Kev nyab xeeb kev puas tsuaj thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv tseem ceeb

Kev tsim tawm ib nrab ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia los ntawm Martin Auer (Cov Kws Tshawb Fawb Txog Yav Tom Ntej Austria) ntawm Linz Kev Sib Tham Txog Lub Ib Hlis 27, 2023

Tom qab Russia tau tawm tsam rau Ukraine thaum Lub Ob Hlis 2022, cov lus zoo li: "Lub zog tauj dua tshiab kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb" feem ntau hnov ​​thiab nyeem. Ib qho kev sib cav yog qhov no: "Cov roj thiab roj tsis yog tsuas yog roj hloov pauv huab cua xwb, lawv kuj tseem ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb tub rog thoob ntiaj teb. Txhua tus neeg uas xav tsim kev thaj yeeb yuav tsum yog li ntawd tshem tawm kev vam khom cov khoom siv fossil - los ntawm kev nqis peev hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob huv xws li hnub thiab cua. "1

Hmoov tsis zoo, qhov no saib xyuas qhov tseeb tias qhov loj ntawm "cov hlau tseem ceeb" xws li tooj liab, lithium, cobalt, npib tsib xee thiab cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb xav tau los tsim hluav taws xob los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tauj dua tshiab thiab khaws cov hluav taws xob no. Thiab cov no yog heev unevenly faib nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust. Peb lub hlis twg ntawm mining ntawm lithium, cobalt thiab tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, lub koom pheej ywj pheej ntawm Congo thiab nyob rau hauv lub lithium daim duab peb sab Chile-Argentina-Bolivia.

Hauv tsab ntawv 2020, European Commission tau hais tias: "Kev nkag mus rau cov khoom siv raw yog qhov teeb meem kev nyab xeeb rau Tebchaws Europe kom ua tiav Green Deal. ... Teb chaws Europe txoj kev hloov pauv mus rau cov pa roj carbon monoxide tuaj yeem hloov pauv niaj hnub no kev vam khom rau fossil fuels nrog kev vam khom rau cov khoom siv raw, ntau yam uas peb tau txais los ntawm txawv teb chaws thiab rau qhov kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb tau nce zuj zus. "2

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 2021, EU tau xaus lus pom zoo nrog Ukraine ntawm kev rho tawm thiab ua cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb thiab tsim cov roj teeb.3. Ukraine muaj reserves ntawm lithium, cobalt, beryllium thiab tsawg ntiaj teb hlau muaj nqis 6.700 billion euros. Lub lithium deposit yog kwv yees yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Daim duab 1: Lithium deposits nyob rau hauv Ukraine. 
Quelle: https://www.icog.es/TyT/index.php/2022/11/white-gold-of-ukraine-lithium-mineralisation/

Tom qab ntawd, thaum Lub Ob Hlis 2022, Russia tau tawm tsam Ukraine. Feem ntau ntawm cov deposits yog nyob rau hauv tam sim no nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Donetsk. Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb nom tswv Olivia Lazard, ib qho ntawm Putin lub hom phiaj yog txiav tawm EU txoj kev nkag mus rau cov peev txheej no. Russia nws tus kheej muaj loj reserves ntawm tseem ceeb raw cov ntaub ntawv thiab yog siv zog los ua ib tug haib neeg uas ua ntawv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ua lag luam dua. Incidentally, Wagner Group, uas yog sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv Ukraine, kuj muaj nyob rau hauv mineral-nplua nuj lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa, xws li Mozambique, Central African koom pheej, Madagascar thiab Mali.4

Lwm cov khoom siv tseem ceeb yog npib tsib xee. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2022, Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Kev Lag Luam (WTO) tau txhawb nqa EU foob rau Indonesia. Indonesia tau tshaj tawm txoj cai lij choj hauv xyoo 2020 txwv tsis pub xa tawm nickel thiab yuav tsum tau nickel ore los ua kom zoo hauv Indonesia. EU tau foob qhov no. Dab tsi Indonesia tab tom tawm tsam yog cov qauv colonial classic: cov ntaub ntawv raw tau muab rho tawm hauv Ntiaj Teb Sab Qab Teb, tab sis tus nqi tsim muaj nyob hauv Ntiaj Teb North. Cov nyiaj tau los ntawm tuam txhab, se, kev ua haujlwm yog tsiv mus rau sab qaum teb. "Peb xav dhau los ua lub tebchaws tsim kho, peb xav tsim cov haujlwm," said Indonesian Thawj Tswj Hwm. Tab sis EU xav kom tswj tau cov qauv colonial.5

