Likotsi bophelong le bophelo bo botle: Sebetsa nakong ea likoluoa ​​​​tsa boemo ba leholimo

E ngotsoe ke Martin Auer

Ka la 28 Mmesa, matsatsi a mararo pele ho Letsatsi la Machaba la Basebetsi, linaha tse ngata lia keteka Letsatsi la Sehopotso sa Basebetsi se hopolwang e le sehopotso sa basebetsi ba bolailweng, ba holofaditsweng, ba lemetseng kapa ba kulang mosebetsing. Selemong sena Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Mokhatlo oa Basebetsi (ITUC) o nehetse letsatsi lena molemong oa “Likotsi tsa boemo ba leholimo bakeng sa basebetsi"behiloe.

Maemo a feteletseng a leholimo a sokela polokeho ea mosebetsi le bophelo bo botle ba basebetsi ba temo, kaho le mesebetsing e meng moo ba sebeletsang kantle. Mafu le mafu a amanang le mocheso a eketsehile haholo. Ho sebetsa maemong a leholimo a feteletseng ho etsa hore u khathetse ka ho khetheha 'me kahoo u be kotsing ea likotsi le likotsi. Mafu a amanang le khatello ea maikutlo a ntse a eketseha. Nakong ea mocheso oa 2023, basebetsi ba poso le bakhanni ba lipalangoang, har'a ba bang, ho tlalehoa hore ba bolailoe ke mocheso oa mocheso ha ba ntse ba sebetsa. Ho na le mabaka a 'nete a ho tšoenyeha ka hore ha ho bahiri kapa balaoli ba sebetsanang le taba ena ka botebo e lokelang.

Tlaleho1 Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Basebetsi (ILO) oa September 2023 o re: “Ho fetoha ha maemo a leholimo ho ama basebetsi ka litsela tse ngata, ho akarelletsa likotsi, kankere, mafu a pelo le methapo, mafu a matšoafo le liphello tsa bophelo ba bona ba kelello. "Palo e hakanyetsoang ea batho ba shoang har'a baahi ba lefatše ba lilemong tsa ho sebetsa ka lebaka la ho pepesehela mocheso o chesang e eketsehile."

Ke ka hona Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Basebetsi o batlang hore ho be le maano le litloaelo tse matla ho sireletsa batho ba sebetsang liphellong tse kotsi tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Litlhahlobo tsa kotsi ea boemo ba leholimo le ho itokisetsa maemo a tšohanyetso li tlameha ho kopanngoa le litekanyetso tsa polokeho ea mosebetsi le bophelo bo botle. Sena se kenyeletsa ho buisana le mekhatlo ea basebetsi, ho fana ka koetliso e batsi ea polokeho le ho tiisa maemo a thata a tšireletso ho fokotsa likotsi tse amanang le maemo a leholimo a feteletseng. "Demokrasi e bohareng ba sena, hobane demokrasi mosebetsing e bolela hore basebetsi ba mameloa 'me ba ka kenya letsoho bakeng sa polokeho ea bona," ho boletse Mongoli Kakaretso oa ITUC Luc Triangle.

Hase feela boemo ba leholimo bo fetohang bo bakang likotsi tse eketsehileng bakeng sa basebetsi, hape ke tekano ea matla a lefats'e. Ka 2024 ho Annals of the American Association of Geographers2 Phuputsong e phatlalalitsoeng mabapi le South East Asia Brick Belt, bafuputsi ba UK le Asia Boroa-bochabela ba ile ba hlahloba kamoo ho fokotseha ha matla a tlhahiso ea litene UK ka mor'a mathata a lichelete a 2008 ho lebisitse keketseho e matla ea thepa ea litene e tsoang ka ntle ho EU. Litene li etsoa India ka nako e chesang ka ho fetisisa ea selemo. Nakong ena, basebetsi ba qobelloa ho sebetsa letsatsing le matla, le tobileng le ho se khone ho fumana moriti. Basebetsi ba bangata ba indasteri ba botlamuoeng ba likoloto, ba qobelloa - hangata hammoho le malapa a bona - ho sebetsa maemong a sa pheleng 'me ka linako tse ling a bolaeang ho lefa tsoala likolotong tsa nako e telele ho beng ba sebōpi.3.

