ʻO ka "Homer of the Insects": Ma ka lā hānau 200th o Jean-Henri Fabre

Ma kahi o 1987 paha i ka wā i nīnau mai ai kaʻu mea hoʻopuka iaʻu i koʻu kipa ʻana iā ia e kūkākūkā i nā papahana hou: "ʻAʻole ʻoe makemake e kākau e pili ana iā Henry David Thoreau no kā mākou moʻolelo biography?" Ua heluhelu au i ka Thoreau's "Walden, or the the Life in the World". Nā ululāʻau" a me "Ma ke kuleana o ka hoʻolohe ʻole i ka mokuʻāina" a ʻae me ka hauʻoli.

ʻElua pule ma hope mai, ua loaʻa iaʻu kahi leka: “Ke mihi nui nei au, ua poina iaʻu ua hoʻohiki mua au iā Thoreau i kekahi. Makemake ʻoe e kākau e pili ana iā Jean-Henri Fabre ma kahi?"

Ua kākau hou au: "ʻO wai ʻo Jean-Henri Fabre?"

No laila, hoʻomaka wau e ʻike. Ua kaʻa au me kaʻu hoaaloha i ka hema o Farani, i Serignan, kahi kaiāulu liʻiliʻi he ʻumi kilomita mai Orange. Ma laila mākou i inu ai i ka waina maikaʻi o ia wahi a, no ka mea ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe i loaʻa, pono mākou e noho i loko o kahi hale kākela kahiko, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i hoʻokahi o nā lumi ʻeono me ke ʻano hiki iā ʻoe ke hauʻoli pū i ka meaʻai Farani nani. ma laila.

He ʻāina neoneo i piha i ka puakala a me nā ʻupena

Aia ma Serignan ka "Harmas" kaulana: "He ʻāina mehameha, ʻāina paʻa ʻole, i wela i ka lā, maikaʻi no nā pua pua a me nā ʻēheu ʻili", kahi i noho ai ʻo Fabre a noiʻi mai 1870 a hiki i kona make ʻana i ka makahiki 1915, a ma hea Ua hana ʻo ia i ka hapa nui o kāna hana nui: "Souvenirs Entomologiques" i kākau, ka "Memoirs of an Entomologist". Ua kūʻai au i kēia hana ma kahi paʻi pepa i loko o ka hale hōʻikeʻike, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ka home mua. ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke hāʻawi i ka uhi paʻa. ʻO kēia puke ke kumu nui loa o ka moʻolelo o Fabre, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i kākau kēia ʻepekema akamai i nā kuʻikahi naʻauao, akā ua hōʻike ʻo ia e pili ana i kāna huakaʻi me nā pepeke ma ke ʻano o nā moʻolelo e wehewehe pū ana i nā ʻāina kahi āna i hana ai i kāna mau hoʻokolohua a me nā mea paʻakikī pinepine. ka noho ana , ka mea i keakea i kana hana noii no ka manawa loihi.

Eia naʻe, loaʻa iaʻu koʻu ʻike ma ka ʻōlelo Palani i kekahi mau hoʻomaha. Me ke kōkua o ka puke wehewehe ʻōlelo, ua hoʻoikaika au i kēia mau puke he ʻumi a me nā moʻolelo moʻolelo Farani i kākau ʻia e ka poʻe o kēia wā. A laila hiki iaʻu ke heluhelu maʻalahi i nā puke ʻelima hope loa.

