ʻO ka ola ma Mars - E haʻalele i kahi noho hou

Hōʻike ʻia ka lahui āpau me ke kūlana pale. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "neʻe" - ke helu nei mākou i kēia 7,2 biliona - e lawe ana i ka nui o ke ana hou. I ka uluʻana, hiki ke loaʻa i nā pilikia. Hoʻokahi mea hoʻokahi: ʻo mākou hiki iā mākou ke haʻalele i kā mākou kaʻa, nā mea hoʻomohala kelepaʻi hou i ka mea hou loa - ʻo ke ala i ka hale hou ʻaʻole i kūkulu ʻia.

ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, aia ka nui o nā wahi e ʻānai ai, akā pono e hoʻohālikelike i nā paʻakikī. ʻO kēlā mau hoʻolālā puka i ka wā e hiki mai ana: he aha nā koho e kū i ka wā i ʻoi loa ka ea a me ke aniani? Ke koho kahi: Ke noho nei mākou a hoʻopau i ke aloha i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou, ʻike ʻia - ma ke ʻano he kīʻaha ma lalo o nā waihona nui. Ke koho ʻelua: Hoʻopili mākou i kā mākou mau ʻehiku a haʻalele i kahi honua hou aʻe.

Nā ʻāpono haole

"Manaʻo wau e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ko mākou manawa e like me ka mea a mākou e hoʻonoho ai i nā honua hou, e like me ka 15 ma hope. ʻO ʻAkahi mau manawa i kahi manawa o Christopher Columbus. Hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo e ua hānau ʻia ka mea e lawe i ka hana mua ma ka honua Mars, "ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka astrophiologist ʻo Gernot Grömer ke komo i ka puka ma 225 miliona mau mile ka lōʻihi, i ka honua ʻula i loko o kahi manawa hopohopo.

Ke kūkā nei ka luna o ka Austrian Space Forum OWF i ke ola i ka wā e hiki mai ana ma Mars a ʻike pū kekahi i nā mea e hiki ai ke koho no ka noho hou o ka nohona kanaka: "ʻO nā kino lani i hiki ke loaʻa i kēia manawa ʻo Moon a me Mars. I ka ʻōlelo aʻo, ua ʻike pū kekahi i nā honua hau i ka Outer Solar System, e like me ka Saturn moon Enceladus a me ka Jovian moon Europe. I kēia manawa ua ʻike mākou i ʻewalu mau wahi i ka pūnaehana lā i kahi e hiki ai ka wai wai. "

noho Honua

Mars
ʻO Mars ka ʻehā o ka honua honua ʻike ʻia mai ka lā. ʻO kona ʻāpana he ma waena o ka hapalua o ka ʻāpana o ka lōʻihi o ka ʻāpana me 6800 mau kilomita, ʻo ia ka nui o ka ʻumikumamāwalu o ka Honua. Ua ho'ākāka ka nui o Radar me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hōkū ʻo Mars Express i nā waiho i ka wai o ka wai i waiho ʻia ma ke kaona hema hema, ʻo Plumum Australe.

Enceladus
ʻO Enceladus (ʻo Saturn II hoʻi) ka ʻumikumamāhā ʻumikūmāono o ka 62 kaulana o ka honua i ka honua Saturn. He wai hau ia a nā mea i hōʻike i ka hana cryovolcanic nona nā wai puna kiʻekiʻe o nā wai wai hau i loko o kaʻululepema hema e hoʻokumu i kahi ʻāpana mānoanoa. Paipai ʻia kēia mau wai i ka ʻāina E-le o Saturn. Ma ka ʻāpana o ka hana lua pele, ua loaʻa nō hoʻi nā hōʻike hōʻike o ka wai wai, ka hana ʻana iā Enceladus kekahi o nā wahi hiki i ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā me nā kūlana kūpono no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke ola.