Lilemo tse limilione tse peli tsa bophelo li lahlehile ka lebaka la likotsi tse amanang le mocheso

Ha mocheso o ntse o phahama, sekhahla sa likotsi mosebetsing le sona sea eketseha. Mokhatlo oa Machaba a Kopaneng oa Basebetsi (ILO) o hakanya hore mocheso mosebetsing o bakile likotsi tse limilione tse 2020 mosebetsing le batho ba 23 lefatšeng ka bophara ka 19.000, e leng se ileng sa bitsa kakaretso ea lilemo tse 2 tsa batho ba nang le bokooa (DALYs).

Thuto ea UCLA4 ho tloha 2021 e fumane hore esita le keketseho e nyenyane ea mocheso sebakeng sa mosebetsi California e lebisitse ho likotsi tse eketsehileng tsa 20.000 ka selemo, ka litšenyehelo tsa sechaba tsa $ 1 limilione tse likete.

Phuputso e fumane hore basebetsi ba na le karolo ea 32 ho ea ho 6 lekholong ea kotsi e kholo ea ho tsoa kotsi matsatsing a nang le mocheso o ka holimo ho 9 ° C ho feta matsatsing a nang le mocheso o pholileng. Haeba thermometer e feta 38 ° C, kotsi ea kotsi e eketseha ka karolo ea 10 ho ea ho 15 lekholong.

Sengoliloeng sa 2019 se ho American Journal of Industrial Medicine se re: “Har’a basebetsi ba kaho, ba etsang karolo ea 6 lekholong ea batho ba sebetsang, karolo ea 1992 lekholong ea batho bohle ba bolailoeng ke mocheso United States pakeng tsa 2016 le 36 e etsahetse. Karolelano ea mocheso ho tloha ka Phuptjane ho isa Phato e ile ea eketseha butle-butle nakong ea thuto. Lithempereichara tse ntseng li phahama tsa lehlabula ho tloha ka 1997 ho ea ho 2016 li ne li amahanngoa le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa lefu tse amanang le mocheso.”

Ho sebetsa temong le hona ke mosebetsi o kotsi haholo. Sengoliloeng ho American Journal of Industrial Medicine5 ka 2015 ba ile ba etsa qeto ea hore basebetsi ba mapolasing ba kotsing ea ho shoa ka makhetlo a 35 ka lebaka la lefu le bakoang ke mocheso ho feta basebetsi ba mesebetsi e meng.

Moroalo oa ho sebetsa maemong a futsanehileng o oela ho basebetsi, malapa a bona le sechaba. Empa phello ea phaello e boetse e bohlokoa: ha mocheso o phahame, tlhahiso ea basebetsi e ea fokotseha hobane ho chesa haholo ho sebetsa kapa basebetsi ba tlameha ho sebetsa butle. Ka 2019, ILO e boletse esale pele6Liphesente tse 2030 tsa kakaretso ea nako ea ho sebetsa lefatšeng ka bophara e tla lahleha ka lebaka la mocheso o phahameng ka 2,2 - tahlehelo ea tlhahiso e lekanang le mesebetsi ea nako e tletseng e limilione tse 80. Ka 2030, sena se ka fokotsa tlhahiso ea moruo oa lefats'e ka $ 2,4 bilione.

Mafu a amanang le mocheso

Tlhahlobo ea lefats'e ea ILO ea mehlala ea boemo ba leholimo, likhakanyo tsa mocheso oa lefats'e, lintlha tsa basebetsi le tlhaiso-leseling ea bophelo bo botle ba mosebetsing ho tloha ka 2024 e fumane hore bonyane basebetsi ba nako e tletseng ba limilione tse likete tse 2020 ba ile ba pepesetsoa mocheso mosebetsing ka 2,41. Ho ba bangata, sena se ka ba kotsi haholo bophelong ba bona.

