Iyo post-democracy mushure meCrouch

Pasi pechirevo chekusarudzika-shure, gurukota rezvematongerwo enyika reBritain uye sainzi wezvematongerwo enyika, Colin Crouch, akarondedzera muenzaniso wegutsaruzhinji mune rake rairo zita rakadanidzirwa, kubuda kwake kwakonzera masayendisiti ezvematongerwo enyika muEurope uye kusagadzikana kweUS kubva kumagumo e2005. Izvi zvinosanganisira kukurudzira kwezvematongerwo enyika kuri kuita kwevashandi vehupfumi uye masangano makuru, kudzikisira nyika dzenyika, uye kuderera kwevagari kuti vatore chikamu. Crouch akapfupisa izvi zviitiko mune pfungwa - iyo yekupedzisira-democracy.

Musoro wake wepfungwa ndewekuti sarudzo yezvematongerwo enyika muWestern democracies inonyanya kutsanangurwa uye kuve nemvumo yezvido zvehupfumi nevatambi. Pnguva imwecheteyo, mbiru dzedemokhrasi, dzakadai sekwakanaka chinhu, zvido, nekudyidzana munharaunda pamwe nekuzvisarudzira kwevagari, zvakateedzana.

Colin Crouch, akaberekwa 1944 muLondon, musayendisiti wezvematongerwo enyika weBritain uye wezvevanhu. Nebasa rake rekuongorora nguva pamusoro pegutsaruzhinji uye bhuku risingazivikanwe, akatanga kuzivikanwa pasi rese.

Iyo yepashure-yedemocracy system iyo inotsanangurwa neCrounch inoratidzwa neizvi zvinotevera maitiro:

Iyo inosemesa democracy

Pakutanga, demokrasi masangano uye mafambisirwo anochengeterwa mumashure-democracy, zvekuti pakutanga kuona iyo yezvematongerwo enyika inoonekwa seyakanaka. De facto, zvakadaro, democracy democracy uye tsika dziri kuramba dzichikosha kukosha, uye hurongwa hwave kuita "kuseka demokrasi muchimiro chemasangano ezere chizere nehutongi hwekutonga."

Mapato nemushandirapamwe wesarudzo

Mapato ezvematongerwo enyika nemapato esarudzo ari kuwedzera kusunungurwa kubva kuzvinhu zvaizogadzira marongero ehurumende chaiwo. Panzvimbo pekukakavadzana munharaunda nezvematongerwo enyika uye dzimwe nzira, kune akasarudzika marongero edzidziso. Kurudziro yesarudzo inozoita yekuzvitonga, nepo zvematongerwo enyika zvichiitika mukati memasuo akapfigwa.
Mapato ari kuita zvakanyanya basa revavhoti pasarudzo uye ari kuramba achiwedzera kusakosha, semaitiro avo sevayimiriri pakati pevagari uye vezvematongerwo enyika vari kuramba vachiwedzera kupihwa mukana wekutsvaga mafungiro masangano. Panzvimbo iyoyo, zvishandiso zvebato zvinotarisa pakupa nhengo dzaro zvibatsiro kana mahofisi.

Izvo zvakajairika zvakanaka

Zvematongerwo enyika zvinowedzera kumuka kubva kune kufambidzana pakati pevatambi vezvematongerwo enyika nevehupfumi vanobatanidzwa zvakananga musarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika. Izvi hazvisi zvehutano-zvinotungamira, asi zvinonyanya kubatira purofiti uye kukwidziridzwa kwenzwi. Iyo yakajairika kunaka inonzwisisika zvakanyanya sehupfumi hwakabudirira.

vezvenhau

Midhiya mizhinji inoshanda zvakare kunze kwehupfumi hwehupfumi uye haichakwanise kushandisa basa ravo rehutongi sesimba rechina munyika. Iko kudzora kwenhepfenyuro kuri mumaoko echikamu chidiki chevanhu vanobatsira vezvematongerwo enyika kugadzirisa "dambudziko rekukurukurirana kwevanhu".

