Mhedzisiro yacho

Riddles mukubhadhara kwekudziya mune nyowani, saka simba-rakanaka pekugara: Mari yakaziviswa kwazvo haina kutombosvika. Pane kupokana, ichave inodhura zvakare. Katatu kupenya, kufambisa, kupisa kupisa - zvese zvekati? Rondedzero yevanogona kukonzeresa ndeyakareba: Yakakuvadzwa here? Wakaipa wakaverengerwa? Kana kuti zvese izvi hooliganism nezve simba rekungoita kungotengesa kutuka?

Avo vanonyatso famba kwenguva refu vachitsvaga chikonzero chekutadza maererano nesimba rekushandisa vanoguma kazhinji pamberi pegirazi uye vanotora mhino dzavo: mugari iyeye akatadza nekuda kweinonzi rebound mhedzisiro. Chiitiko ichi, chakawanikwa pakati pezana ramakore re19th, chinotsanangura musiyano uripo pakati pesimba rekuverenga simba uye iro chairo simba rekushandisa kwesimba. Mukufungidzira kwekunyengera kwekuti jira rekuvaka rakasimba rinochengetedza simba roga, rakabatwa zvisina hanya - uye pakupedzisira bhiri racho rinounzwa.

Prebound & rebound

Iwo maviri mazwi anodzokera uye prebound ndiwo mugariro wevashandisi maitiro pane simba kugona. Izvo zvakaratidzwa kuti izvi zvinokanganisa zvinotarisirwa kana mhedzisiro ye z. Semuenzaniso, vane simba rakasimba pazvivakwa zvinogara zviripo.
Semuenzaniso, ongororo yakaitwa neYunivhesiti yeCambridge, yakavakirwa padanho kubva kune zvimwe zvivakwa zve3.400, yakaratidza kuti vagari vanoshandisa avhareji ye30 muzana pasati iri sosi yechiverengero chesimba. Ichi chiitiko chinonzi prebound athari, mhedzisiro ichive yakanyanya kusimba iyo index index iri. Rakarerutswa: Nekuda kwekushaiwa simba simba, kupisa kunoponeswa. Naizvozvo, zvinogona kutungamira mukutarisira kwenhema mumatanho ekushandiswa kwesimba: Sezvo kugadziridzwa kusingakwanise kuchengetedza simba risina kupedzwa zvachose, pane zvakakonzeresa pakubata kwesimba kwesimba.
Sezvineiwo, izvi zvinoshandawo kune rebound mhedzisiro. Iyo inoratidza musiyano uripo pakati peinogona kuchengetedza kubva kune simba mashandiro matanho uye chaiwoiwo mari. Zvinoshamisa kuti kuwedzera simba kunogona kuwedzera simba rese rekushandisa.

Uye iyo rebound mhedzisiro yakaratidzwa kazhinji, pamwe nehama yake "yakanaka" Prebound: Semuenzaniso, 2012 yakafananidzwa mune yekuongororwa, iyo chaiyo yekushandisa simba yemisha ye3.400 kuGermany neyakavezwa simba rekushandisa. Zvakaitika kuti iyo chaiyo inoshandiswa paavhareji ndeye 30 muzana pazasi pekuverenga yakashandiswa. Kunyanya kusiyana kwakanyanya kwakawanikwa munzvimbo dzisina kugadziriswazve, husina simba kuvaka masheji nedzimba uko pasina matanho ekubata akadai sekutsiva zvemishini akaitwa. Apa kushandiswa kwesimba kwaigara kuverengerwa uye kufungidzirwa kwakakwirira kupfuura kwaive chaiko.

Chikonzero chikuru cheiyi kupesana ndicho chave chinhu chevanhu mukugadzirisa kwekuvaka. Semuenzaniso, dzimba zhinji dzinoshandisa simba shoma nekuti dzinochengeta tembiricha yekudzikira pane yekufungidzirwa mune zvekuverenga simba rekushandisa kuverenga. Mudzimba dzinonyanya kushaiwa simba, vagari vanowanzomanikidzwa kuzvibata zvakaderera kuti vaderedze mitengo (prebound athari).

Inonyanya kuita zvechisimba kana zvese izvi zvikaitika mumutsara: Iyo imba isina kufuratirwa inopiswa zvishoma, nepazasi pemagetsi chaiwo, mushure mekugadziriswa simba yaburitswa kunze. Mhedziso: Musiyano unogona kutora hukuru hwakakura.