Pehea ka launa pū ʻana o ka poʻe ʻilihune e noho ʻilihune

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Jean-Henri Fabre i ka makahiki 1823 i ka poʻe mahiʻai ʻilihune ma ka ʻāina paʻa ʻole ʻo Rouerge, ʻekolu lā ma mua o ka Kalikimaka. Ua ala koke kona makewai i ka ʻike, akā, i kona wā ʻehā makahiki, hoʻihoʻi mai ʻo ia i kāna mau mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻeke ma ka loko iʻa - nā namu, nā pūpū, nā ʻōpala - ua hoʻāla ʻo ia i ka huhū o kona makuahine ma ka haehae ʻana i kāna ʻeke me nā mea pono ʻole. . Inā paha e ʻohi ʻo ia i nā mea kanu e hānai ai i nā lapeti! Ua hoʻomaopopo ke kanaka makua ʻo Jean-Henri i ke ʻano o kona makuahine: ua aʻo ka ʻike i ka poʻe ʻilihune he hiki ke hana ʻino wale i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana iā lākou iho me nā mea kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hoʻokau ʻana i ko lākou ikaika āpau i ke ola. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pono e ʻae kekahi i kēia.

Ma hope o ke kula haʻahaʻa, hiki iā ia ke hele i ke kulanui me ka manuahi a ma ke ʻano he keiki mele ma kāna hale pule. Ma kahi hoʻokūkū ua lanakila ʻo ia i haʻawina no ke kulanui aʻo kumu. Ua loaʻa koke iā ia kahi hana ma ke kula kumu kahi i lawa ai ka uku "no ka moa a me kahi waina." Ua noʻonoʻo ke kumu ʻōpio he aha ka mea e pono ai kāna mau haumāna, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou no ke kuaʻāina mai, a ua aʻo ʻo ia iā lākou i ka kemika o ka mahiʻai. Ua loaʻa iā ia ka ʻike kūpono ma mua o nā haʻawina. Lawe ʻo ia i kāna mau haumāna ma waho e aʻo i ka geometry, ʻo ia hoʻi ke ana ʻāina. Ua aʻo ʻo ia mai kāna mau haumāna i ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meli o ka nalo meli a ʻimi a ʻai pū me lākou. Ua hele mai ka geometry ma hope.

ʻO kahi ʻike cataclysmic e alakaʻi i ka pilina me Darwin

Ua noho ʻo ia mai kekahi lā a hiki i kekahi lā me kāna wahine ʻōpio, ua pau pinepine ke kūlanakauhale i ka uku. Ua make kāna keiki mua ma hope koke iho o ka hānau ʻana. Ua paʻakikī ke kumu ʻōpio i ka hoʻokolokolo waho ma hope o ka hoʻokolokolo e loaʻa ai kāna kekelē kula. No kāna ʻatikala kauka, ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka puke a ka makua kāne o ka entomology Léon Dufour e pili ana i ke ʻano o Cerceris, ka knot wasp. I loko o ko lākou pūnana lalo, ua loaʻa iā Dufour nā pīkī liʻiliʻi mai ka ʻano Buprestis, nā naʻau makamae. Hāpai ka nalo iā lākou i ʻai na kā lākou mau keiki. Hoʻomoe ʻo ia i kāna mau hua ma luna o laila a ʻai nā ʻiʻo i ka pipi. Akā, no ke aha i noho hou ai ka ʻiʻo o nā namu make a pau i ka ʻiʻo?

Ua manaʻo ʻo Dufour e hāʻawi ana ka nalo i mea hoʻomalu iā lākou ma o kona ʻū. Ua ʻike ʻo Fabre ʻaʻole i make maoli nā pipi. ʻO ka hoʻonā ʻana i ka puzzle: Ua hoʻopuka pololei ka nalo i kāna mea ʻawaʻawa i loko o ke kikowaena nerve e hoʻoneʻe ai i nā wāwae a me nā ʻēheu. ʻAi wale ka nalo, ʻai ka ʻiʻo i ka ʻiʻo. ʻO ke koho ʻana i nā pipi kūpono, ʻo ke kuʻi ʻana i kahi kūpono, kahi mea i hānau ʻia ai ka nalo. Ua hoʻouna ʻo Fabre i kahi memo i ke kulanui, i paʻi ʻia i hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope, i ka makahiki 1855. Ua loaʻa iā ia ka makana mai ka Institut Français a me ka ʻōlelo ʻia ma Darwin's Origin of Species. Ua kapa ʻo Darwin iā ia ʻo ka "mākaʻi mākaʻikaʻi" a ua noho lāua ma ka palapala a hiki i ka make ʻana o Darwin. Ua noi pū ʻo Darwin iā Fabre e hana i kekahi mau hoʻokolohua nona.

