Helmut Melzer
Katswiri wokhazikika wa Dirk Messner pafunso yapadera pazosintha zapadziko lonse lapansi, kusinthika kwakukulu - ndi momwe angasinthire moyo wamabizinesi ndi anthu.
Dirk Messner (1962) ndi Director wa Germany Development Institute (DIE) ndi Co-Director wa Center for Advanced Studies pa Global Cooperation Research / Duisburg. Messner adaphunzira Science Science and Economics ndipo amalangiza osati boma la Federal komanso boma la China, European Union, World Bank ndi mabungwe ena apadziko lonse lapansi pankhani zachitukuko ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse. Agwirizanitsa ndi wofufuza zanyengo John Schellenhuber Germany Advisory Council pa Global Change (WBGU), 2011 adasindikiza ndi WBGU kafukufuku "Sosaite ya kusintha kwakukulu. Njira yopita ku chuma chokomera dziko ”.
"Ngati zonse zikhale momwe ziliri, palibe chomwe chimakhalabe monga chidalili."
Dirk Messner pakufunika kwa kusinthika kwakukulu
Mr. Messner, bwanji mukukhulupirira kwambiri?
Zaka makumi awiri zapitazo, tidadziwa kuti kusintha kudzakhala kofunika ndikofunika kuti anthu asavutike. Pafupifupi atsogoleri onse a maboma ndi maboma asayina izi kumapeto kwa Msonkhano waukulu wa World Environment and Development 1992 ku Rio. Komabe, mwayi woyambitsa kusintha koteroko wabwera kuyambira pamenepo. Masiku ano zinthu zonse zakusintha kwadongosolo zilipo. Matekinoloje opititsa patsogolo zachuma komanso okonda nyengo, malingaliro azachuma komanso zatsopano kuti akhazikitse maphunziro atsopano, kuchuluka kwa ochita omwe akuwongolera kale kusintha kwachilengedwe: mizinda, mabizinesi, maboma ena, mabungwe apadziko lonse, mabungwe ofufuza.
Kusintha kwokhazikika kungathandizidwenso ndalama. Tili pamapeto pomwe maphunzirowo angayambitsidwenso. Immanuel Kant akanati: "Zomwe zingatheke" pakusintha kwachitika.
Ndi njira ziti zofunika tsopano?
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti pali ena omwe sanasankhe, ngakhale ku Europe, China, Morocco kapena USA, omwe akutsutsana ndi kuzindikira koyambira kuti kusinthika kwofunikira ndikofunikira. Izi zimatsegula mawindo kuti asinthe. Koma: Opanga zisankho zachuma komanso ndale, komanso nzika zambiri zili ndi nkhawa kuti kusinthika kotereku kungapambane. Ndiye chifukwa chake ntchito zowonetsera zomwe zikuwonetsa zomwe zingatheke ndizofunikira kwambiri. Ngati kusintha kwa mphamvu yaku Germany, komwe kumakhala kusinthasintha kwakukulu kukhala magwero amagetsi osinthika, kuchita bwino, izi zitha kuchititsa kuti padziko lonse lapansi pakhale zida zobiriwira zamagetsi zobiriwira. Akatswiri omwe amapanga nyumba zamagetsi popanda mtengo wokwanira amatha kuwongolera njira zatsopano zakumizinda. M'badwo woyamba wamagalimoto opangira zero mukupanga. Kukwaniritsa kotereku ndikofunikira kuti tifulumizitse kusinthaku. Kuphatikiza apo, ndale zitha kuchita zambiri. Chofunika kwambiri ndi mtengo wamtengo wowonjezera wowononga mpweya kuti ubweretse mitengo yoyenera. Mwachitsanzo, malonda azotsitsa ayenera kumapeto kuti masinthidwe amitengo ya mpweya wowonjezera kutentha awononge kuwonongeka komwe akubweretsa.
Kodi andale angalimbikitsidwe bwanji?