Uye kusimudzira kunoshanda

Chidzidzo "Kuongororwa kwekushandisa maitiro ezvekushandisa simba-yakanyatsogadziriswa zvivakwa zvekugara" neveGerman simba agency dena 2013, iyo yakaongorora data yehuwandu hwe63 yakagadziridzwa zvivakwa zvakapfuura makore akati wandei - isati yatanga uye mushure mekubudirira kwesimba matanho - yakaratidza kuti chivakwa chakasimba chinoshanda kunyangwe chiitiko ichi. Mhedzisiro yacho inokatyamadza: Nesimba rekupedzisira rekushandisa svutugadzike ye223 kWh / (m2a) isati yagadziridzwa uye fungidziro inodikanwa ye45 kWh / (m2a) paavhareji mushure mekugadziriswazve, kuchengetedza simba kwe 80 muzana kwakanangidzirwa. Mushure mekugadzirisirwa chaiko, avhareji yekushandisa simba kukosha kwe54 kWh / (m2a) uye avhareji yekuchengetedza simba ye 76 muzana yakazosvika. MuChirungu chakajeka: Simba rakarongeka rinoshanda rinozadziswa. Nekudaro, zvakawoma kuverenga maitiro emushandisi.

Mhedzisiro

• Direct rebound athari - iwe unotenga mota neinjini inoshanda zvakanyanya, asi sarudza motokari hombe kana shandisa mota yako inoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura yakamboitika.
• Indirect Rebound Effect - Zvino zvauri kutyaira mota inoshanda zvakanyanya uye waderedza mitengo yemafuta kana CO2, zvozvibata iwe parwendo kwete nechitima kana mota pazororo rako rinotevera.
• Macroeconomic rebound effect - Kuwedzera kudikanwa kwemotokari dzinoshanda kunotungamira mukuchinja mukugadzirwa uye kudikanwa kwechimiro. Semuenzaniso, izvi zvinogona kutungamira kudonha kwemitengo yemafuta, izvo zvinoguma zvichitungamira mukuwedzera kwekuda.
• Tsika Njodzi Mhedzisiro - Yakawanda simba-inoshanda uye nekudaro zvakasarudzika zvigadzirwa zvakasarudzika uye masevhisi anowanzove nekufananidzira Semuenzaniso, kutenga chigadzirwa chakambofungidzirwa kuti chinokuvadza nharaunda zvakangoerekana kwaruramiswa nekugwinya kwekuita uye zvichitevera kuderera kwesimba.
• Tsika Kubata Mhedzisiro - Iko kushandurwa kushoma kwehunhu hwekuita kwepfungwa maitiro ane hunhu hunoburitsa. Nekudaro, iyo yakawandisa yekushandisa kwechigadzirwa kana sevhisi mushure mekuwedzera kwekushambidzika haigone kungoitwa zvine simba uye nemaune, asiwo nekusaziva. Mushure mekuisa iyo-inoshanda simba yekudziya sisitimu, kushoma kutarisa kunobhadharwa kune iyo chaiyo yekuvhevha tekinoroji uye mahwindo anoramba akasungirirwa kunyange panguva yekudziya. (zvakananga rebound athari)
• Moral Licensing Athisi - Kana kudyiwa kwechigadzirwa chine simba-simba kunotungamira kune kudikanwa kwezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvisina kushanda, izvo zvinonzi hunhu hwekupa rezinesi. Kutenga mota ine mafuta anoshanda kunoruramisa kune vatengi, semuenzaniso, rwendo rurefu rwakagadzirwa zvinoitwa nendege. (Indirect rebound athari)
• Nguva Rebound - Kazhinji inocherechedzwa inguva-rebound: Faster traffic connection inoreva kuti dzimwe nzira dzakafukidzwa; nguva-yekuchengetedza imba midziyo yakadai semashini yekushambidza inoshandura zviyero (zvinoshambwa zvakanyanya, nezvimwewo).
• Njodzi Kukutika - Mune traffic uye yebasa psychology, rebound inozivikanwa senge muripo wekuripwa.Munhu wese anonzwa akachengeteka nechisimba, airbag neABS, neheti yebhasiketi kana semhedzisiro yezvekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzekuita, anowanzova nenjodzi kana kutarisira mamwe mabasa ane njodzi nevamwe. ,
  Kwayedza: Kudzidza "Kuda-kune-iyo-tekinoroji-yekudzivirira-iyo-rebound-athari"

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