Qhov thib ob loj tshaj plaws lithium cov neeg tsim khoom tam sim no yog Chile (tom qab Australia). Nyob rau hauv Atacama suab puam, ib qho ntawm cov dries tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb, lithium carbonate yog pumped los ntawm hauv av li brine. Cov brine tau tso cai rau evaporate hauv cov phiab loj. Raws li Chilean tsoom fwv Mining Commission, plaub zaug ntau npaum li dej tau tshem tawm ntawm Atacama ntawm 2000 thiab 2015 raws li ib txwm nkag mus rau thaj tsam hauv daim ntawv los nag lossis dej yaj. Cov dej tau nce zuj zus rau kev ua liaj ua teb ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm hauv oases. Cov neeg hauv paus txawm kuj tsis tau sab laj txog cov haujlwm lithium. Qhov no ua txhaum UN Convention on Indigenous Peoples.6

Qhov loj tshaj plaws lithium reserves nyob hauv qab Salar de Uyuni ntsev flats hauv Bolivia. Txawm li cas los xij, txog tam sim no lawv tsis tau mined. Tsoom fwv socialist Evo Morales tau tshaj tawm tias lithium yog cov khoom siv raw nrog lub hom phiaj ntev ntawm kev ua Bolivia ib qho ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua lag luam roj teeb, piv txwv li khaws cov nqi ntxiv hauv lub tebchaws. Thaum pib muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog cov tub rog hauv zos hauv xeev Potosí, qhov chaw tso nyiaj nyob. Lawv xav kom tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov nqi ntawv tso cai sai li sai tau thiab kuj tsis pom zoo nrog kev xaiv ntawm tus tswv cuab rau kev txhim kho. Lub tuam txhab German yuav tsum ACI Systems uas tseem muab Tesla nrog roj teeb thiab uas tau ua haujlwm los tsim lub Hoobkas rau roj teeb rau South American lag luam thiab cob qhia thiab tsim nyog cov neeg ua haujlwm Bolivian. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov no yuav tsum coj kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis rau Bolivia, ntawm qhov tod tes, kev sib koom ua lag luam yuav tsum tau muab rau lub teb chaws Yelemees nkag mus rau coveted lithium.

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Potosí thiab tsoomfwv hauv nruab nrab tau ua nrog kev tawm tsam, kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tub ceev xwm ntshav. Morales nws thiaj li tso tseg daim ntawv cog lus nrog ACI.7 Hauv kev xaiv tsa thawj tswj hwm uas ua raws li tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, uas Morales tau ua haujlwm thib plaub, Lub Koom Haum ntawm Tebchaws Asmeskas, uas yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kev xaiv tsa, tau thov kom pom cov neeg pov npav dag. Qhov kev iab liam no tau rov qab los. Cov tub rog sab xis tau siv qhov kev iab liam kev xaiv tsa kev dag ntxias ua ib qho piv txwv rau kev tawm tsam.8 Lub Koom Haum ntawm Tebchaws Asmeskas yog 60 feem pua ​​​​tsoomfwv los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas. Yog li Morales liam tias Asmeskas yog nyob tom qab kev tawm tsam. Trump cov thawj coj tau txais tos txais kev tawm tsam.

Elon Musk tweeted qee lub sijhawm tom qab: "Peb tawm tsam leej twg peb xav tau, nqos nws!"9 Tsoomfwv nom tswv tau tshem tawm daim ntawv cog lus nrog ACI mus tas li, ua rau txoj hauv kev rau kev muag tawm ntawm Bolivian lithium mus rau cov tuam txhab hla tebchaws. Kev tshawb nrhiav platform Declassified tau tshaj tawm cov haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg los ntawm British Embassy tom qab kev tawm tsam kom nkag mus rau kev sib tham ntawm lithium.10

Txawm li cas los xij, kev tawm tsam rau kev tawm tsam tau muaj zog txaus los yuam kev xaiv tsa tshiab.
Luis Arce, tus phooj ywg ntawm Morales tog, yeej qhov kev xaiv tsa, lub sijhawm no los ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, thiab kev sib tham nrog ACI tau rov pib dua nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua tiav cov ntsiab lus zoo dua rau Bolivia.11

Tau kawg, EU tseem siv zog ua kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov zaub mov tseem ceeb hauv sab hauv thiab nyob ib puag ncig. Tab sis qhov no yog qhov twg lithium mining ntsib nrog cov kev tiv thaiv tseem ceeb.

