Passive House. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezereka monga Photovoltaic, mphamvu yamagetsi kapena mphamvu yamagetsi, komabe, mphamvu yolimba yonse imatheka, yomwe imapereka mphamvu zochulukirapo. Mphamvu yofunikira potenthetsera ndi madzi otentha imapezeka m'nyumba mokha.
Ngati mulingo woyenera wina amayankhula za zero mphamvu nyumba. Nyumba zomwe sizimafunikira mphamvu zakunja zimawonedwa ngati zokwanira.

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