Okushicilelwe okusha: Verena Winivarter - Indlela eya emphakathini onobungane besimo sezulu

nguMartin Auer

Kulesi sihloko esifushane, esifundeka kalula, isazi-mlando sezemvelo u-Verena Winwarter wethula izinto eziyisikhombisa ezibalulekile endleleni eya emphakathini ongaphinde uvikele izimpilo zezizukulwane ezizayo. Yebo, akuyona incwadi yeziqondiso - "Ezinyathelweni eziyisikhombisa ukuya ..." - kodwa, njengoba uWiniwarter ebhala esanduleleni, umnikelo engxoxweni ezobanjwa. Isayensi yemvelo kudala yacacisa izimbangela zesimo sezulu kanye nenkinga yezinto eziphilayo futhi yaqamba nezinyathelo ezidingekayo. Ngakho-ke i-Winiwarter ibhekana nesimo somphakathi soshintsho oludingekayo.

Ukucatshangelwa kokuqala ithinta inhlalakahle. Emphakathini wethu wezimboni onenethiwekhi osekelwe ekuhlukaniseni abasebenzi, abantu ngabanye noma imindeni ngeke isakwazi ukunakekela ukuphila kwabo ngokuzimela. Sincike ezimpahleni ezikhiqizwa kwezinye izindawo kanye nengqalasizinda enjengamapayipi amanzi, izitamkoko, izintambo zegesi nezagesi, ezokuthutha, izikhungo zezempilo nokunye okuningi esingaziphathi thina. Siyethemba ukuthi ukukhanya kuzokhanya uma sishaya iswishi, kodwa eqinisweni asinakho ukulawula kuso. Zonke lezi zinhlaka ezenza impilo yethu ibe nokwenzeka ngaphandle kwezikhungo zikahulumeni. Kuphakathi kokuthi umbuso uzenza zitholakale ngokwawo noma ulawula ukutholakala kwazo ngemithetho. Ikhompiyutha ingenziwa inkampani ezimele, kodwa ngaphandle kwesistimu yemfundo kahulumeni bekungeke kube khona ozoyakha. Umuntu akumelwe akhohlwe ukuthi inhlalakahle yomphakathi, ukuchuma njengoba sikwazi, kwenziwe kwaba nokwenzeka ngokusetshenziswa kwamafutha ezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi futhi kuxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nobumpofu “bezwe Lesithathu” noma iGlobal South. 

Esinyathelweni sesibili kumayelana nenhlalakahle. Lokhu kuhloswe esikhathini esizayo, ekuhlinzekeni ukuba khona kwethu kanye nokwesizukulwane esilandelayo nesilandelayo. Izinkonzo ezithakaselwayo jikelele ziyisidingo kanye nomphumela womphakathi ozinzile. Ukuze umbuso unikeze izinsizakalo ezithakaselayo jikelele, kufanele kube umbuso ongokomthethosisekelo osekelwe emalungelweni abantu angenakuphikwa kanye nayisisekelo. Inkohlakalo ibukela phansi izinsiza ezisebenza kahle ezithakaselwayo jikelele. Ngisho noma izikhungo ezithakazelisa umphakathi, njengokuphakelwa kwamanzi, zenziwa ezizimele, imiphumela iba mibi, njengoba okuhlangenwe nakho emadolobheni amaningi kubonisa.

Esinyathelweni sesithathu kuhlolwa umthetho, amalungelo ayisisekelo kanye namalungelo abantu: "Umbuso womthethosisekelo kuphela lapho zonke izikhulu kufanele zithobele umthetho futhi lapho ijaji elizimele eliqaphayo lingavikela izakhamizi ebuhlungwini bombuso." Enkantolo In a Constitutional umbuso, izinyathelo zingathathwa ngokumelene nokungabi nabulungiswa kombuso. I-European Convention on Human Rights ibilokhu isebenza e-Austria kusukela ngo-1950. Phakathi kokunye, lokhu kuqinisekisa ilungelo lawo wonke umuntu lokuphila, inkululeko nokuvikeleka. “Ngakho,” kuphetha uWiniwarter, “izinhlaka zentando yeningi zamalungelo ayisisekelo e-Austria kuzofanele zivikele izimpilo zabantu esikhathini eside ukuze zenze izinto ngokuhambisana nomthethosisekelo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela zingagcini nje ngokufeza iSivumelwano Sesimo Sezulu SaseParis, kodwa futhi zenze izinto ngendlela eqondakalayo. ezemvelo kanjalo nabavikeli bezempilo." Yebo, angamalungelo ayisisekelo e-Austria akuwona "amalungelo omuntu ngamunye" umuntu oyedwa angazifunela wona, kodwa ayisiqondiso kuphela sesenzo sombuso. Ngakho-ke kuyodingeka ukuthi kufakwe isibopho sombuso sokuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kwesimo sezulu kumthethosisekelo. Kodwa-ke, noma yimuphi umthetho kazwelonke wokuvikela isimo sezulu kuyodingeka ufakwe ohlakeni lwamazwe ngamazwe, njengoba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuyinkinga yomhlaba wonke. 

