Kākoʻo no ke ola

na Robert B. Fishman

Mālama nā panakō hua i ka ʻokoʻa genetic no ka meaʻai kanaka

Ma kahi o 1.700 genea a me nā panakō hua a puni ka honua e hoʻopaʻa i nā mea kanu a me nā hua no ka meaʻai kanaka. ʻO ka "seed safe" ka mea mālama Vault Hua Svalbard ma Svalbard. Mālama ʻia nā ʻanoʻano mai 18 mau ʻano mea kanu like ʻole ma ka liʻiliʻi o 5.000 degere, me ka ʻoi aku o 170.000 mau laʻana o nā ʻano laiki. 

I ka makahiki 2008, ua mālama ke aupuni Norewai i kahi pahu raiki mai ka Philippines i mālama ʻia i loko o ka pūnāwai o kahi lua mua ma Svalbard. Pēlā i hoʻomaka ai ke kūkulu ʻana i wahi mālama ʻai no nā kānaka. Ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pilikia o ke aniau i ka wikiwiki o ka mahiʻai a me ka emi ʻana o ka biodiversity, ua lilo ka waihona waiwai o nā ʻano genetic i loko o ka Svalbard Seed Vault i mea nui no ke kanaka. 

Kākoʻo mahiʻai

"Hoʻohana wale mākou i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā ʻano mea kanu hiki ke ʻai ʻia no kā mākou meaʻai," wahi a Luis Salazar, ʻōlelo ʻōlelo no ka Crop Trust ma Bonn. No ka laʻana, 120 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, e ulu mau ana ka poʻe mahiʻai ma USA i 578 mau ʻano pīni like ʻole. I kēia lā he 32 wale nō. 

Ke emi mai nei ka ʻano olaola

Me ka ʻoihana mahiʻai, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano like ʻole e nalowale ana mai nā māla a mai ka mākeke honua. ʻO ka hopena: ʻO kā mākou meaʻai e pili ana i nā ʻano mea kanu liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi, e maʻalahi ai i ka hāʻule ʻole: hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā monocultures i ka lepo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā mīkini kaumaha a me nā mea ʻino e ʻai ana i nā mea kanu pākahi e pālahalaha wikiwiki. Hoʻonui ka poʻe mahiʻai i nā mea make a me nā mea kanu. Hoʻohaumia ke koena o nā mea hana i ka lepo a me ka wai. Ke hoʻomau nei ka emi ʻana o nā mea olaola. ʻO ka make ʻana o nā pepeke hoʻokahi wale nō hopena o nā mea he nui. He pōʻai ʻino.

ʻO nā ʻano ʻano ʻāhiu e mālama i ke ola o nā mea kanu pono

I mea e mālama ai i nā ʻano ʻano a me nā ʻano mea kanu a loaʻa i nā mea hou, hoʻonohonoho ka Crop Trust i ka "ʻO Crop Wild Relative Project“- he papahana hoʻohua a noiʻi e pili ana i ka palekana meaʻai. Ke hele nei nā mea hānai a me nā ʻepekema i nā ʻano like ʻole me nā mea kanu maʻamau i mea e hoʻomohala ai i nā ʻano ʻano hou kūpaʻa e hiki ke kū i nā hopena o ka pilikia o ke aniau: ka wela, ke anu, ka maloʻo a me nā ʻano ʻino ʻē aʻe. 

ʻO ka papahana no ka wā lōʻihi. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ʻano mea kanu hou wale nō ma kahi o ʻumi makahiki. Eia kekahi, he mau mahina a mau makahiki paha no nā kaʻina hana ʻae, kūʻai aku a hoʻolaha.

 "Ke hoʻonui nei mākou i nā mea olaola a me ke kōkua ʻana e hiki ke loaʻa i ka poʻe mahiʻai," wahi a Luis Salazar mai ka Crop Trust.

Hāʻawi i ke ola o nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi

ʻO ka poʻe liʻiliʻi ma ka honua hema, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke loaʻa i nā ʻāina ʻilihune a haʻahaʻa wale nō a ʻaʻohe kālā e kūʻai i nā hua patented o nā ʻoihana mahiʻai. Hiki i nā ʻano ʻano hou a me nā ʻano ʻano kahiko ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke mālama i ke ola. Ma kēia ala, hāʻawi nā genea a me nā panakō hua a me ka Crop Trust i ka ʻokoʻa o ka mahiʻai, biodiversity a me ka hānai ʻana i ka nui o ka honua. 

Ma kāna Agenda 2030, ka United Nations 17 pahu hopu no ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau kau i ka honua. "E hoʻopau i ka pōloli, e hoʻokō i ka palekana meaʻai a me ka meaʻai maikaʻi aʻe, a e hāpai i ka mahiʻai hoʻomau," ʻo ia ka pahuhopu helu ʻelua.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Crop Trust e like me ka "International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture" (Plant Treaty). He iwakālua makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻae nā ʻāina 20 a me ka European Union i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e pale a mālama i ka ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano mea kanu i ka mahiʻai.

Ma kahi o 1700 gene a me nā panakō hua ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa

ʻO ka 1700 mokuʻāina a pilikino genea a me nā panakō hua a puni ka honua e mālama i nā laʻana o kahi o ʻehiku miliona mau mea kanu ʻokoʻa i mea e mālama ai iā lākou no nā mamo a hiki ke loaʻa i nā mea hānai, mahiʻai a me ka ʻepekema. ʻO ka mea nui loa o ia mau mea ʻo ka palaoa, ka ʻuala a me ka laiki: ma kahi o 200.000 mau ʻano laiki like ʻole i mālama nui ʻia i loko o nā ʻano gene a me nā waihona hua o Asia.  