Mafu a amanang le mocheso a hlaha ka matla ho tloha ho mocheso o fokolang oa mocheso le ho ruruha ho ea khatellong ea mocheso le ho felloa ke mocheso ho ea ho maemo a tebileng le a ka 'nang a bolaea a kang rhabdomyolysis (tšenyo ea mesifa), kotsi e matla ea liphio, ho otloa ke mocheso le mocheso o bakoang ke ho tšoaroa ke pelo. Basebetsi ba nang le maemo a neng a le teng pele joalo ka lefu la tsoekere, matšoafo kapa lefu la pelo ba ka ba kotsing haholo7.

Ho sa tsoa tlalehoa lefu le sa foleng la liphio (CKDu) le hlokometsoe ho basebetsi ba banana le ba bang ba etsang mosebetsi o boima oa matsoho mocheso o chesang. Lefu lena le bolaea batho ba likete selemo le selemo. Sengoliloeng sa 2016 ho Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology8 e khothalelitse hore CKDu e ka emela e 'ngoe ea mafu a seoa a pele a bakoang ke phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.

Likhakanyo tse kopaneng tsa WHO le ILO tse phatlalalitsoeng ka 2023 koranteng ea Environment International9 e hatisitsoeng, nka hore basebetsi ba limilione tse likete tse 2019 lefatšeng ka bophara ba hlasetsoe ke mahlaseli a kotsi a letsatsi mosebetsing ka 1,6, "e tsamaellanang le liperesente tse 28,4 tsa batho ba sebetsang". Ke sesosa se atileng haholo sa kotsi ea mofets'e mosebetsing ha basebetsi ba lula ba le maemong a holimo ho feta meeli e khothalletsoang ea letsatsi le letsatsi.

Mahlaseli a UV a ka boela a baka tšenyo e ke keng ea etsolloa mahlong, ebang ke ka tšenyo e bakoang ke ho pepeseha ha nako e khutšoanyane haholo kapa ho pepesehela nako e telele, ho lebisang ho senyeha ha macular, lihlahala tsa mahlo le lera la mahlo.

Liphetho tsa boithuto tse phatlalalitsoeng ka Mmesa 2024 ho International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology10 tlaleho e hatisitsoeng ea hore ho sebetsa mochesong o feteletseng ho ka baka habeli kotsi ea ho pepa le ho senyeheloa ke mpa ho basali ba baimana. Boithuto bona bo kenyelelitse bakhachane ba 800 seterekeng se ka boroa sa India sa Tamil Nadu, bao kaofela ha bona ba neng ba etsa mosebetsi o boima ho isa bohareng.

Basebetsi ba libakeng tse koaletsoeng le bona ba ka ba kotsing. Lithempereichara tse hatellang, haholo-holo moo lits'ebetso li hlahisang mocheso joalo ka libaka tsa ho baka, libaka tsa ho hlatsoetsa liaparo, liaparo tsa ho hlatsoetsa liaparo le likhalase, li ka sitisa ho tsepamisa mohopolo 'me tsa baka khatello ea maikutlo e matla 'meleng le kelellong.

Boemo ba leholimo bo feteletseng

Kentucky, basebetsi ba robeli ba ile ba hlokahala ka 2021 ha feme ea likerese ea Mayfield Consumer Products e ne e hlajoa ke leholiotsoana. Ba ne ba boleletsoe hore ha ba ka tlohela mosebetsi ba tla lelekoa. Setsi sa ts'ireletso sa U.S. OSHA se lefisitse k'hamphani $40.000 bakeng sa litlolo tse supileng "tse tebileng" tsa polokeho tse amanang le lefu.

Letsatsing lona leo, basebetsi ba tšeletseng ba ile ba shoa ha ntlo ea polokelo ea Amazon e neng e otliloe ke leholiotsoana e putlama Edwardsville, Illinois. Ka polelo e tsoang ho Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union (RWDSU)11 Amazon e ile ea nyatsuoa ka ho hloka hore basebetsi ba eona ba tsoelepele ho sebetsa nakong ea leholiotsoana le leholo.

Li-wildfire - tse ntseng li ata haholo ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo - li ka bolaea, 'me basebeletsi ba tšohanyetso ba kotsing haholo. Ha se feela mocheso le malakabe - mosi le oona ke 'molai oa sebele. Ka 2023, mekhatlo ea Masepanishe e emelang bo-ralitima-mollo ho tsoa Andalusian Environmental and Water Agency e ile ea fumana tumello ea hore mosi o na le kankere.

