Bashin bashi na duniya: wa ya mallaki duniya?

ECB tana ambaliya kasuwannin da sabon kudade. Abin baƙin ciki, kuɗin ba ya ƙare a amfani ko cikin saka hannun jari. Yana wuce tattalin arzikin gaske kuma yana ƙarewa cikin kasuwannin hannayen jari, a cikin ƙasa da shaidu na gwamnati.

A duk faɗin duniya, kamfanoni, jihohi da gidaje sun tara basussukan da ba za su taɓa iya biya ba. Matakan bashin duniya na jihohi da kamfanoni suna da muhimmanci sosai a yau (idan aka kwatanta da babban GDP na cikin gida sau biyu) mafi girma kamar yadda suke a gaban rikicin tattalin arziƙi a 2008. Sakamakon farashi mai sauƙi a cikin hanyar karɓar haraji, shirye-shiryen tashin hankali na tattalin arziki da kuma ajiyar ajiyar banki a bayyane yake. Kasancewa mafi ƙasƙanci ƙasashe ne da suka tara mafi girman tsaunukan bashi. Da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya IMF a cewar Amurka, China da Japan suna daga cikin kasashen da suka ci gajiyar bashi kuma kadai ne ke bin bashin sama da rabin bashin duniya. Amma ƙasashe masu tasowa sun kuma gano rayuwa akan famfon.

Wannan ba abin damuwa ba ne?

Farfesa Dorothea Schäfer, Daraktan Bincike na Sashin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a Cibiyar Nazarin tattalin arziki ta Jamus (DIW) a Berlin sun fi annashuwa game da lamarin. A cewar ta, bashin gwamnati kadai ba shine abin damuwa ba, amma wani abu "gaba daya dabi'a" a tsarin tattalin arziki. Ga Schäfer, bashin da aka tara asali shine sakamakon rikicin tattalin arziƙin duniya kuma alama ce cewa bankunan tsakiya sun mamaye kasuwannin da kuɗi. A cewar ta, yanayin zai zama da haɗari lokacin da, alal misali, rikicin ƙasa ya gamu da rashin aikin yi.
Richard Grieveson, masanin tattalin arziki a Cibiyar Vienna ta Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya (wiiw), yana tsammanin mutane - musamman a cikin ƙasashen da ke magana da Jamusanci - suna damuwa da yawa game da matakan bashi. "Idan bashi ya zama matsala ya dogara da wasu dalilai da yawa, irin su ci gaban tattalin arziki mara karfi, ingantaccen farashi mai amfani, yanayin jujjuyawar matsakaita ko matsakaitan kayan bashin," in ji Grieveson.

Kudin Duniya - Babu Dalili Don Ajiye?

A zahiri, da alama akwai sake tunani a tsakanin masana tattalin arziki a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata dangane da bashi mai dorewa. Duk da yake akwai wani tabbacin cewa bashin gwamnati mai wucewa zai lalata ci gaban tattalin arzikin, a yau an daidaita manufofin tallafi azaman birki a kan zuba jari da haɓaka. Olivier Blanchard, Tsohon Shugaban Kasa na Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta AmurkaLokacin da ya ce a farkon shekarar a jawabin nasa na ban tausayi: “Matukar dai yawan bashin rancen ya yi kasa da yadda ake ci gaba, babu wani dalilin da zai sa mu sami ceto. Domin matakin bashi shima yana narkewa kamar wasan ƙwallon ƙwallo a haske da kuma yanayin zafi ”.

Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya ya kuma bayyana a cikin rahoton rahoton kwanciyar hankali na baya-bayan nan cewa babu shakka tsarin hada-hadar kudi na duniya ya zama mafi aminci tun daga rikicin tattalin arziki da na tattalin arziki. Ya yi nuni da cewa, doka ta tilasta bankuna a duniya da su kara adadin kudadensu da kuma ajiyar kayan maye, da inganta hadarin da ke tattare da su kuma suna bin sabbin ka’idoji, masu gudanarwa da gwajin damuwa.
Kasancewar jihohi sun rasa manufar kasafin kudi da bankuna na tsakiya ta hanyar kokarin su na farfado da tattalin arzikin kasa saboda girman bashi da alama bai taka rawar gani ba.

Bashin Kudin Duniya - Wanene daidai yake da ƙasashe?

