Helmut Melzer
Noma ngubani okhuluma ngenhlala-kahle endaweni yokuphila angeke ayinake indiva yodumo lokushisa. Lokhu kubhekisa kuhla lokushisa oluncane, oluphakathi kwemizwa yomzimba yokugcwala kwegazi kanye nokujuluka nomuzwa wokuqandelwa. Uma ukulingana okushisa kungagcinwa ngaphandle komzamo wokulawula, umuntu uzothola induduzo eshisayo.
"Ngokuya ngesiko lendawo kanye nesimo sezulu, izingubo eziguquliwe zingenza amazinga okushisa aphakathi kwe-16 ne-32 degrees Celsius, njengoba kufakazelwa izifundo eziningi zokushisa nokuthuthuzela okwenziwa emhlabeni wonke kumasiko nezimo zezulu ezihlukile. Izinga lokushisa le-ambient lithathwa njenge "ntofontofo" lapho ukufukelwa kwesikhumba kusesilinganisweni esiphakathi futhi kungasebenzi nhlobo ukujuluka kwe-sweat noma ukuthuthumela. Leli zinga lokushisa alincike kuphela ekushiseni okukhona, kepha futhi nasekugqokeni, ekusebenzeni ngokomzimba, umoya, umswakama, imisebe kanye nesimo somzimba. Izinga lokushisa elenziwa umuntu ohlezi phansi, ogqoke kancane (ihembe, amabhulukwe amafushane, amabhulukwe amade ukotini) ngokunyakaza komoya ophansi (ngaphansi kwe-0,5 m / s) nasendaweni enomswakama wamaphesenti we-50 cishe nge-25-26 degrees Celsius, "kusho lolu cwaningo. "Ukuqina okusimeme - izifundo ngentokozo nenani lezempilo lezindlu ezingena nje", ziqinile.
Izakhiwo ezisebenza ngamandla zinenzuzo ecacile: induduzo ephezulu, umkhathi kanye nesimo sezulu esimnandi sokuphila kungenzeka kutholakale ngokusetshenziswa okuncane kwamandla. Ababhali abacwaningayo: "Ngokusebenzisa ukushisa okuguquguqukayo okuguquguqukayo kuncishiswa kakhulu kangangokuba ngisho namanani amancane okushisa anele ukugcina ukushisa kwegumbi. Ngakho-ke, isidingo sokushisa kwendlu engena nje sincane nge-10 ye-factor kune-avareji yesitoko sokwakha. Endlini yokungena nje, amazinga okushisa aphakeme angaphakathi ebusika abangela isimo sezulu esibi, esithathwa njengentofontofo kakhulu. Leli zinga eliphakeme lenduduzo litholwa kuphela ngama-radiator ngaphansi kwefasitela, ukufudumeza udonga noma ukufudumeza ngaphansi kwezindlu ezindlini ezingakhelwanga ngokwezinga lamandla endlu etholakalayo. "
Umoya omubi ongaphakathi uyagula
Okufanayo kuyasebenza emoyeni wekamelo: nakho kunethonya elinamandla enhlalakahleni kanye nasempilweni yabantu. Ngokupheka noma ngokuhlanza sithonya ikhwalithi yomoya nangokusebenzisa izinto zokwakha, ubuchwepheshe noma izindwangu. Kusuka ocwaningweni "Ukuqina okunethezekayo - Izifundo ngentokozo nenani lezempilo lezindlu ezifikelayo": "Lokho okubizwa ngomoya omubi akubangelwa ukuntuleka komoya ophefumulayo, kepha ngokuyinhloko yi-CO2 yeqile. Iningi labasebenzisi eliqashile libheka ikhwalithi yangaphakathi yangaphakathi njenge yinhle uma i-CO2 okuhlushwa ingeqi i-1000 ppm ("inombolo ye-Pettenkofer"). Umoya ongaphandle