Ho ea ka mokhatlo oa 'muso oa US oa lipatlisiso tsa polokeho ea NIOSH12 Tse ling tsa likotsi tse atileng haholo tsa bo-ralitima-mollo ba tobanang le tsona ha ba ntse ba sebetsa moleng oa mollo li kenyelletsa "ho ts'oaroa ke mollo, mafu a amanang le mocheso le likotsi, ho hema mosi, likotsi tse amanang le koloi (ho kenyeletsoa le lifofane), ho thella, maeto le ho oa. li bakoa ke ho sebetsa ka matla nako e telele ho ka baka “kotsi ea lefu la tšohanyetso la pelo le rhabdomyolysis.”

Likhohola li ka etsa hore lipalangoang li be kotsi ho basebetsi bohle 'me li tlise kotsi e eketsehileng ea tšoaetso. Ho itšetlehile ka hore na ba hokae lefatšeng, sena e ka ba ntho leha e le efe ho tloha ho sefuba ho isa k’holera. Nakong ea likhohola, basebetsi ba temo ba ne ba ka ba le mosebetsi o kotsi kapa ba se na mosebetsi ho hang.

Likhohola le tsona li ka baka kotsi ho tsoa ho mafu a amanang le ho khutla ha likhoerekhoere. Likotsi tse tsoang ho lithōle tse kang lifate tse oeleng kapa ho kenella ha metsi tse sokelang tšireletso ea motlakase kapa tšireletso ea mollo li ka etsa hore mosebetsi o be kotsi kapa o se khonehe.

Tšilafalo ea moea

Tšilafalo ea moea le liketsahalo tsa mosi li ka lebisa likotsing tse matla le tsa nako e telele tsa bophelo bo botle. Sengoliloeng sa 2023 ho Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene13 e hlokometse hore tšusumetso e ntseng e eketseha ea phetoho ea maemo a leholimo maemong a tšilafalo ea moea e tla ama basebetsi ba sebetsang kantle ka tsela e sa lekanyetsoang ka lebaka la ho pepesehela ho hoholo ha lintho tse itseng, ozone le allergenic. "Phuputso ena e bontša hore basebetsi ba pepesehetse ho kula le ho shoa ho amanang le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo."

'Me phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e ka mpefatsa likotsi tsa letsatsi le letsatsi mosebetsing. Tataiso ea 2023 ea ILO mabapi le likotsi tse hlahisoang ke lik'hemik'hale ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo14, e lemosa hore likotsi tse sa lebelloang li ka kenyelletsa tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e kotsi ho laola liphetoho tse bakoang ke likokoanyana lijalong le mehlapeng. Mekhoa e mengata, joalo ka li-foundries, blast furnaces kapa tlhahiso ea lik'hemik'hale, e etselitsoe ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele. Liketsahalo tse feteletseng tsa boemo ba leholimo li ka sitisa mekhoa ena kapa mehato ea bohlokoa ea tšireletso, ka liphello tse ka bang kotsi.

Basebetsi ba amehang boitekong ba ho pholosa, ho hloekisa le ho tsosolosa ka mor'a maemo a leholimo a feteletseng ba ka ba kotsing e kholo kaha ho ke ke ha qojoa ho hlokahala hore ba sebetse maemong a kotsi ka ho fetisisa 'me hangata ka lihora tse telele, ka linako tse ling ntle le tšehetso e hlokahalang le lisebelisoa tsa tšireletso.

Basebeletsi ba bohlokoa - ba fanang ka tlhokomelo ea rona ea bophelo bo botle, lipalangoang, phepo e nepahetseng le lits'ebeletso tse ling tsa bophelo le tsa sechaba - ba kotsing e kholo hobane le bona ba tlameha ho sebetsa maemong a feteletseng empa ba kanna ba se nkuoe ba le tlokotsing haholo tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng 'me ka hona ba kanna ba se be teng. ho ba le koetliso e hlokahalang, liaparo kapa thepa e sireletsang.