ʻAha i ka manaʻo o ka evolution

Ua mahalo nui ʻo Fabre iā Darwin, akā ʻaʻole i hōʻoiaʻiʻo ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution iā ia. He hoʻomana nui ʻo ia, akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻopaʻapaʻa me ka Baibala akā ʻo ka ʻepekema maʻemaʻe e kūʻē i ke kumumanaʻo Darwin, nona nā āpau āna i kuhikuhi ai, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o Darwin e hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia nā ʻano.

Akā inā heluhelu ʻoe i ka hana a Fabre, kāna wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano pepeke, loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi manaʻo maikaʻi o nā pilina a me nā hoʻololi ma waena o nā ʻano. ʻAʻole anei i manaʻo ʻia nā ʻano ʻano nalo ʻokoʻa e ʻai ana i nā ʻano nalo like ʻole he kupuna maʻamau o nā nalo? ʻAʻole anei i hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano nalo a ka mea nānā maʻi i hōʻike i nā pae hoʻololi āpau ma waena o ka noho kaʻawale piha a me ka ʻōnaehana politika paʻakikī o ka nalo meli?

"E ʻimi ʻoe i ka make, ʻimi wau i ke ola"

ʻAʻole pili ka noiʻi a Fabre i ka wehe ʻana a me ka helu ʻana i kāna mau kumuhana, akā e nānā i ko lākou ʻano o ke ola a me kā lākou ʻano i ko lākou ʻano kūlohelohe. Hiki iā ia ke moe ma ka honua paʻakikī no nā hola i ka wela wela o ke kauwela a nānā i ka nalo e hana ana i punana. He ala ʻepekema hou kēia: "E aʻo ʻoe i ka make, aʻo wau i ke ola," i kākau ai ʻo ia.

Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokau ʻo ia i kāna mau iniseti i nā hoʻokolohua maʻalea: ʻeli ka gyroscope wasp i kahi ala lalo me kona mau wāwae. I ka hopena, hana ʻo ia i ke ana hoʻohua no nā larvae, kahi e hoʻolako mau ai i nā nalo a me nā lele. Inā lele ʻo ia e hahai, pani ʻo ia i ka puka me ka pōhaku. Inā hoʻi ʻo ia me ka mea pio, e ʻike hou ʻo ia i ka puka komo. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Fabre i ka pahi e wehe i ke ala a me ke keʻena hānai. Ua hoʻāʻo ka nalo e ʻimi i ka puka, ʻeli ʻo ia i kahi e pono ai ka puka, me ka ʻike ʻole ua hāmama ke ala i mua ona. I kāna ʻimi ʻana, holo ʻo ia i loko o ke keʻena hānai, ʻaʻole naʻe ʻo ia i ʻike i ka ʻiʻo e hānai ai a no laila ua hehi ʻia ʻo ia. A hiki i kona wehe ʻana i ka puka, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻike i kāna mea e hana ai a hiki ʻole iā ia ke hānai i ka ihu.

Ua hāʻawi ʻo Darwin i nā ʻenekini i kahi ʻāpana kumu. Akā, ua ʻike ʻo Fabre: "ʻO kēia ʻano hana he kaulahao wale nō ia o nā hana instinctive, ʻo ia ke kumu o kekahi, i ke kaʻina ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohuli i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi." Ua make koke kēia mau ʻōpuʻu, a me nā ʻōpuʻu me lākou. He manaʻo koʻikoʻi ko nā ʻōniu no ka ʻai ʻana i ka grub: ʻo ka momona mua, a laila ka ʻiʻo ʻiʻo, a ma ka hope wale nō nā kaula aʻalolo a me nā ganglia. ʻAʻole i holo ka ʻano hanai ʻana me kekahi ʻōpala a pepehi koke lākou.