Kusintha kwachitukuko sikulinso vuto; kumapeza othandizira maphwando onse komanso magulu azikhalidwe. Nzika zathu tiyenera kumenyera kusintha kumeneku. Maboma akuyeneranso kumvetsetsa kuti kusintha kwakukulu kukuchitika mulimonsemo. Ngati chilichonse chimakhala monga momwe ziliri, palibe chomwe chimakhala momwe zidalili. Ngati tipitilizabe kukula ndi gasi wowonjezera kutentha, kuchokera ku 2030 tifunika kusintha kusintha kwa zinthu padziko lapansi komwe kungakhale kovuta kuwongolera: kusowa kwa madzi ndi nthaka, kukwera kwa nyanja, zochitika zam'mlengalenga, kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka, kusungunuka kwa ayezi waku Greenland - kuti ndizovuta padziko lonse lapansi. Njira ina ndikuyambitsa kusintha kosagwirizana ndi nyengo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chuma. Mayiko omwe amachita izi koyamba adzakhala chuma chotsogola m'zaka makumi zikubwerazi. Pali zokambirana zambiri pankhaniyi ku China, mwachitsanzo: funde lalikulu lotsatira lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi lidzakhala lobiriwira.
"Kusintha kwachuma chokondweretsa nyengo kumatanthauza kusintha kwamtsogolo komwe kudzapangitse opambana ndi otayika.", Dirk Messner pa omwe amatsutsana ndi kukhazikika
Kodi "kusintha kwa zobiriwira" kumaika pangozi makampani?
Funsoli poyamba limawunikira nkhawa ngati ndalama zomwe zingawonongeke kwambiri pochinjiriza nyengo ndi mfundo zake zitha kubweretsa mpungwepungwe, mwachitsanzo pakati pa mphero zachitsulo ku Germany ndi ku Russia. Zotsatira zake, kusunthidwa kwapangidwe kungakhale kotheka, zomwe sizingathandize nyengo yapadziko lonse. Zinthu zitatu ndizofunikira pano: Choyamba, ndondomeko zoteteza nyengo ziyenera kupatsa makampani olimba mphamvu nthawi kuti ikhale yamtendere. Munjira yogulitsa zamankhwala ku Europe, makampani amapatsidwa nthawi yochulukirapo ngati satifiketi yaulere yopanga kwaulere kuti asinthane ndi nyengo yotentha. Chachiwiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyengo izikhala yolimba zitha kupanga zabwino zampikisano zatsopano. Izi zitha kuchitika ngati makampani azitsulo aku Germany kapena ku Europe atachita bwino kukhala apainiya opanga zitsulo zotentha. Chachitatu, kusinthika kwachuma chamakompyuta ochepa kumatanthauza kusintha kwamphamvu komwe kudzapangitse opambana, monga ogulitsa magetsi, komanso otayika monga ogwiritsira ntchito magetsi. Kusintha kwa chitukuko kotero kuli koyenera kuli ndi otsutsana nawo m'magawo a mpweya wambiri.
Kodi nzika komanso wogula azichita popanda kusinthaku?
Kudumpha kwamatekinoloje mwaluso kudzakhala gawo la yankho: mphamvu zowongolera nyengo ndi mayendedwe, kupanga mafakitale moyenera. Tiyeneranso kuwunika momwe timakhalira komanso malingaliro pazogula. Malingana ngati maulendo ataliatali sangatheke m'njira yokomera nyengo, ndiulendo uliwonse wopita ku transatlantic timadutsa bajeti yapachaka yomwe ingapezeke nzika iliyonse. Titha kugula magalimoto otsika kwambiri ndi mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndi zinthu zomwe ndizolimba. Titha kuyesetsa kupewa kuti 40 peresenti ya chakudya chomwe chimapangidwa chimathera mu zinyalala m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Koma tikhozanso kulingalira za malingaliro azaumoyo omwe samangoyang'ana kudziko lonse lapansi. Kafukufuku wambiri akuwonetsa kuti zosowa zawo zikakwaniritsidwa, anthu amakhutitsidwa makamaka pakakhala ubale wokhulupirirana m'malo awo, malo ochezera, chitetezo m'magulu awo, kudalirika kwa mabungwe aboma, mwayi wopeza maphunziro, zaumoyo komanso chilungamo. Koposa zonse, ife ogula tiyenera kudziwona ngati nzika, omwe chisangalalo chawo sichimangodalira mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito, komanso pazikhalidwe zomwe zili m'moyo wabwino.
Kodi ndalama zakusintha ndizotheka?
Kafukufuku wambiri akuwonetsa kuti dziko lonse lapansi lingafunse ndalama pafupifupi ziwiri peresenti ya zinthu zapadziko lonse pakusintha kwachitukuko, ndikuti mtengo wa kusinthika kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe unali wokwera kwambiri kuposa kuchitapo kanthu. Komabe, ndalama zofunikira patsogolo pasadakhale zidzafunika kumanga mphamvu zanyengo komanso kuwonongeka kwamizinda, mwachitsanzo. Pakusintha, zakukakamiza chuma cha anthu, zofuna zamtsogolo ndi kuthekera kotsutsana ndi zofuna zam'mbuyomu komanso zamakono. Kukhazikitsa ndalama zatsopano zanyengo yapaofesi yanu kumakhala ngati ndalama pakumanga maphunziro. Amawononga ndalama zambiri poyamba, koma mulimonse momwe zingakhalire ndi makampani athu mtsogolo.
