Sonja Bettel
Ufulu kwa nyama? Pambuyo pa zisankho za boma ku Lower Austria, FPÖ Lower Austria yafotokozera zomwe zimayambira pamsonkhano wawo wamakalabu: chitetezo, thanzi, yoteteza zinyama, Chimodzi mwazinthu zatsopano za FPÖ Landrat Gottfried Waldhäusl tsopano ndi nyama. Patatha masiku awiri atachoka, khonsolo ya boma idafuna kuti atulutsidwe atolankhani: "mliri wa otter uyenera kukhalapo bwino". Mwambowu udalengezedwa kwa khonsolo ya chigawo cha ÖVP Stephan Pernkopf, ndi lingaliro lolola "kuchotsedwa" (kutanthauza kupha) kwa 40 kuteteza Fischottern kwakanthawi, komwe polingalira mnzake wa FPÖ sangapite patali. Kuteteza otter ndi "chikondi chosamvetseka cha nyama".
Mkati mwa Epulo 2018 adawonekera kwa Gottfried Waldhäusl patsiku la kusaka zigawo ku Zwettl. Msodzi wa boma a Josef Pröll (yemwe kale anali mtumiki wa ÖVP) akuti atero, "Wolf sanataye chilichonse pachikhalidwe ngati ku Central Europe," Waldhäusl amayenera kuti anawonjezera kuti: "Chifukwa chiyani nkhandwe ndi ya nkhandwe yokha?".
Zitsanzo ziwiri zakutsatana kwa zomwe zimadziwika kuti zanyama ndizothandiza pazandale komanso m'magulu.
Zosalakwika zakale
Osati kaŵirikaŵiri, izi zimangotanthauza amphaka ndi agalu. Nthawi zambiri amasiya komwe kumakhudzana ndi zofuna zachuma, (zoyerekeza kapena zenizeni) mpikisano wochokera ku nyama zamtchire kapena kusangalala kwa asaka ndi asodzi. Kucokela ku Pythagoras kupita ku Galileo Galilei, René Descartes, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant ndi Arthur Schopenhauer, pali zidziwitso nthawi zonse m'mbiri ya anthu kuti nyama siziyenera kuchitiridwa nkhanza, kuti anthu ali gawo lachilengedwe komanso pongolankhula komanso chifukwa kusiyanitsidwa ndi nyama.
Zaumoyo za nyama zimatanthawuza kupangitsa kuti nyama zizikhala ndi moyo woyenera mitundu yawo ndipo sizipangitsa kuti azivutika, mantha osafunikira kapena kuwonongeka kwamuyaya. Chifukwa cha kutukuka, komanso ntchito zaulimi ndi ziweto, kuchuluka kwa ziweto kwachulukirachulukira. Muli kale mu 19. Tierschutzbewegungen kotero idatulukira m'zaka za zana la 19. 1822 inali lamulo loyamba lachitetezo cha nyama ku England.
Komabe, kuchokera pakati pa 20. M'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, nyama zidakwezedwa mokwanira nyama, mkaka ndi mazira, zokhala malo ochepa, zophedwa m'mafakitale ophedwa, kuwombedwa mlengalenga ndikuzunzidwa poyesa zodzoladzola ndi mankhwala, komanso nthawi zina zoyesa zopanda pake.
Kupambana ndi omenyera ufulu wa nyama
Komabe, zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, pakhala kupita patsogolo paumoyo wa nyama: asayansi anzeru ngati Konrad Lorenz ndi atsekwe amvi, Jane Goodall ndi ma chimpanzi awo, wofufuza za nkhuku ku Britain Christine Nicol ndi ena ambiri adatidabwitsa ndi luntha ndi chikhalidwe cha nyama ndipo adasintha maganizidwe athu. Zotsatira za Nicol pazosowa za nkhuku m'zaka za 1980, mwachitsanzo, zapangitsa kuti zikhale zosaloledwa kuti mabatire a euthanasia aletsedwe ku EU kuyambira 2012, ndi "zitundu zopangidwira" zochulukirapo zomwe zimaloledwa ndi malo ochulukirapo. Izi siziri choncho kwa mitundu.