une-CO2 yokuhlushwa ye-300 ppm (ifinyelela ku-400 ppm ezikhungweni zedolobha, abahleli bephinda bakhulume). Abantu bakhipha umoya nge-CO2 yokuhlaziywa kwe-approx. I-40.000 ppm (4 Vol%). Ngaphandle kokushintshiselana nomoya wangaphandle, ukuhlushwa kwe-CO2 kumakamelo owakhiwe kukhuphuka ngokushesha okukhulu. I-CO2 ekhulayo ayiyingozi ngqo empilweni. Kodwa-ke, kokugxila okuthile, ungahle ubhekane nokuphazamiseka okunjengokukhathala, ubunzima bokugxilisa ingqondo, uzizwe ungasenamakhanda futhi unekhanda futhi usebenza kahle. I-synopsis yocwaningo ngemiphumela yezempilo ye-carbon dioxide ikhombisa ukuthi ukwehla kwamazinga we-CO2 nakho kunciphisa okubizwa njengezimpawu ezihlobene nokugula-i-syndrome (isib. Ukucasuka kanye ukoma kwezitho zomzimba, ukhathala, ikhanda). "
Umoya omncane wasekhaya uyasiza
Ukuphuma umoya omncane ojwayelekile, umoya ophakeme osezingeni eliphezulu, olawulwa endaweni ephilayo uyasiza ikakhulukazi ngohlelo lokungena komoya olusha, kufafazwa komoya ohlanzekile futhi ngaphakathi. Esithombeni sokushisa esishisayo se-geothermal exchanger nasendlini yokungena komoya, kufikelwa umoya omusha. Umoya ugeleza ngohlelo lwamapayipi emakamelweni okuhlala nasezigumbini zokulala futhi udlula ngezitebhisi nangehholo ekhishini, egumbini lokugezela nasendlini yangasese. Lapho, umoya osetshenzisiwe ukhishwa ngohlelo lwamapayipi bese uholelwa ophikweni olusebenzisa umoya omncane. Ukushisa kudluliselwa ku-exchanger yokushisa kumoya wokuphakelwa, umoya wokukhipha umoya ushaya umoya ovulekile. Vele, ngaphandle kokungena komoya endaweni ephilayo, kungenzeka ukwazi ukufaka umoya wokwakha ngesandla futhi amawindi angavulwa. "Ngaphandle kohlelo lokungena umoya omncane, amafasitela azodinga ukuvulwa okungenani njalo emahoreni amabili ukwehlisa isilinganiso se-CO2 ukuya emazingeni aphansi komkhawulo wezohlanzeko (i-1.500 ppm), okuwumkhuba ongabalulekile ekusebenzeni, ikakhulukazi ebusuku," kusho lolu cwaningo. , Ngaphezu kwalokho, umoya omncane wefasitela ebusika uqinisekisa ukukhuphuka kwamandla nokulahlekelwa ukushisa, okusalungiswa nokungcoliswa komsindo.
Ukungcola okuphansi
Ucwaningo oluthi "i-Ventilation 3.0: i-Occupant Health kanye ne-Indoor Air Quality Kwakhiwa kabusha, Amandla Okusebenza Ngokuphilayo" yi-Austrian Institute for Building Biology and Construction Ecology IBO lizibekele umgomo wokuthonya ikhwalithi yomoya yangaphakathi enhlalakahleni kanye nokweneliswa kwendawo yokuhlala kwabahlali bendawo eyodwa kanye nemindeni eminingi. Amakhaya we-123 Austrian) angena futhi ngaphandle kwendawo yokufaka umoya omncane endaweni. Phakathi kokunye, izikhala eziphilayo zazihlolwa izinto ezilimazayo. Ocwaningweni lwamanje, imininingwane yaqoqwa ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu kudluliselwe futhi ngonyaka owodwa kamuva.