Kodi kutembenukira kobiriwira kumatha kuthana ndi zovutazi?
Ili ndi funso lotseguka. Makamaka m'maiko otukuka a Western olemera, pakadali pano ndizovuta kulimbikitsa ndalama zofunikira kuti timange maboma okondweretsa nyengo. Ndi maiko ochepa chabe omwe zokambirana izi zikukula kuti achulukitse kusowa kwa ntchito komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kubwezeretsanso zachuma. Kudzakhala kofunikira kuwonetsa ndikusintha kwa mphamvu ku Germany ndi njira zotsika za kaboni la Danish kuti mpikisano, ntchito ndi chitukuko siziyenera kukhala zotsutsana. Ku Spain ndi maiko ena ovuta amabzala. Chifukwa chake vutoli limatha kupititsa patsogolo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zakale zomwe zimapanga njira zodalirana zomwe zingapangitse kusintha kwa nyengo kukhala kovuta komanso kotsika mtengo mtsogolo. Pali zina zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti zachuma zomwe zikungotukuka zitha kukwanitsa kusinthaku kuposa mayiko omwe ali ndi ngongole zambiri za OECD. China ili ndi ndalama zambiri zakunja zakunja, zomwe zitha kulipirira ndalama zofunika kuzigawo zotsalira za kaboni. Kuphatikiza apo, zachuma zomwe zikubwera kale zili mumachitidwe akusintha pazachuma chifukwa cha kukwera kwachuma. Muzochitika zotere, kuyang'ana kwakhazikika kungakhale kosavuta kukwaniritsa kuposa m'maiko ovuta a OECD.
Kodi munthu aliyense angatani?
Ndanena kale zambiri pazomwe ife monga ogula tingachite modzipereka. Koma nthawi zambiri kutsutsana kwazomwe kumachitika kumachitika ngati kukambirana komwe kumatsutsana. Koma, pamapeto pake, tonse tifunika kuyesetsa kukhala ndi moyo womwe ungathandize kuti posachedwa kufikira anthu mabiliyoni asanu ndi anayi azikhala moyo wolemekezeka komanso wotetezeka m'magulu a demokalase. Ndizokhudza dziko latsopano, kusintha kwa malingaliro athu, kukwaniritsa chikhalidwe chathu. Choyambirira, kudziwa zenizeni ndikofunikira - tiyenera kuvomereza malire a dziko lapansi momwe chitukuko cha anthu chitha kukwaniritsidwa mosalekeza. China chilichonse chikhoza kukhala chosasamala.
Kenako zimadzafika pakupanga zandale, zandale komanso zachuma, mwachitsanzo, zaluso komanso kuchoka kuti apange mabungwe osatha. Mukawona akatswiri okonza mapulani akubwezeretsanso mizinda yosangalatsa nyengo, mumamva kuti kutengera nyengo sikukhudzana kwenikweni ndi "kukhala opanda" komanso kuthana ndi malonda. Ndipo tiyenera kuphunzira kulingalira zotsatira zakanthawi kochepa za zomwe timachita m'magulu ena ndi mibadwo yambiri yotsatira. Ili funso la chilungamo.
Pomaliza, ndikulandila anthu - munthawi imodzi komanso monga gulu lonse lapadziko lonse lapansi - kuti tikuyenera kutenga nawo gawo pakukhazikika kwa dongosolo la Dziko Lapansi, chifukwa ndiyo njira yokhayo yotilepheretsa kuyambitsa kusintha kwa machitidwe a dziko lapansi ndi zotsatira zosatsimikizika m'zaka makumi zikubwerazi. Ndimayerekezera kusinthika kwokhazikika ndi gawo la Kuunikira. Panthawiyo, zinthu zazikuluzo "zidapangidwanso": ufulu wa anthu, ulamuliro wamalamulo, demokalase. A Emanuel Kant afotokozeratu mwachidule komwe kumayambira nthawi imeneyi. Kwa iye, tanthauzo la Kuunikaku kunali "kusintha momwe anthu amaganiza."
Photo / Video: Shutterstock, Kufa / Messner, yankho.