Hauv Portugal, Barroso, thaj chaw tshaj tawm "Agricultural Heritage" los ntawm FAO, raug hem nrog kev puas tsuaj. Lithium yuav tsum tau mined nyob rau hauv opencast mining.

Hauv Serbia, kev tawm tsam tawm tsam kev npaj lithium mining tau ua rau tsoomfwv tshem tawm daim ntawv tso cai rau lub tuam txhab loj Rio Tinto.

Vim li cas kev sib tw rau cov khoom tseem ceeb heev li ntawd?

Raws li kev kwv yees los ntawm lub tuam txhab peev nyiaj Goldman Sachs, yuav muaj 2050 billion lub tsheb nyob hauv ntiaj teb los ntawm 3, ntau dua ob zaug ntau li niaj hnub no. Ntawm cov no, 19 feem pua ​​​​yog cov tsheb fais fab thiab 9 feem pua ​​​​khiav ntawm hydrogen lossis kua roj.

Daim duab 2: Tsheb hauv 2050 raws li Goldman Sachs
Txiv kab ntxwv: combustion xyaw, xiav: hluav taws xob tsheb, daj: lwm yam roj (xws li hydrogen)
Quelle: https://www.fuelfreedom.org/cars-in-2050/

Lub koom haum International Energy Agency qhov xwm txheej hais tias 33 feem pua ​​​​yuav tsum yog lub tsheb hluav taws xob. Tab sis tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm 3 billion lub tsheb tsis nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug.12 Tsis muaj leej twg nug, "Yuav ua li cas peb tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm qhov peb muaj?", tab sis qhov kev kwv yees qhov xav tau ntawm cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb no raws li kev lag luam kev lag luam loj hlob, thiab tau kawg lub siab kom tau txais cov peev txheej no ntau dua.

Raws li OECD, tag nrho kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb tau teeb tsa ob npaug los ntawm 2050, txij li $ 100 trillion hnub no mus txog $ 200 trillion, ntsuas los ntawm kev yuav khoom.13 Hauv lwm lo lus, hauv 2050 peb yuav tsum tau tsim thiab siv ob zaug ntau npaum li peb ua niaj hnub no. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov kev thov rau cov khoom siv raw yuav feem ntau yog ob npaug, me ntsis txo qis los ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab.

Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm University of Valladolid, tsis ntev los no luam tawm nyob rau hauv Phau Ntawv Xov Xwm ntawm Royal Society of Chemistry, los txog rau qhov xaus tias yog tias qhov kev hloov pauv tam sim no ntawm e-mobility yog extrapolated rau yav tom ntej, lithium noj los ntawm 2050 yuav yog 120 feem pua ​​​​ntawm qhov yog. tam sim no paub txheeb xyuas reserves. Nyob rau hauv ib qho xwm txheej uas muaj feem ntau ntawm e-tsheb 300 feem pua, nyob rau hauv ib tug scenario nrog rau kev tsom mus rau lub teeb e-tsheb tuam xws li e-bikes yuav luag 100 feem pua, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug degrowth scenario peb tsuas muaj depleted 2050 feem pua ​​ntawm cov deposits. los ntawm 50. Cov txiaj ntsig rau cobalt thiab npib tsib xee zoo sib xws.14  

Daim duab 3: Source: Pulido-Sánchez, Daniel; Capellan-Pérez, Iñigo; Castro, Carlos de; Frechoso, Fernando (2022): Cov khoom siv thiab lub zog xav tau ntawm kev thauj hluav taws xob. Hauv: Zog Ib puag ncig. kev tshawb fawb 15(12), pp. 4872-4910
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2022/EE/D2EE00802E

Kev hloov pauv ntawm lub zog hauv paus yuav tsis hloov qhov kev sib tw rau cov peev txheej. Nws tsuas yog hloov los ntawm roj thiab thee mus rau lwm yam khoom siv. Thiab qhov kev sib tw no tsis yog tsuas yog tau txais kev tswj hwm ntawm cov khoom siv raw, tab sis kuj hais txog kev tswj hwm kev lag luam.