Mugari wemo asingafarire

The mugari ari de facto disempowered muCrounchs 'modhi. Kunyangwe iye achisarudza vamiriri vake vezvematongerwo enyika, ivo havasisina mukana wekudzivirira zvido zvavo mune ino yezvematongerwo enyika. Muchokwadi, mugari anotamba chinyararire, kunyange chisingaite. Kunyangwe achigona kuenda kunhepfenyuro dzakatarisana nezvematongerwo enyika, iye pachake haana kana simba rezvematongerwo enyika.

Upfumi hwenzanga

Simba rekutyaira rezvematongerwo enyika, sekureva kwaCrouch, zvido zvehupfumi zvinomiririrwa nevapfumi munharaunda. Mumakumi mashoma apfuura, yakakwanisa kuisa neoliberal world maonero mune yakafara zvikamu zvehuwandu, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kwavari kutaura zvavanofarira. Vagari vemo vakajaira neoliberal rhetoric, kunyangwe ikapesana nekwavo nezvematongerwo enyika nezvido zvavo.
Kune Crounch, neoliberalism zvese zviri zviviri chikonzero uye chimbo chekuwedzera post-democratization.

Nekudaro, Crouch zvakajeka haaoni maitiro aya seasina rusununguko, sekutonga kwemutemo nekuremekedza kodzero dzevanhu uye zveveruzhinji zvinoramba zvakadzama. Anongobvuma kuti havasisiri ivo vanofambisa zvematongerwo enyika nhasi.

Nekudaro, Crouch zvakajeka haaoni maitiro aya seasina rusununguko, sekutonga kwemutemo nekuremekedza kodzero dzevanhu uye zveveruzhinji zvinoramba zvakadzama. Anongobvuma kuti havasisiri ivo vanofambisa zvematongerwo enyika nhasi. Anotsanangura zvakanyanya kurasikirwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwehunhu, ruzivo rwekuMadokero rwevanhu mukuona kwake, nekusiyana kubva kune hutongi hweruzhinji rwevanhu mukutora chikamu uye mutemo wakanangana nezvakanaka, kuringana kwezvavanofarira uye nepfungwa yekubatanidza vanhu.

Tsumo yeCrouch

Iko kushoropodzwa kwemuenzaniso wepashure-democracy kune vezvematongerwo enyika vezvematongerwo enyika vakasiyana kwazvo uye vanofarira. Izvo zvinotungamirirwa, semuenzaniso, zvinopesana ne "asingagumi mugari wemo" anotumirwa naCouch, uyo anopesana ne boom yekuita zveveruzhinji. Zvinopikiswawo kuti demokrasi "ndeyakanaka neyakavimbika" uye yakagara yakadaro. Veruzhinji demokrasi, umo pesvedzero yevakuru vehupfumi ingashomeka uye vagari vese vangashanda mumusangano wezvematongerwo enyika, vangangodaro vasina kuvapo. Zvishoma, kushaya simba kwepakati kwepfungwa yake kunoonekwa mukushaikwa kwesimba rehumambo.

Veruzhinji demokrasi, umo pesvedzero yevakuru vehupfumi ingashomeka uye vagari vese vangashanda mumusangano wezvematongerwo enyika, vangangodaro vasina kuvapo.

Zvakadaro, Crouch, uye pamwe naye chizvarwa chose chezvematongerwo enyika vezvematongerwo enyika muEuropean neUnited States, anorondedzera chaizvo zvinoitika zuva rega rega pamberi pedu. Ndezvipi zvimwe zvingave zvichitsanangurwa kuti neo-liberal policy - iyo yakatungamira hupfumi hwenyika yose kumadziro, kuendesa pachena mari yeruzhinji kuvhara kurasikirwa kwemasangano akazvimirira, uye ichiri kuwedzera hurombo, kushaikwa kwemabasa, uye kusaenzana kwemagariro - haasati abvira pasarudzo?

Uye Austria?