Kwa ziweto zina, kunkachitikanso zinthu zina posunga malamulo kapena kupewa kupweteka ku EU ndi ku Austria. Mwachitsanzo, kuyambira 2012, ng'ombe sizilolekanso kuti zizingokhala chokhazikika, kapena nkhumba zimangokhala ndi mchira wa 2017 momwe zimafunikira ndikuchiritsidwira ululu kuyambira October.
Kudzera pantchito yamagulu osamalira nyama komanso othandizira, anthu adziwitsa anthu za momwe ulimi wa ubweya umakhalira, malo ophera nyama zakumwa, kupha ana amphongo kuti agone nkhuku, kapena nkhanza zamisala yamtchire. Mwa zina, panali kuwongolera kwamalamulo, kusintha kwodzifunira (monga kulera kophatikizana kwa nkhuku ndi roosters mu mazira aulere a Toni) kapena kusala kwa pagulu monga mu furs. Komabe, ziweto zimatumizidwabe ku Europe, zidadzudzula mayanjano otsutsana ndi mafakitale a nyama, omwe atsatira posachedwa ndi ana a ng'ombe awiri ochokera ku Vorarlberg.
Omenyera ufulu wa nyama ku Belgian-America Henry Spira idakwanitsa zaka za 1970, ndikulimba mtima kuti mupeze zowawa za akalulu, zomwe "Draize mayeso"Zodzikongoletsera zophatikizika zidaponyedwa m'maso. 1980 kotero idadza ziwonetsero zambiri motsutsana ndi kampani yodzola zodzikongoletsa Revlon. Pansi pa izi, mapulogalamu ofufuza adapangidwa kuti apange njira zoyesera zodzikongoletsera popanda kuyesa nyama.
A Henry Spira adakumana ndi zokhudzana ndi ufulu wa zinyama kudzera m'mabuku ophunzirira a Oxford University komanso wafilosofi waku Australia a Peter Singer ("Animal Liberation" 1975). Omenyera ufulu wa nyama samapita patali mokwanira. Tisamangokhala ndi zowawa zosafunikira ndi kuzisungitsa mwaumunthu, koma tizipatse ufulu woyambira, monga anthu ali nazo.
Kuyambira chinthu kupita kumanja
M'malamulo aku Roma, nyama zimatengedwa ngati zinthu - mosiyana ndi munthu yemwe ndi munthu. Switzerland ndi dziko lokhalo padziko lapansi lomwe limavomereza ulemu mu malamulo ake. Popeza kusinthidwa kwa Civil Code ya Okutobala 2002, nyama sizinso zinthu. Kuyambira 2007 mpaka 2010, khothi la ku Zurich lidakhalanso ndi ofesi yapadziko lonse lapansi ya loya wanyumba yamilandu kukhothi yochitidwa ndi loya Antoine Goetschel. Chifukwa cha kuvota kwathunthu ku Switzerland ofesi iyi idathetsedwanso.
Ku Netherlands, 2006 idabweretsa "Party for the Animal" (Partij voor de Dieren) ku Purezidenti kwa nthawi yoyamba, ndipo tsopano pali maphwando m'maiko ena. Ku US, loya a Steven Wise a Unhuman Rights Project akugwira ntchito kuti awonetsetse kuti anyani amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi ndipo amalandila ufulu wa "habeas Corpus". Ku Buenos Aires, 2014 yapambana kale wamkazi wa orangutan.
Koma kodi tingati tikufikitsa pati? Kodi chimpanzi ndili ndi ufulu wambiri kuposa nkhuku ndipo ili ndi ufulu wambiri kuposa kachilombo kakang'ono? Ndipo chifukwa chiyani timapereka zifukwa? Ophunzira nzeru zambiri amadandaula ndi mafunso awa. "Abolitionists" monga pulofesa wa zamalamulo ku US komanso wolemba Gary Francione amakana "zokomera nyama". Amaona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito nyama zomwe si anthu ndizovuta. Pa ufulu wazinyama, gawo lokhazikika la kuzindikira, ndilofunika, pomwe munthu amadzidalira komanso kukhala ndi chidwi pa moyo wake.
Chidwi m'moyo wa munthu titha kuyerekezera ndi mbewu. Chifukwa chake nzosadabwitsa kuti pamakhala zokambirana zakutali zokhudza ufulu wa mbewu.
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