Europe
O ʻEulopa (me Jupiter II) me ka diameter o 3121 km, ʻo ia ka lua o nā kekona a ʻokoʻa loa o nā mahina nui o ka honua ʻo Jupiter a ʻo ke ono ka nui loa o ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā. He ʻōkole ʻo ʻEulopa. ʻOiai ke kū ʻana o ka mahana ma ka papa o ʻEulopa i ka lōʻihi he -150 ° C, nā ʻano like ʻole ke ʻano he ana ka 100 km hohonu hohonu o ka wai wai ma lalo o ka hawewe wai pākahi.
Pūnaewele: Wikipedia

Nā kolana luna kikoʻī

E like me ke ala no nā kānaka hoʻopaʻi pili pono ma luna o nā mea āpau: ʻike mua-ʻike pehea a hoʻomanawanui. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, e like me Grömer, ka mea liʻiliʻi, kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi - e like me kahi maned, kahi paʻa ʻAmelika e noho nui loa - e ulu a nui aʻe, a lilo ia i wahi noho liʻiliʻi loa: "ʻO ka hana ʻoihana ʻona e pono ai e hoʻomau i kahi paʻa paʻa i ka mahina, no ka laʻana, he nui. E kū ana nā kānaka ma laila - e like me ka poʻe mua i noho ma ka Honua Hou - e pili pono ana i ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻoihana a me ke ola ʻana. "A ʻo ke alo i nā pilikia hou a me nā pōʻino: nā pōʻino hāhi, nā hopena meteorite, nā maʻi ʻona. ʻO ka astrobiologist: "Akā ke kūpono o nā kānaka - e nānā i ka Antarktisstationen noho mau loa, a i ʻole mau moku lawaiʻa lōʻihi.

"E like me ka wā ma mua, ʻo nā mea noho mua ma ka Honua Hou e nānā nui ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻoihana a me ke ola ʻana."
Gernot Grömer, Hale Hōʻikeʻike Mokuna ʻAmelika OWF

Ma ke ʻano he hana mua, ka manaʻo mākou i nā pae ʻepekema i hala, e ukali ʻia e nā noi ʻana o ka ʻoihana e like me ke kele ʻana i nā asteroids. Eia nō naʻe, ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā papahana wā lōʻihi e maopopo ʻia i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana i ka mua. "E hiki wale mai nā kolikani nui i nā kenekulia - hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻano pono like ʻole e like me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kaʻina hana hou a me nā hoʻohana hoʻohana paʻa ʻana i hiki ke loaʻa nā mana.

Nā pono no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pae honua

ʻAʻole e like me ka lele ʻana i kahi kikowaena a i ʻole ka mahina, kahi huakaʻi i Mars a i ʻole i loko o ko kā mākou papa uila i mau mahina. I ke kumu, he ʻokoʻa ma ka nui o nā wahi (nā wahi noho ʻole) ma ka lewa a me nā ʻōnaehana holo ʻauhau a me kahi wahi kīnā ʻole o ka hana nui.

Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻenehana kūpono a me ka loaʻa, ua pili nā kūlana kūlike e hiki ai i ke ola ma nā hoʻolālā ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mua, pono e hoʻokō i nā pono o ka physiological:

• ʻO ka pale e pale i nā kūlohelohe o ke kaiāulu, e like me ka radiation, ka ʻālamalama o UV, ke anuanu ...
• ʻO ke ea pilikino, e like me ke kaomi, ka ʻikekika, ka humuhumu, ...
• ʻO ka hoʻolālā
• Nā kumuwaiwai: kaʻai, ka wai, nā kumuwaiwai

Uku o ke kikowaena Mars
No kahi papa Mars ma ke ʻano o ka nui o ka International Space Station ISS (5.543 tons) e pili ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o 264 me Ariane 5. A laila e hōʻike ʻia ka uku kūʻai o ka halihali ma 30 biliona. He ʻumi kēia o ke kumu o ka halihali o ke kikowaena. I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā kumukūʻai o ka mokuahi ʻoihana ʻoihana e pili ana i ka ISS, he ʻano hoʻohiki ʻo ia ma waena o 250-714 billion euros.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, pono e mālama kekahi i kahi waiwai nui, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka noiʻi o ka ʻalani astronautics i nā ʻano nui a me nā mea hana loea. Mālama kēia kumukūʻai kumukūʻai e hōʻike wale i ke kumukūʻai pili.