Mubvunzo wekuti inguvai yaCrouch yekumirira demokrasi kuAustria yatova chokwadi chaitsvakwa naWolfgang Plaimer, aimbove ongororo yekubatana naye paJohannes Kepler University Linz. Maererano naye, Crouch ane kodzero dzakawanda maererano nehutongi hweAustria. Kunyanya, kuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika kubva kuruzhinji kuenda padanho repamusoro kunosimbisa hunhu hwepashure mukuzvitonga kuzere munyika iyoyo. Saizvozvo, maererano nePrayer, shanduko yemasimba kubva muhuwandu kuenda kuhupfumi uye capital, zvakare kubva kubazi rezvemitemo kuenda kubazi guru, iri kuoneka zvakajeka. Mhan'ari yekushoropodzwa kwemuenzaniso waCrouch inotaura nezve hutongi hwejekerere se "heyday yerusununguko": "Kukudzwa kwegutsaruzhinji muhupfumi hwenyika uye kuwedzeredzwa kwakawandisa kwekushayikwa kwedemokrasi kuri kukanganisa," akadaro Plaimer, achitsanangura izvi pamwe nekushomeka kukuru kweruzhinji rwegutsaruzhinji. iyo yaivapo kare mu1960er uye 1070er muAustria.

Prof. Reinhard Heinisch, mukuru weboka rezvematongerwo enyika rinoshanda Rechimiro cheDemocracy uye Dhipatimendi reSainzi rezvematongerwo enyika paYunivhesiti yeSalzburg, anowanawo runyorwa rwepfungwa mumusoro weCrouch wepashure wekutonga uye anokanganwa kusimbisa kweichi chiitiko chakatumirwa naye. Mukuwedzera, iye anoona iyo Crouch'sche postdemocracy panzvimbo inogarwa munyika yeAnglo-Saxon. Nekudaro, izvo hazvireve kuti iwo mapepa ekutsoropodzwa ataurwa haana basa kuAustria.
Heinisch anoona anonzi "cartel demokrasi" seyakaipisisa rusununguko rweAustria democracy. Iyi ndiyo quasi-cartel yakavakwa zvematongerwo enyika, nemapato anotonga kwemakumi emakore zvine hunyanzvi kupesvedzera kugoverwa kwezviratidziro muvamiriri veruzhinji, vezvenhau uye emabhizinesi ehurumende. "Masimba emagetsi akagadziriswa aya anobvumira mapato ese akasununguka akazvimiririra kuda kwenhengo dzawo uye neruzhinji rwevanhu kutonga," akadaro Heinisch.

Crouch anotiyeuchidza kuti demokrasi yakadzama haisi nyaya uye pakunyatsoongororwa pamwe yaisambove yakadaro. Nekudaro, kana tikaramba "chirevo chekupfuura rusununguko" uye tikararama mukuzvitonga kwakanangana nekunaka, chiyero chezvido uye kuenzana kwenzvimbo, uye uko mutemo unobva kumugari, zvinova zvakakosha kuti tishandise saizvozvo.

Mhedziso kuCrouch's post-democracy

Kunyangwe kana danho raCrouch rapfuura-runyararo rune chokwadi chakazara kana kuti rinoshanda kuAustria kana kuti kwete - kushomeka kwegutsaruzhinji hakuna kuderera kuGerman zvakare. Kunyangwe iri basa rekutora chikamu cheParamende kuHurumende yeDare kana kuti che "vamiriri vevanhu" kuchikwata chebato, kushomeka kwekuita mareferendamu, kana kusave pachena kwemaonero ezvematongerwo enyika uye kugona.

Crouch anotiyeuchidza kuti demokrasi yakadzama haisi nyaya uye pakunyatsoongororwa pamwe yaisambove yakadaro. Nekudaro, kana tikaramba "chirevo chekupfuura rusununguko" uye tikararama mukuzvitonga kwakanangana nekunaka, chiyero chezvido uye kuenzana kwenzvimbo, uye uko mutemo unobva kumugari, zvinova zvakakosha kuti tishandise saizvozvo.

Kuziva izvi pamwe ingangovewo simba rekutevera nzira dzakawanda dzedemokrasi dziri kushanda muAustria mukuwedzera kwepamutemo uye nekuwedzera kwekushandisa kwezviridzwa zveDemocracy. Semugari wemo anoziva demokrasi, isu tinofanirwa kukwanisa kukumbira kusaina kwedu, kutsigira zviitwa izvi kuburikidza nenguva yedu, simba, kana kupa, kana kuti tichidarika pane zvavanofunga uye zvavanoda kunharaunda yedu pachedu.