Nā ʻepekema no ʻAukekulia e hiki mai ana
na Martin Auer
Hoʻokumu kēlā me kēia hoʻonā i nā pilikia hou. I mea e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka pilikia o ke aniau, pono mākou e hooki i ka puhi ʻana i ka lanahu, ka aila a me ke kinoea i ka hikiwawe loa. Akā, ʻo ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea maoli he 1 a 3 pakeneka sulfur. A pono keia sulfur. ʻO ia hoʻi i ka hana ʻana i nā fertilizers phosphate a i ka unuhi ʻana i nā metala e pono ai no nā ʻenehana ʻōmaʻomaʻo hou, mai nā ʻōnaehana photovoltaic a i nā pihi no nā kaʻa uila.
Ke hoʻohana nei ka honua i ka 246 miliona tons o ka sulfuric acid i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻOi aku ma mua o 80 pakeneka o ka sulfur i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa mai nā wahie fossil. ʻO ka Sulfur i kēia manawa he huahana ʻōpala mai ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā huahana mōʻalihaku e kaupalena i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka sulfur dioxide e kumu ai ka ua waikawa. ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana i kēia mau wahie e hōʻemi loa i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka sulfur, ʻoiai e piʻi aʻe ka noi.
ʻO Mark Maslin ke Kumu o ka ʻEpekema Pūnaehana Honua ma ke Kulanui o Lādana. He haʻawina i hana ʻia ma lalo o kāna alakaʻi[1] ua ʻike ʻo ka pau ʻana o ka mōʻalihaku e pono ai e hōʻea i ka net-zero target e nalowale ana a hiki i 2040 miliona tons sulfur e 320, ʻoi aku ma mua o kā mākou hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki i kēia lā. E alakaʻi ana kēia i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai o ka sulfuric acid. Hiki ke maʻalahi kēia mau kumukūʻai e nā ʻoihana "'ōmaʻomaʻo" maikaʻi loa ma mua o nā mea hoʻohua. ʻO kēia ka mea e ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi o nā mea kanu a ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi o ka meaʻai. Hiki i nā mea hana liʻiliʻi ma nā ʻāina ʻilihune ke loaʻa i ka liʻiliʻi o ka momona a e emi ana kā lākou hua.
Loaʻa ka Sulfur i nā huahana he nui, mai nā kaʻa kaʻa a i ka pepa a me ka mea holoi lole. Akā ʻo kāna noi koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻoihana kemika, kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka sulfuric acid e wāwahi i nā ʻano mea like ʻole.
ʻO ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o nā ʻenehana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e like me nā pākahi hana kiʻekiʻe, nā ʻenekini kaʻa māmā a i ʻole nā panula lā e alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā minerala, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ores i loko o ka cobalt a me ka nickel. Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka koi no ka cobalt ma 2 pakeneka e 2050, nickel ma 460 pakeneka a me neodymium ma 99 pakeneka. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau metala āpau i kēia mau lā me ka nui o ka sulfuric acid.
ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano meaʻai e hoʻonui ai i ka noi no ka sulfuric acid mai ka ʻoihana fertilizer.
ʻOiai he nui ka lako o nā minelala sulphate, hao sulphides a me elemental sulfur, me nā pōhaku lua pele, pono e hoʻonui nui ʻia ka ʻeli ʻana e unuhi iā lākou. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka sulfates i ka sulfur e pono ai ka nui o ka ikehu a hoʻoulu i ka nui o nā hoʻokuʻu CO2 me nā ʻano hana o kēia manawa. ʻO ka unuhi ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o nā minerala sulfur a me ka sulfide hiki ke lilo i kumu o ka ea, lepo a me ka pollution wai, acidify i ka ʻili a me ka wai lepo, a hoʻokuʻu i nā toxins e like me ka arsenic, thallium a me ka mercury. A pili mau ka mining ikaika me nā pilikia pono kanaka.
hana hou a me ka hana hou
No laila, pono e ʻimi ʻia nā kumu sulfur hou i loaʻa ʻole mai nā wahie mōʻalihaʻi. Eia kekahi, pono e hōʻemi ʻia ke koi no ka sulfur ma o ka hana hou ʻana a ma o nā kaʻina hana ʻenehana hou e hoʻohana i ka liʻiliʻi sulfuric acid.
ʻO ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā phosphates mai ka wai ʻino a me ka hana ʻana iā lākou i mea hoʻomomona e hōʻemi i ka pono e hoʻohana i ka sulfuric acid e hana i nā pōhaku phosphate. E kōkua ana kēia, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, e mālama i ka hāʻawi palena ʻia o ka pōhaku phosphate a, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, e hōʻemi i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā kino wai. ʻO nā pua algal ma muli o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ʻana e alakaʻi i ka nele o ka oxygen, nā iʻa a me nā mea kanu.
ʻO ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i nā pākahi lithium hou e kōkua pū i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pākahi a me nā kaʻa e hoʻohana liʻiliʻi i nā metala kakaʻikahi e hōʻemi pū i ka pono o ka sulfuric acid.
ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu hou me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pila, ma o nā ʻenehana e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a i ʻole ka ʻumekaumaha a i ʻole ka ikehu kinetic o nā lele lele a me nā mea hou aʻe, e hōʻemi ana i ka sulfuric acid a me ka pono wahie fossil a hoʻokele decarbonization. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka bacteria e unuhi i ka sulfur mai nā sulfate.
No laila, pono e noʻonoʻo nā kulekele aupuni a me ka honua i ka nele o ka sulfur i ka wā e hoʻolālā ai no ka decarbonization, ma o ka paipai ʻana i ka hana hou ʻana a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe i loaʻa nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa.
Kiʻi uhi: Prasanta Kr Dutta na lono Unsplash
ʻIke ʻia: Fabian Schipfer
[1] Maslin, M., Van Heerde, L. & Day, S. (2022) Sulfur: He pilikia kumu waiwai e hiki ai ke hoopau i ka 'enehana'ōma'oma'o a ho'oweliweli i ka palekana o ka mea'ai e like me ka decarbonises o ka honua. The Geographical Journal, 00, 1-8. Ma ka pūnaewele: https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geoj.12475
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