Kuv xav hais txog ib qho piv txwv keeb kwm: Tus kws sau keeb kwm nyiaj txiag Adam Tooze sau txog lub hom phiaj ntawm tom qab German Chancellor Gustav Stresemann ua ​​ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Reichstag nyob rau hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog I: Kev nthuav dav ntawm German sovereignty los ntawm kev koom nrog Belgium, Fabkis ntug dej hiav txwv rau Calais, Morocco thiab thaj chaw ntxiv hauv Nws pom sab hnub tuaj 'tseem ceeb' vim tias nws tuaj yeem muab lub teb chaws Yelemees muaj lub platform tsim nyog rau kev sib tw nrog Asmeskas. Tsis muaj kev lag luam uas tsis muaj kev lag luam tau lees paub tsawg kawg yog 1 lab tus neeg yuav khoom tuaj yeem phim qhov zoo ntawm kev tsim khoom loj hauv Tebchaws Meskas15

Qhov no yog lub logic uas tswj hwm lub Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib thiab thib ob, qhov no yog lub logic uas tswj hwm kev nthuav dav ntawm EU, qhov no yog lub logic uas tswj hwm Russia kev tsov rog tawm tsam Ukraine, qhov no yog lub logic uas tswj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab Tuam Tshoj. tiag tiag. Nws tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv uas cov neeg tsim khoom zoo dua thiab pheej yig dua yuav ua tus thawj coj hauv kev lag luam, tab sis theej ua umgekhrt, cov neeg uas tswj hwm lub lag luam loj tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua ntawm kev lag luam zoo ntawm kev tsim khoom loj thiab lees paub lawv tus kheej tawm tsam kev sib tw.

Kev tsov kev rog niaj hnub no tsis yog hais txog leej twg tuaj yeem nqa tau cov peev txheej los ntawm leej twg, leej twg tuaj yeem siv nws lub zog ua haujlwm, tab sis kuj - thiab tej zaum tseem ceeb - txog leej twg tuaj yeem muag dab tsi rau leej twg. Qhov no yog lub logic ntawm kev lag luam raws li kev sib tw thiab kev siv peev los tsim peev ntau dua. Nws tsis yog hais txog kev ntshaw ntawm cov neeg ua lag luam phem, tab sis hais txog lawv qauv Txoj kev ua lag luam: Yog tias koj khiav ib lub tuam txhab, yuav tsum muaj Lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig los nqis peev hauv kev tsim kho tshiab kom lawv tsis poob qab kev sib tw. Lub villa thiab yacht yog cov khoom zoo nkauj, tab sis lub hom phiaj yog txhawm rau nce peev kom nyob hauv kev lag luam. Innovation txhais tau tias koj tuaj yeem tsim ntau dua nrog tib txoj haujlwm, lossis tib yam nrog kev ua haujlwm tsawg. Tab sis txij li kev tsim kho tshiab ua rau koj cov khoom pheej yig dua, koj yuav tsum tau muag ntau dua los ua kom cov txiaj ntsig tsim nyog rau kev tsim kho tshiab. Lub xeev thiab cov koomhaum pabcuam txhawb nqa koj hauv qhov no, vim tias yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem nthuav koj qhov muag, cov haujlwm yuav poob. Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob nug koj tus kheej: puas yog lub ntiaj teb xav tau kuv cov khoom, nws puas zoo rau tib neeg? Tab sis koj tab tom xav li cas kuv tuaj yeem tau txais cov neeg yuav nws? Los ntawm kev tshaj tawm, los ntawm kev cia nws dhau los lossis tawg sai sai, los ntawm kev ua kom cov neeg siv khoom nyob hauv qhov tsaus ntuj txog nws cov khoom muaj tseeb, los ntawm kev ua rau lawv muaj kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj, xws li kev lag luam luam yeeb, lossis txawm tias, xws li cov tso tsheb hlau luam. thiab zoo li, cia cov neeg them se them rau nws. Tau kawg, txoj kev peev nyiaj txiag ntawm kev ua lag luam kuj tsim cov khoom zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis nws tsis cuam tshuam rau kev siv peev seb cov khoom puas muaj txiaj ntsig lossis teeb meem ntev npaum li nws tuaj yeem muag.