isinyathelo sesine ubala izizathu ezintathu zokuthi kungani inkinga yesimo sezulu iyinkinga “ekhohlisayo”. "Inkinga embi" igama elaqanjwa abahleli bezindawo u-Rittel no-Webber ngo-1973. Bayisebenzisa ukuze baveze izinkinga ezingakwazi ngisho nokuchazwa ngokucacile. Izinkinga ezikhohlisayo ngokuvamile ziyingqayizivele, ngakho-ke ayikho indlela yokuthola isixazululo ngokuzama nangephutha, futhi azikho izixazululo ezicacile ezilungile noma ezingalungile, kuphela izixazululo ezingcono noma ezimbi kakhulu. Ukuba khona kwenkinga kungachazwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, futhi izixazululo ezingenzeka zincike encazelweni. Kunesixazululo esisodwa kuphela esicacile senkinga yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ezingeni lesayensi: Ngeke kusaba namagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini! Kodwa ukwenza lokhu kuyinkinga yomphakathi. Ingabe izosetshenziswa ngezisombululo zobuchwepheshe ezifana nokubanjwa kwekhabhoni nokugcinwa kanye ne-geoengineering, noma ngokushintsha indlela yokuphila, ukulwa nokungalingani nokushintsha amanani, noma ngokuqeda ubunxiwankulu obuqhutshwa yimali yezimali kanye nengqondo yokukhula? UWiniwarter uqokomisa izici ezintathu: enye “iwubushiqela bamanje” noma nje ukungaboni ngaso linye kosopolitiki abafuna ukuthola ukuzwelana nabavoti babo bamanje: “Ipolitiki yase-Austrian imatasatasa, ngokubeka phambili ukukhula komnotho olimaza isimo sezulu, i-Securing pension kwabahola impesheni banamuhla esikhundleni sokunikeza abazukulu ikusasa elihle ngezinqubomgomo zokuvikela isimo sezulu okungenani.” Okwesibili ukuthi labo abangazithandi izinyathelo zokuxazulula inkinga bavame ukubona inkinga, kulokhu, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. , ukuphika noma ukululaza. Isici sesithathu siphathelene “nomsindo wokuxhumana”, okungukuthi ukuchichima kolwazi olungabalulekile lapho kulahleka khona ulwazi olubalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi olunganembile, amaqiniso angaphelele kanye nombhedo osobala kusakazwa ngendlela ehlosiwe. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuthi abantu benze izinqumo ezifanele neziphusile. Imidiya yekhwalithi yamahhala nezimele kuphela engavikela umthetho wentando yeningi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kudinga futhi izinhlangano ezizimele zokuxhasa ngezimali nezizimele. 

Isinyathelo sesihlanu ibala ubulungiswa bezemvelo njengesisekelo sabo bonke ubulungisa. Ubumpofu, izifo, ukungondleki, ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala kanye nomonakalo ovela endaweni enobuthi kwenza abantu bangakwazi ukubamba iqhaza ezingxoxweni zentando yeningi. Ngakho-ke ubulungiswa bezemvelo buyisisekelo sombuso wentando yeningi womthethosisekelo, isisekelo samalungelo ayisisekelo namalungelo abantu, ngoba kwakha izidingo ezingokwenyama zokubamba iqhaza kwasekuqaleni. UWiniwarter ucaphuna isazi sezomnotho sase-India u-Amartya Sen, phakathi kwabanye.” Ngokuka-Sen, umphakathi ufana kakhulu “namathuba okubona” adalwa inkululeko eyenza abantu babe nawo. Inkululeko ihlanganisa ithuba lokubamba iqhaza kwezombusazwe, izikhungo zezomnotho eziqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa, ukuvikeleka komphakathi ngokusebenzisa amaholo amancane kanye nezinzuzo zomphakathi, amathuba omphakathi ngokufinyelela ezinhlelweni zemfundo nezempilo, kanye nenkululeko yabezindaba. Zonke lezi nkululeko kumele kuxoxiswene ngazo ngendlela yokubamba iqhaza. Futhi lokho kungenzeka kuphela uma abantu bekwazi ukufinyelela izinsiza zemvelo futhi bengenakho ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. 