"E like me nā kikoʻī o ke kino, ʻoi aku paha i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o kēia, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻoikaika e kūkulu e like me kekahi mau lula paʻa e hōʻike ana i nā kino o nā iniseti a mākou e hui pū ai ma lalo o ka inoa o nā 'species'."

Hoʻonaʻauao kanaka

I ka makahiki 1867, ua lawe ke Kuhina Hoonaauao o Napoleona III. he papahana hoʻonaʻauao kaulana a me ka hoʻonaʻauao kaikamahine. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Fabre e hāʻawi i nā papa ahiahi ma Avignon. ʻO ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana o nā kaikamāhine he mea ʻoi i ka ʻaoʻao o ka Ekalesia Katolika. A i ka wā i haʻi aku ai ʻo Fabre i nā kaikamahine i kekahi mea e pili ana i ka fertilization ma kāna papa - ʻo ia hoʻi ka fertilization o nā pua - ʻoi loa ia no nā kahu mālama pono. Ua nalowale kāna hana a me kāna hale noho.

Akā, i kēia manawa ua kākau mua ʻo Fabre i kekahi mau puke, a i kēia manawa ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e pili ana i ia mea a ua kūleʻa koke ʻo ia. Ua kākau ʻo ia i nā puke no ka haʻawina kūhelu, akā no nā kumuhana interdisciplinary e like me: "Heaven", "The Earth", "The Chemistry of Uncle Paul", "History of a Log of Wood". Ua manaʻo ʻo ia no ka holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole ka wehe ʻana. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka luna i hana pinepine ʻia e nā keiki, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka ʻōwili ʻana o ka honua a puni iā ​​ia iho a puni ka lā. ʻO ia nā puke moʻokalaleo mua no nā kamaliʻi a me nā ʻōpio. Me ka loaʻa ʻana mai o kēia mau puke, ua hiki iā ia ke haʻalele i ka hana a hoʻolilo iā ia iho i kāna noiʻi.

ʻO ka "Souvenirs Entomologiques"

Ua kākau pū ʻo ia i kāna mau pepa ʻepekema ma ke ʻano e maopopo ai i kēlā me kēia keiki ʻumikūmāhā makahiki. Ua paʻi ʻia ka puke mua o Souvenirs i ka makahiki 1879, i ka piha ʻana o kona mau makahiki he 56. I ka makahiki 1907, i ka makahiki 84, ua paʻi ʻo ia i ka ʻumi. He ʻumikūmākahi, ʻaʻole i lawa kona ikaika. I ka makahiki 1910 ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e hana i kahi paʻi hope loa, i hōʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1913, i hōʻike ʻia me nā kiʻi he nui i lawe ʻia e kāna keiki ʻo Paul ma ke ʻano he hoa hana.

ʻO ka hana i loaʻa iā ia ka mahalo ʻaʻole wale i ka poʻe ʻepekema, akā i nā haku mele e like me Maurice Maeterlinck, Edmond Rostand a me Romain Rolland. Ua kapa ʻo Victor Hugo iā ia ʻo "Homer of insects." ʻAʻole ʻo nā moʻolelo aloha pōʻino a me nā hakakā koa i loko o kēia puke e hōʻoia i ka hoʻohālikelike. Aia ka piha o ke ola i ka hana, kona nani hihiu. ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia ma luna o nā mele koa a nā makuahine i mele ai nā Provencals, ʻaʻole nā ​​​​koa kūʻē i ko lākou ʻano ponoʻī, e like me kā nā Helene i kākau ai.

Ua hōʻole ʻia ka hana e kekahi mau ʻelele o ka honua kula: ʻaʻole i kākau ʻia "ma ka ʻepekema" a ʻaʻole kūpono ka hoʻolālā palapala no kahi hana ʻepekema.