Ma kahi hiki ʻole ke mālama ʻia nā hua, ulu lākou i nā mea kanu a mālama iā lākou i loaʻa mau nā hua hou o nā ʻano like ʻole.

Hoʻopili ka Crop Trust i kēia mau keʻena. Ua kapa ʻo Luis Salazar, ka ʻōlelo ʻōlelo hilinaʻi i ka ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano a me nā ʻano ʻano "ke kumu o kā mākou meaʻai".

ʻO kekahi o nā mea nui a ʻokoʻa loa o kēia mau genebank e hana i kēia Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research IPK ma Saxony-Anhalt. ʻO kāna noiʻi e lawelawe ana, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ka "hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻana o nā mea kanu koʻikoʻi i kanu ʻia i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka climatic a me nā kūlana kaiapuni."

ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka pōʻaiapuni ma mua o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu. No laila ke ulu nui nei nā hua a me nā waihona gene no ka hānai ʻana i ka honua.

Ke loli wikiwiki nei ke aniau ma mua o ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā mea kanu

ʻAʻole hiki i nā panakō hua ke pale aku iā mākou mai nā hopena o nā loli a mākou e hana nei nā kānaka ma ka honua. ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike inā e ulu mau ana nā hua ma hope o nā makahiki a i ʻole mau makahiki o ka mālama ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana climatic ʻokoʻa loa o ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Nui nā hui ʻole aupuni e koʻikoʻi i ke komo ʻana o nā hui mahiʻai e like me Syngenta a me Pioneer ma ʻO Crop Trust. Loaʻa iā lākou kā lākou kālā me nā hua hoʻololi genetically a me nā patent ma nā hua, a laila hiki i nā mahiʻai ke hoʻohana wale no nā uku laikini kiʻekiʻe. 

Ke hoʻomaikaʻi mau nei ka ʻōlelo a Misereor Markus Wolter i ka hana a ke aupuni Norewai. Hōʻike kēia me ka Svalbard Seed Vault i ka waiwai o ke kanaka me nā hua mai nā wahi a pau o ka honua. 

Ka pahu waiwai no kēlā me kēia kanaka 

Ma ka Seed Vault, ʻaʻole nā ​​hui wale nō, akā hiki ke mālama ʻia nā hua a pau me ka uku ʻole. Ma ke ʻano he laʻana, haʻi ʻo ia i ka Cherokee, kahi poʻe First Nations ma USA. Akā, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i nā hua o ke kanaka ma ka sito, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ke kula. No ka mea, ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike inā e ulu mau ana nā hua i mālama ʻia ma hope o nā makahiki he nui ma lalo o nā kūlana climatic like ʻole. Pono ka poʻe mahiʻai i nā ʻanoʻano hiki ke loaʻa i hoʻololi ʻia i ko lākou kūlana kūloko a hiki iā lākou ke ulu hou ma kā lākou māla ma waho. Eia nō naʻe, i ka ʻike ʻana i nā lula ʻae ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī no nā hua, ua lilo kēia i mea paʻakikī loa, ʻōlelo aʻo ʻo Stig Tanzmann, ka loea hua ma ka hui "Bread for the World". Aia kekahi mau kuʻikahi honua e like me UPOV, ka mea e kaohi i ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ke kālepa ʻana i nā hua ʻaʻole i patent.

Hoʻopaʻa ʻaiʻē no nā hua patented

Eia kekahi, e like me ka hōʻike Misereor, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe mahiʻai e komo i ka aie no ke kūʻai ʻana i nā hua patented - maʻamau i loko o kahi pūʻolo me nā mea kanu kūpono a me nā pesticide. Inā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻohi ʻana ma mua o ka mea i hoʻolālā ʻia, ʻaʻole hiki i ka poʻe mahiʻai ke uku hou i nā hōʻaiʻē. He ʻano hou o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻaiʻē. 

ʻIke pū ʻo Stig Tanzmann i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā hui hua nui i nā kaʻina gene mai nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe a i ʻole mai kā lākou hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hua e kū nei. Hāʻawi kēia iā lākou e loaʻa kēia patent a hōʻiliʻili i nā uku laikini no kēlā me kēia hoʻohana.

No Judith Düesberg mai ka hui non-governmental Gen-Ethischen Netzwerk, pili pū ia i ka mea hiki ke komo i nā waihona hua inā pono. I kēia mau lā, he mau hale hōʻikeʻike nui kēia e "hana liʻiliʻi no ka palekana meaʻai." Hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā laʻana mai India. Ma laila, ho'āʻo nā mea hoʻohua e hānai i nā ʻano pulupulu kuʻuna, non-genetically modified, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā hua pono ma nā wahi āpau. Ua like ia me nā mea kanu raiki e hana nei i nā ʻano ʻano pale wai. Hōʻike pū kēia i ka mālama ʻana i nā hua, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke kula a me ke ola o nā mea mahiʻai i kēlā me kēia lā. Ke hoʻohana wale ʻia i loko o ke kula hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻanoʻano i ka loli wikiwiki o ke aniau a me nā kūlana lepo. A ʻike maikaʻi ka poʻe mahiʻai kūloko i nā mea e ulu nei i kā lākou mau māla.

Info:

Pūnaehana kuʻuna Gene: Koʻikoʻi i ka genetic engineering a me nā hui hua honua

MASIPAG: ʻO ka hui o nā mea mahiʻai ma mua o 50.000 ma Philippines e ulu ana i ka laiki a hoʻololi i nā hua me kekahi. Ma kēia ʻano hana kūʻokoʻa lākou i nā hui hua nui