Isinyathelo sesithupha iyaqhubeka nokubhekana nomqondo wobulungiswa kanye nezinselele ezihambisana nakho. Okokuqala, ukuphumelela kwezinyathelo okuhloswe ngazo ukuholela ebulungiswa obengeziwe kuvame ukuba nzima ukuqapha. Ukuphumelela kwezinjongo zokusimama eziyi-17 ze-Ajenda 2030, isibonelo, kufanele kukalwe kusetshenziswa izinkomba ezingama-242. Inselele yesibili ukuntula ukucaciseleka. Ukungalingani okungathi sína ngokuvamile akubonakali ngisho nakulabo abangathinteki, okusho ukuthi akukho gqozi lokukuthathela izinyathelo. Okwesithathu, kukhona ukungalingani kuphela phakathi kwabantu bamanje nabazayo, kodwa futhi phakathi kweGlobal South kanye neGlobal North, futhi hhayi okungenani phakathi kwezifunda zezwe ngalinye. Ukuncishiswa kobumpofu eNyakatho akumele kuqhamuke amazwe aseNingizimu, ukuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu akumele kubangele labo asebencishwe amathuba, futhi impilo enhle kulesi sikhathi samanje akumele ilahlekelwe ikusasa. Kungaxoxwa ngobulungisa kuphela, kodwa ukuxoxisana kuvame ukugwema ukungezwani, ikakhulukazi ezingeni lomhlaba.

isinyathelo sesikhombisa uyagcizelela: “Ngaphandle kokuthula nokuncishiswa kwezikhali akukho ukusimama.” Impi ayisho nje ukubhujiswa ngokushesha, ngisho nangezikhathi zokuthula, amasosha nezikhali kubangela amagesi abamba ukushisa kanye nokunye ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo futhi kufune izinsiza ezinkulu okufanele zisetshenziswe kangcono ukuvikela imvelo. isisekelo sempilo. Ukuthula kudinga ukwethembana, okungatholakala kuphela ngokubamba iqhaza kwentando yeningi kanye nomthetho. U-Winiwarter ucaphuna isazi sefilosofi sokuziphatha u-Stephen M. Gardiner, ophakamisa umhlangano womhlaba wonke womthethosisekelo ukuze kube nomphakathi womhlaba ovumelana nesimo sezulu. Njengohlobo lwesenzo sokuqulwa kwecala, uhlongoza umhlangano womthethosisekelo wesimo sezulu wase-Austria. Lokhu kufanele futhi kuxazulule ukungabaza izishoshovu eziningi, izinhlangano ezilulekayo nezifundiswa ezinakho mayelana nekhono lentando yeningi lokubhekana nezinselele zenqubomgomo yesimo sezulu. Ukunciphisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kudinga imizamo ebanzi yezenhlalo, engenzeka kuphela uma isekelwa iningi leqiniso. Ngakho-ke ayikho indlela yokuzungeza umzabalazo wentando yeningi wabantu abaningi. Umhlangano womthethosisekelo wesimo sezulu ungaqala izinguquko ezidingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, futhi ungasiza ekwakheni ukuzethemba kokuthi intuthuko ezuzisayo ingenzeka. Ngoba uma izinkinga ziba nzima kakhulu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukwethembana, ukuze umphakathi uhlale ukwazi ukwenza okuthile.