Hoʻohanohano hope

I ka makahiki 1911, ua hoʻomaka kahi hoʻolaha e koho iā ia no ka Nobel Prize, akā ua loaʻa i ka Institut Française kekahi moho. ʻO ka mea haku mele ʻo Mistral, ʻo ia ka mea lanakila no ka Nobel Prize, ua hoʻohana i kāna kuleana koho i ka makahiki aʻe. Me ka lanakila ole. Ua ho'ōki nā puke i ke kūʻai aku a pono ʻo Fabre e hoʻomau i ka hakakā no kāna ʻai i kēlā me kēia lā. Ua hoʻopuka ʻo Mistral i kahi ʻatikala ma "Matin" ma lalo o ke poʻomanaʻo: "ʻO ke akamai i make i ka pōloli." ʻO ka hopena, he kahe nui o nā hāʻawi. Me ke kōkua ʻana o kona mau hoaaloha, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ʻo ia e ka makahiki a me ke kaumaha no kāna wahine ʻelua i hala, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻo ia i kēlā me kēia haʻawina a hāʻawi ʻia nā haʻawina inoa ʻole i ka poʻe ʻilihune o Serignan.

Ua mae mālie ʻo ia. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke komo hou i kāna haʻawina ma ka papahele mua a i ʻole ka māla. Akā, a hiki i ka lā hope, koi ʻo ia e wehe ʻia nā puka makani o kona keʻena i hiki iā ia ke ʻike i ka lā. A hiki i ka lā hope loa, ua kamaʻilio ʻo ia e pili ana i nā inike a wehewehe i ko lākou mau inoa a me ko lākou kumu i ke kahu nāna i mālama iā ia. Ua make ʻo Jean-Henri Fabre i ka lā 11 ʻOkakopa, 1915.

Ua unuhi ʻia ka hana a Fabre i nā ʻōlelo he nui, akā no ka manawa lōʻihi ua loaʻa nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana ma ka ʻōlelo Kelemānia. Ua hana ʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni e pili ana iā ia ma Farani a me ka Soviet Union, a ma Iapana ua mahalo ʻia ʻo ia ma muli o kāna hui ʻana o ka ʻepekema a me ke akamai. Ua hele nui kēia a hiki i kahi hui Kepani ke kūʻai aku i 10.000 kope o kāna papa hana liʻiliʻi, āna i ʻōlelo pinepine ai i kāna mau palapala. Ua unuhi ʻia kaʻu puke i paʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 1995 i ka ʻōlelo Kepanī a me ka ʻōlelo Korea.

Ma muli o ka lōʻihi o ka hakakā ʻo Franco-German - ua ʻike ʻo Fabre i ke kaua Franco-German o 1870 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua Mua - ʻaʻole nui ka hoihoi iā Fabre i ka honua ʻōlelo Kelemania. Ua paʻi ʻia kekahi mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. I ka makahiki 2010 wale nō i ʻaʻa ai ka hale paʻi puke ʻo Mattes und Seitz e hana i ka paʻi piha piha loa o ka "Memoirs of an Entomologist" ma Kelemania, i hoʻopau ʻia ma 2015 me ka ʻumi o ka puke. 

ʻO ka paʻi Beltz-Verlag o kaʻu puke "I but explore life" ua lōʻihi i kūʻai ʻia. Eia naʻe, loaʻa kahi paʻi hou ma ke ʻano he paʻi ma ke koi ʻana mai kahi mea kūʻai puke pūnaewele nui. Hoʻopau ka puke me kēia ʻōlelo: 

“I koʻu mau moeʻuhane, manaʻo pinepine au e hiki iaʻu ke noʻonoʻo no kekahi mau minuke me ka lolo mua o kaʻu ʻīlio, e nānā i ka honua ma o nā maka huikau o kahi makika. Nani ka ʻokoʻa o nā mea i kēlā manawa!”