Txoj kev ua lag luam no yuav tsum ncav cuag qhov kev txwv ntawm lub ntiaj teb, thiab nws yuav tsum rov qab los tawm tsam cov kev txwv ntawm nws cov neeg nyob ze. Qhov kev lag luam nyiaj txiag no tsis tso cai rau peb hais tias: Zoo, peb muaj txhua yam txaus tam sim no, peb tsis xav tau ntxiv. Kev lag luam degrowth, kev lag luam uas tsis zoo rau kev loj hlob tsis kawg. yuav tsum tau ua kom sib txawv ntawm txoj cai. Thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yuav tsum yog: Cov pab pawg ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov neeg tsim khoom - thiab los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom kuv txhais tau tias cov neeg ua haujlwm - yuav tsum muaj kev ywj pheej txiav txim siab dab tsi, yuav ua li cas, qhov zoo, thiab qhov ntau npaum li cas. Cov kev xav tau dab tsi yog qhov yooj yim thiab qhov tsis tseem ceeb, dab tsi yog qhov zoo yog tias koj muaj, thiab dab tsi yog cov khoom kim heev superfluous? Yuav ua li cas peb thiaj ua tau raws li qhov xav tau tiag tiag nrog tsawg kawg siv lub zog, khoom siv thiab ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua?

Yuav ua li cas thiaj li tsim tau? Tsis zoo li yuav ua piv txwv ua haujlwm hauv ntiaj teb li tam sim no. Tej zaum zaub mov rau kev xav yog pawg tswj hwm huab cua. Hauv Austria, muaj 100 tus neeg xaiv los ntawm random thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm zej zog, uas, nrog cov lus qhia ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, tau tsim cov lus pom zoo txog yuav ua li cas Austria tuaj yeem ua tiav nws cov hom phiaj kev nyab xeeb. Hmoov tsis zoo, pawg sab laj no tsis muaj lub zog los tswj hwm nws cov lus pom zoo. Cov pej xeem cov pawg sab laj, uas qhia txog kev txiav txim siab nyiaj txiag thiab kev nom kev tswv, tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv txhua theem ntawm tib neeg, hauv nroog, xeev, tseemfwv qib siab thiab tseem nyob rau theem European. Thiab lawv cov lus pom zoo yuav tsum tau pov npav rau kev ywj pheej. Cov tuam txhab yuav tsum tau cog lus rau qhov zoo sib xws es tsis yog tus tswv cuab tus nqi. Thiab yog tias cov tuam txhab lag luam ntiag tug tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov no, lawv cov dej num yuav tsum raug coj los ntawm kev koom tes, hauv nroog lossis xeev cov tuam txhab. Tsuas yog xws li kev lag luam yuav tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam cov kev txwv ntawm lub ntiaj teb lossis ciam teb ntawm cov neeg nyob ze. Tsuas yog ib qho kev lag luam zoo li no tuaj yeem tsim cov xwm txheej rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb.

1 https://energiewinde.orsted.de/klimawandel-umwelt/energiewende-friedensprojekt

2 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0474&from=EN

3 https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-and-ukraine-kick-start-strategic-partnership-raw-materials-2021-07-13_en

4 Lazard, Olivia (2022): Russia Lub Hom Phiaj Tsawg-paub hauv Ukraine. Muaj nyob online ntawm https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/87319

5 https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-global-race-to-secure-critical-minerals-heats-up/

6 https://www.dw.com/de/zunehmender-lithium-abbau-verst%C3%A4rkt-wassermangel-in-chiles-atacama-w%C3%BCste/a-52039450

7 https://amerika21.de/2020/01/236832/bolivien-deutschland-lithium-aci-systems

8 https://www.democracynow.org/2019/11/18/bolivia_cochabamba_massacre_anti_indigenous_violence

9 https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EksIy3aW0AEIsK-?format=jpg&name=small

10 https://declassifieduk.org/revealed-the-uk-supported-the-coup-in-bolivia-to-gain-access-to-its-white-gold/

11 https://dailycollegian.com/2020/09/bolivias-new-government-and-the-lithium-coup/
https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/was-bolivia-s-coup-over-lithium-32033
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/13/morales-bolivia-military-coup
12 https://www.fuelfreedom.org/cars-in-2050/

13 https://data.oecd.org/gdp/real-gdp-long-term-forecast.htm

14 Pulido-Sánchez, Daniel; Capellan-Pérez, Iñigo; Castro, Carlos de; Frechoso, Fernando (2022): Cov khoom siv thiab lub zog xav tau ntawm kev thauj hluav taws xob. Hauv: Zog Ib puag ncig. kev tshawb fawb 15(12), pp. 4872-4910. DOI: 10.1039/D2EE00802E

15 Tooze, Adas (2006): Economics of Destruction, Munich