Ekugcineni, futhi cishe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uWiniwarter ungena esikhungweni esakha umphakathi wanamuhla: "umnotho wemakethe yamahhala". Uqala ngokucaphuna umlobi u-Kurt Vonnegut, ofakazela ukuziphatha okuluthayo emphakathini wezimboni, okungukuthi ukuluthwa amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, futhi ubikezela “i-turkey ebandayo”. Bese kuthi-ke uchwepheshe wezidakamizwa uBruce Alexander, othi inkinga yomhlaba wonke yokuba umlutha ibangelwa ukuthi umnotho wemakethe yamahhala udalula abantu ingcindezi yokukhetha umuntu ngamunye kanye nokuncintisana. Ngokuka-Winiwarter, ukusuka kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi kungase kubangele ukuqhela emnothweni wemakethe yamahhala. Ubona indlela yokuphuma ekukhuthazeni ukuhlanganiswa kwengqondo nenhlalakahle, okungukuthi ukubuyiselwa kwemiphakathi ecekelwe phansi ukuxhashazwa, indawo yayo ezungezile ifakwe ubuthi. Lezi kufanele zisekelwe ekwakhiweni kabusha. Okunye okungenziwa esikhundleni somnotho wemakethe kungaba imifelandawonye yazo zonke izinhlobo, lapho umsebenzi uqondiswe emphakathini. Ngakho-ke umphakathi onobungane nesimo sezulu yilowo ongalutheki ezintweni zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi noma izidakamizwa ezishintsha ingqondo, ngoba uthuthukisa impilo yengqondo yabantu ngokuhlangana nokwethembana. 

Okuhlukanisa le-eseyi yindlela yokuhlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene. Abafundi bazothola izinkomba zenani lababhali abavela emikhakheni eyahlukene yesayensi. Kuyacaca ukuthi umbhalo onjalo awukwazi ukuphendula yonke imibuzo. Kodwa njengoba lo mbhalo ugxile esiphakamisweni sengqungquthela yesimo sezulu somthethosisekelo, umuntu angalindela ukulandisa okunemininingwane eminingi ngemisebenzi okufanele ixazululwe yile ngqungquthela. Isinqumo sephalamende esinobuningi obubili kokuthathu singanele ukwandisa umthethosisekelo wamanje ukuze ufake indatshana emayelana nokuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu kanye nezinsizakalo ezithakaselwayo jikelele. Umhlangano okhethwe ngokukhethekile cishe uzobhekana nesakhiwo esiyisisekelo sombuso wethu, ngaphezu kwakho konke nombuzo wokuthi izithakazelo zezizukulwane ezizayo, esingezwa amazwi azo, zingamelwa kanjani esikhathini samanje. Ngoba, njengoba uStephen M. Gardiner ebonisa, izikhungo zethu zamanje, kusukela kuzwelonke kuya ku-UN, aziklanyelwe lokho. Lokhu kuzobe sekuhlanganisa nombuzo wokuthi, ngaphezu kohlobo lwamanje lwentando yeningi emele abantu abamele abantu, kungaba khona ezinye izinhlobo, ngokwesibonelo, ezishintsha amandla okwenza izinqumo ziye “phansi”, okungukuthi eduze kwalabo abathintekayo. . Umbuzo wentando yeningi yezomnotho, ubudlelwano phakathi komnotho ozimele, ogxile enzuzweni ngakolunye uhlangothi kanye nomnotho womphakathi ogxile ekuzuziseni okufanayo ngakolunye, kufanele futhi kube yisihloko salowo mhlangano. Ngaphandle kwemithetho eqinile, umnotho osimeme awunakucatshangwa, uma kuphela ngenxa yokuthi izizukulwane ezizayo azikwazi ukuthonya umnotho njengabathengi ngemakethe. Ngakho-ke kufanele kucaciswe ukuthi le mithethonqubo izokwenzeka kanjani.

Kunoma ikuphi, incwadi ka-Winivarter iyakhuthaza ngoba idonsela ukunaka ngalé komkhathizwe wezinyathelo zobuchwepheshe ezifana namandla omoya kanye ne-electromobility kubukhulu bokuphilisana kwabantu.

U-Verena Winivarter isazi-mlando sezemvelo. Wavotelwa njengososayensi wonyaka ngo-2013, uyilungu le-Austrian Academy of Sciences futhi uhola ikhomishana yezifundo zesayensi yemvelo ehlukahlukene lapho. Uyilungu leScientists for Future. A Inkhulumomphendvulwano mayelana nesimo sezulu kanye nomphakathi ingazwakala ku-podcast yethu ethi "Alpenglühen". Incwadi yakho isingenile Picus umshicileli kwavela.