Labari mai dadi shine cewa a baya kowane lamuni akwai kuma wadatar arziki, da kuma dacewa ma amfani ko saka hannun jari. Amma ba shi da sauƙi a tantance wanda zai ji daɗin hakan. A bangare guda, babu wani takaddun mai hannun jari don shaidu na gwamnati, a gefe guda, jihohi sukan dauki "rance" daga dubban masu saka hannun jari a lokaci guda tare da haɗin gwiwa, wanda daga nan ke ci gaba da kasuwanci da shi. Don Eurozone, duk da haka, yana tattarawa Babban bankin Turai (ECB) bayanai da himma don samun akalla fahimta game da tsarin mai hannun jari na kasashen Yuro 19.
Wannan yana sauƙaƙa ganin wanda ƙasashen Yuro suka 'kasance': kashi biyar daga cikin biyar zuwa bankunan kuma kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar ga ƙasashen waje da kamfanonin inshora. Ba zato ba tsammani, kashi biyu cikin uku na jihar Austriya 'suna' ƙasashen waje da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na bankunan.
Farfesa Schäfer yana ganin wannan tsarin samar da kuɗaɗe abu ne mai ƙarfi, saboda bankuna da kamfanonin inshora rukuni ne na amintattun masu saka jari ga jihohin. Bankuna biyun suna buƙatar damar samar da ingantaccen jari tare da tsayayyen farashin riba. "Abin da ke damun mana masanan tattalin arziki shi ne cewa bankuna suna kara saka hannun jari a cikin kasashensu," in ji Schäfer.
Tabbas, shaidu na gwamnati ya shahara sosai tun lokacin da rikicin duniya da Turai ke fuskanta. Wannan ba wai kawai saboda sun kasance mafaka mai aminci ga masu saka jari ba, amma a sama saboda ba lallai ne bankuna su ajiye daidaiton hakan ba.
Sun shahara musamman da Babban Bankin Turai, wanda ke ta karɓar bashi daga ƙasashe yankin Yuro tun a shekarar 2015. Kundin ya bambanta tsakanin kudin Tarayyar Turai biliyan 15 zuwa 60 - kowane wata, kula. "ECB ta yi ta kokarin haɓaka amfani da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma ba ta yi nasara ba da gaske. Koyaya, abin da ta yi nasarar tabbatarwa shine tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali, "in ji Richard Grieveson.

Ina sabo ne kudin?

A haɗe da manufar kuɗin ƙididdigar kuɗaɗen kasarta, ECB tana ambaliya kasuwannin da sabon kuɗi. Amma ina kudin suke? Workingarfin aiki da wanda ba shi da wadata ba na jama'a yana ɗan gani kaɗan. Akasin haka: Yawancin 'yan ƙasa EU suna haɗarin talauci kuma suna fama da karancin gidaje (kashi 17). Mutane masu ilimi da iyalai suna da wahala su sami gida mai araha. Bugu da kari, kara kishin kasa, rashin jituwa ga mutane da EU suna ba da haske game da yanayin gaba daya da kwarjinin yawan jama'ar Turai.
Abin baƙin ciki, kuɗin ba ya ƙare a amfani ko cikin saka hannun jari. Yana wucewa tattalin arzikin gaske kuma yana ƙarewa cikin kasuwannin hannayen jari, gidaje da shaidu na gwamnati maimakon hakan. Kodayake wannan tsarin na iya aiki da tattalin arziƙi, har yanzu yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa mai ban tsoro, tare da duk sakamakon zamantakewa da siyasa.

Bashin duniya: real vs. Tsarin jari hujja

Stefan Schulmeister yana ɗaya daga cikin fewan masana tattalin arziƙin da suka magance wannan tambayar: Ta yaya za a karkatar da kuɗi daga kasuwannin kuɗi zuwa tattalin arzikin gaske? Ya bambanta asali tsakanin tsarin wasa biyu a tsarinmu na tattalin arziƙi: haƙiƙar jari hujja, wacce ke jagorantar babban birnin cikin abubuwa masu fa'ida, abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙimantawa kuma hakan ya haifar da ayyuka da wadata bisa babban tsari, da kuma tsarin jari hujja, wanda kawai ke da banbanci tsakanin darajar kuɗi, da musayar canji, da kayayyaki da Ana samar da farashi na ƙasa kuma yana ninka ta hanyar "cajin amfani ga kadarar data kasance". Latterarshe ya mamaye tattalin arzikin duniya a yau, yana hana samar da ayyukan yi da haifar da rashin aikin yi, bashin jama'a da rashin daidaituwa.
A cewar Schulmeister, babban dalilin shi ne cewa dawowar kan kasuwannin hada-hadar kudade sun fi wadanda ake tsammani daga kasuwancin gargajiya. A takaice dai, masu arziki suna samun arziki sosai ta hanyar hasashe kudi fiye da ta hanyar kasuwancin zamani.

Babban mahimman kayan aiki don magance wannan ci gaba shine gabatarwar harajin ma'amala na kudi, wanda ke jagorantar bin ribar daga ma'amala na ɗan gajeren lokaci zuwa ayyukan lokaci mai tsawo a cikin kasuwannin kayayyaki. Schulmeister ya kuma ba da shawarar kafa Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Turai don ba da kuɗi ga ƙasashe. Yakamata kada sharuɗansa ya kasance mai ɗaukar nauyi kuma zai ba masu ilimin tattalin arzikin damar damar yin tunani game da sauye sauye na banbanci tsakanin kuɗi ko fatarar ƙasashe ɗaya. Ga abokan aikinsa, shawarwarin sake karantawa ne daga 'tsarin kasuwancin neoliberal' na koma baya ga ilimi da kasancewa cikin halayen ainihin rayuwar mutane.

Sauran batutuwan akan tattalin arzikin canji

Photo / Video: Shutterstock, Option.