Isiphetho: "Imiphumela yokuhlolwa komoya yangaphakathi, idatha ekwanelisekeni kwabasebenzisi kanye nasempilweni kanye nakukhwalithi yomoya engaphakathi etholakala ngokufihliwe ibonisa ukuthi umqondo wezakhiwo ezinezinhlelo zokufaka umoya omncane wokuhlala unezinzuzo ezicacile phezu komqondo" ojwayelekile "wendlu yamandla aphansi anomoya opholile owanele. Ukusetshenziswa kohlelo lokungena komoya lokungena ezindlini zokuhlala ngakho-ke, uma ukuhlela, ukwakha, ukufaka ikhomishini kanye nokunakekela isimo samanje sobuciko kuyancomeka. "
Ikakhulu, isincomo ukuhlanganisa izinzuzo zokuhlanzeka komoya wegumbi wezinhlelo zokupholisa zekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu. Futhi, ngokuya ocwaningweni lokubandlulula: "Imibono ehlukahlukene ku" amasistimu wokungena komoya ophoqelekile "njengobumba, ukwanda kokuvela kwezikhalazo zezempilo noma ukwanda kokunye okungaqedwanga ocwaningweni olukhona njengamanje. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi kunesidingo esichazayo sokwenza isenzo maqondana nomswakama womoya ophansi ezakhiweni ezinamasistimu wokufaka umoya omncane wasekhaya. Izisombululo zezobuchwepheshe ziyatholakala ngemiqondo ephezulu yomoya omncane. "
Umoya omncane wegumbi: Ukuhlola ubandlululo kuhloliwe
Futhi lolu cwaningo luyaqhubeka: "Ngokuvamile, kutholakale amazinga aphansi ngokungcola emoyeni wangaphakathi ngawo womabili usuku lokuqala nangezinto ezilandelwayo ezintweni ezinamasistimu wokufaka umoya omncane egumbini lokuphumula uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto ezinendawo ekhethekile yokungena komoya. [] Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kohlelo lokungenisa umoya omncane endaweni ngokwesilinganiso kufinyelela umoya ongcono kakhulu wamakamelo ngokuqondene nezindawo zomoya ezihambelana nezempilo, kepha ukusatshalaliswa kwamanani kuphakeme kuzo zombili izinhlobo zezindlu. "
okuhlushwa Ukugcola
Ngokuningiliziwe, ukudalulwa kwama-Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) ahlukahlukene kanye nokunye ukungcola kuyaphenywa ngokuqhathaniswa nokufakwa umoya okujwayelekile kwewindows. Imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisile ukuthi uhlobo lomoya omncane (olungena noma ngaphandle kwendawo yokufaka umoya omncane) lube nethonya elibaluleke kakhulu ekugxileni kwe-VOC emoyeni wekamelo nokuthi kumaphrojekthi anendawo ekhethekile yokungenisa umoya okwedlula njalo yenzekile ngazo zombili izinsuku zokulinganisa. Ithonya elibalulekile labonwa maqondana nokuqoqwa kwe-formaldehyde, isikhutha, i-radon ne-mold spores. Uhlobo lokungena komoya ngaphakathi kwe-allergen ye-mite allergen alunamthelela.
Isakhiwo esisha: umthwalo omkhulu
"Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yezilinganiso zokungcola komoya ongaphakathi, kungashiwo futhi ukuthi, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zezinto, ezimweni eziningi ukuphuma kwe-VOC kwezinto zokwakha nezinto zangaphakathi kwenzeka ngezinga elikhuphukile, okuyisimo esingenabulungiswa ngokuhlanzeka. Kwezinye izimo, ukusebenza kohlelo lokungena komoya lokungena akwanele njengesilinganiso sodwa sokunciphisa ukubonakaliswa. Amanani we-VOC ayengezinga elikhulu (futhi ezintweni ezinamasistimu wokufaka umoya omncane wokuhlala) ngaphezulu kwemiphumela yezinto eziqinisekisiwe ezisezingeni elakhiwe ngokusebenzisa ukuphathwa kwamakhemikhali. Izizathu zalokhu ngakolunye uhlangothi kungenzeka ukuthi kusetshenziswe izithambisi zamakhemikhali zokwakha nezinto zangaphakathi kanye ngokwesibili umthamo womoya ophansi ugeleza emakamelweni. Ngakho-ke kufanele kugcizelelwe kakhulu ekwehliseni ukuphuma kwomoya ngokukhetha ukuphuma okungaphansi, izinto zokwakha ezihloliwe ukungcola.
Ithempelesha yegumbi nokusalungiswa
Mayelana nesimo sezulu esingaphakathi endlini, izinga lokushisa lamakamelo nokuhamba komoya kubhekwe njengento emnandi kakhulu ngabahlali bezindlu ezinamasistimu wokufaka umoya omncane kunabahlali bezinto ezinendawo ekhethekile yokungena komoya. Ngakho-ke, umbono maqondana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "amasistimu wokufaka umoya ophoqelelwe wezindawo zokuhlala" okushisa Igumbi kubhekwa njengokungajabulisi kakhulu futhi okubonakala kungakatholakali kungalungiswa.