Tšoaetso

Ts'oaetso e boetse e baka ts'okelo e ntseng e eketseha mosebetsing "Mathata a boemo ba leholimo, ho ata ha litoropo le ho fetoha ha ts'ebeliso ea mobu li ama bophelo bo botle le polokeho mosebetsing mme li lebisitse ho likotsi kapa likotsi tse ncha libakeng tse ncha."15 ea ITUC ea Tšitoe 2023 mabapi le likotsi tsa baeloji.

Mokhuts'oane oa leano la ILO ho tloha ka Loetse 2023 "Tsireletso le ts'ireletso ea bophelo bo botle mosebetsing nakong ea phetoho e nepahetseng"16 ea lemosa: “Likotsi tse bakoang ke mafu a bakoang ke likokoana-hloko tse kang malaria kapa feberu ea dengue li tla eketseha ha lithempereichara li ntse li phahama, ho kopanyelletsa le ho fetoha ho ka ’nang ha etsahala mabapi le ho ajoa ha libaka tsa likokoana-hloko tsena ka lebaka la ho fetoha ha tlelaemete.”

"Tlhaloso ena e ama basebetsi bohle, haholo-holo basebetsi ba kantle, ba kotsing e kholo ea ho tšoaroa ke mafu a fetisoang ke likokoana-hloko tse kang menoang, matsetse le liboseleise."

Tokelo ea ho hana mosebetsi o sa bolokehang le o kotsi

Ha koluoa ​​​​ea boemo ba leholimo e ntse e mpefala, basebetsi ba tla tobana le likotsi tsa tlhaho mosebetsing, tlaleho e tsoang ho US National Employment Law Project e lemositse.17. E pheha khang ea hore basebetsi ba ntse ba hloka ho sebelisa tokelo ea bona ea ho hana mosebetsi o kotsi - hape ba hloka litokelo tse ling tse ncha. "Ba tlameha ho ba le tokelo ea 'nete ea ho hana mosebetsi o kotsi ha ba tobane le likoluoa ​​tsa tlhaho,' me sena se tlameha ho tšehetsoa ke litokisetso tse khahlanong le boiphetetso le melemo e felletseng ea inshorense ea ho hloka mosebetsi."

Temana ea 13 ea Tumellano ea 155 ea ILO ea Tšireletseho le Bophelo bo Botle Mosebetsing e bolela hore basebetsi bohle ba lumelang hore mosebetsi oa bona “o baka kotsi hang-hang le e tebileng” bophelong “ba tla sireletsoa liphellong tse sa hlokahaleng ho latela maemo le mekhoa ea naha.” : "Mosebelisi hang-hang o tla tlaleha ho mookameli oa hae ea haufi boemo leha e le bofe boo a nang le mabaka a utloahalang a ho lumela hore bo ka ba kotsi hang-hang le e tebileng bophelong ba hae kapa bophelong ba hae. Ho fihlela ha mohiri a nkile khato ea ho lokisa moo ho hlokahalang, mohiri a ke ke a batla hore basebetsi ba khutlele mosebetsing moo ho ntseng ho e-na le tšokelo e potlakileng le e tebileng bophelong kapa bophelo bo botle.”

mohloli o moholo: Makasine ea Likotsi
Setšoantšo se ka pele: Kai Funk via Flickr, CC BY

1https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_emp/—emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_895605.pdf

2https://www-tandfonline-com.uaccess.univie.ac.at/doi/full/10.1080/24694452.2023.2280666

3https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN0WO0CZ/

4https://luskin.ucla.edu/high-temperatures-increase-workers-injury-risk-whether-theyre-outdoors-or-inside

5https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22381

6https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/—publ/documents/publication/wcms_711919.pdf

7https://www.hazards.org/heat/

8https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.13841215

9https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.108226

10https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37814395/

11https://www.rwdsu.org/news/statement-on-amazon-warehouse-collapse

12https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/firefighting/default.html

13https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10443088/

14https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_dialogue/—lab_admin/documents/publication/wcms_887111.pdf

15https://www.ituc-csi.org/biological-hazards-briefing-en

16https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_emp/—emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_895605.pdf

17https://www.nelp.org/publication/the-right-to-refuse-unsafe-work-in-an-era-of-climate-change/