Ukungezwani komzimba namagciwane
Umbono wokuthi izinhlelo zokufaka umoya omncane "ziyahluma" awunakuqinisekiswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungabhekwa ukuthi izinhlelo zokufaka umoya omncane zisebenza njengendawo yokucwila kwezinhlamvu zesikhunta, ngenkathi amasistimu wokufaka umoya omncane wokuhlala anganciphisa kakhulu ukuhlangana kwama-allergener (spores, impova, njll.) Kanye nezinto ezingena ngaphandle.
umswakama
Kodwa-ke, umbono uqinisekisiwe ukuthi umoya ohlelweni lokungena komoya uvame ukoma kakhulu, ngenxa yemibalo yomoya othuthukiswa ngohlelo lonke, okuthi ngenkathi ebandayo iholele ekuphinyisweni kwempahla yonke futhi, ngenxa yalokho, umoya ongaphakathi. Uma inani elifanayo lomoya lingakhishwa ezintweni ezifakelwe umoya kuphela ngamafasitela, kuzoba khona amazinga aphansi omswakama lapho.
Isixazululo sobuchwepheshe sokwenza ngcono isimo (ukubuzwa komthetho kanye nokubuyiselwa komswakama) siyaziwa futhi sesivele sifakiwe ezitshalweni zesimanje.
Schimmel
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezisetshenziswayo, noma kufakwe insured noma cha, kufakwa umswakama okumele ukhululwe ngaphandle. Mold yakheka futhi ezakhiweni ezintsha, ezingakaze zomiswe ngokuphelele ngemuva kokwakhiwa, futhi ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni ezidinga ukulungiswa kabusha. Ukufakwa okufudumele kwangaphandle - ukuhlela okuhlelekile kanye nokuqaliswa kwezindlela zokwakheka ezinikeziwe - kunciphisa ukulahleka kobushushu kube ngaphandle kuqine kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise amazinga okushisa ezindonga zangaphakathi. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokukhula kwesikhunta.
Isifundo: "Amanani aphakeme kakhulu futhi aphansi kakhulu womswakama wesihlobo kufanele agwenywe. Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi amazinga aphansi ngaphansi kwe-30 amaphesenti omswakama atholakala cishe ezindlini ezinamasistimu wokufaka umoya omncane wokuhlala, amazinga aphezulu ngaphezu kwamaphesenti we-55 acishe afane ezintweni ezinomoya opholile. Ngakho-ke kungabukwa ukuthi ukuvimbela isikhunta okusebenzayo kungenzeka ngohlelo lokufaka umoya omncane wokuhlala. "
1 - induduzo eshisayo
Izinga lokushisa le-ambient lithathwa njenge "ntofontofo" lapho ukufukelwa kwesikhumba kusesilinganisweni esiphakathi futhi kungasebenzi nhlobo ukujuluka kwe-sweat noma ukuthuthumela. Amazinga okushisa okunethezeka ahlezi phansi, agqokisa kancane abantu ngokunyakaza komoya ophansi futhi afinyelela umswakama osondelene wamaphesenti we-50 cishe ngama-25-26 degrees Celsius.
2 - Ikhwalithi yomoya yangaphakathi
Umoya okuthiwa awubi awubangelwa ukushoda komoya-mpilo, kepha ngokuyinhloko yi-CO2 yokuhlushwa ngokweqile. Iningi labasebenzisi eliqashile libheka ikhwalithi yangaphakathi yangaphakathi njenge yinhle uma i-CO2 okuhlushwa ingeqi i-1000 ppm ("inombolo ye-Pettenkofer"). Umoya ongaphandle une-CO2 okuhlushwa nge300 ppm (kuze kufike ku-400 ppm ezikhungweni zedolobha).
I-3 - Ukungcola - i-VOC
Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ama-VOCs, amakhompiyutha eguqukayo asindayo, afaka impilo yendawo yokuphila. Izinto eziningi zokwakha ziqukethe la ma-VOC futhi azikhululele emoyeni wekamelo. Ukukhipha umoya kuphezulu, ikakhulukazi esimweni sokwakhiwa okusha noma ukulungiswa kabusha, kepha kuyancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi uhlelo lokulawula umoya omncane, ngokwesibonelo, lunikeza impumuzo futhi luqinisekise umoya ongcono wasendlini.
Photo / Video: Ugogo.