Hana ʻia i ka Honua 2.0

Hoʻonohonoho hou ka terraforming, ka loli o kahi lewa i nā kūlana e ola ai ka poʻe. Kahi i waiho ʻole ʻole ʻia ma ka Honua no nā haneli mau makahiki. Wahi a nā kūlana loea, akā, pili ka terraforming me ka hoʻolimalima nui o ka manawa, akā hiki ke loaʻa. No laila, e wehewehe iā Grömer, nā poli o ka poli o ka pahu o Mars, i ka wā e meli ai lākou, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka nui o ka kūlohelohe o ka ea. A i ʻole nā ​​māka ʻehā kala nui loa i ka nanu ʻo Venus e alakaʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hopena iōmaʻomaʻo i loko o kā mākou honua kaikaina. Akā ʻo kēia mau mea hana kiʻi e pili ana i ka papa honua theoretical. Nā papahana momi paha e pono ai ke hoʻolālā ʻia no ka millennia.

"Ma kahi o nā paʻakikī loea, loaʻa iaʻu ka hauʻoli e ʻike pehea e hana ai nā ʻoihana ma kahi lā. Nui nā loina a me nā ʻōlelo maʻamau e pili ana i nā kūlana kūlohelohe a mākou e noho ai - ʻo ia paha, ʻike kākou i nā ʻano hou o ka lehulehu e kū mai ana i ʻaneʻi, "wahi a Grömer, e nānā ana i ka wā mamao o ke kanaka.
Akā ʻo ka lōʻihi lōʻihi o ka manawa o ka ʻike ʻana i ka waiwai. Grömer: "No kahi hoʻoilina o ke kanaka, ʻaʻole i kūpono ka manaʻo, no ka mea, ʻo ka hoʻāʻo e mālama i ka honua i kahi noho ʻana he ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana i kahi nui o ka holo ʻana."

ʻO ka ola i kaʻaila

Inā ma nā papa honua mamao a i ʻole ka launa pūlū honua - He pono nui no ka wā e hiki mai ana ka ʻike ʻepekema o nā eco-system a me kā lākou mālama. I nā manawa pinepine, ua hana ʻia nā ho'āʻo nui ʻana, e like me ka papa ʻo Biosphere II, e hana i ka ʻokoʻa hoʻokūkū kūʻokoʻa, kūʻokoʻa a mālama pono iā lākou i ka wā lōʻihi. ʻOiai me ka pahuhopu maopopoʻole e hiki ai i ka noho mua no nā kānaka ma lalo o kahi dome. Pēlā i mua.

ʻO Biosphere II (Infobox) - ka hoʻokolohua nui loa a ʻoi aku ka makemake - he aloha nui. Nui nā mea ʻepekema honua e hoʻomākaukau nei i ka papa hana mai 1984. ʻO ka holo mua ʻana i ka hoʻolālā mua: ua lilo ʻo John Allen i kanaka mua e noho i loko o kahi kaola kālima piha piha i nā lā ʻekolu - me ka lewa, ka wai a me ka meaʻai i hana ʻia ma ka kō. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo e hiki ke hoʻokokoke kahi carbon carbon i hopena ma kahi noho 21 no Linda Leigh.
I ka 26. Kepakemaha 1991 ʻo ia ka manawa: ʻewalu mau kānaka i hopu i ka hoʻokolohua ʻelua mau makahiki i ka dome built me ​​ka nui o 204.000 cubic mita e ola - me ka ʻole ka mana o waho. I ʻelua makahiki, ua hoʻomākaukau nā mea i komo i kēia hoʻokūkū nui.
Ua hoʻopuka ʻia kahi holomua ʻenehana mua, kahi ao honua, ma hope o ka hebedoma: Me nā kahe nui nui, ua hiki iā Biosphere II ke kūkulu i kahi pākuʻina kālai ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa: me ka pākuʻi ʻana o ka makahiki pākahi he ʻumi mau kenekulia 30 mau manawa ma mua o kahi kikowaena o ka lewa.

Biosphere II

Kūkulu ʻia ka Biosphere II mai 1987 a hiki i 1989 ma kahi kahi o 1,3 eka ʻākau o Tucson, Arizona (USA) a he hana no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kikowaena kikowaena kikowaena a loaʻa ai ka wā lōʻihi. Hoʻopili nā 204.000 cubic meter dome complex e pili ana i kēia mau wahi a me nā pili manu a me ka puaa: savannah, kai, tropical rainforest, mangrove swamp, deserto, intensive agriculture and home. Ua kākoʻo ʻia ka papahana e ka mea hoʻopale kālā o billionaire ʻo ʻEd Bass ma kahi o 200 miliona mau kālā US. Manaʻo ʻia nā hōʻike ʻelua. Mai ʻo 2007, ua hoʻohana ka nui o ka hale ma ke University of Arizona no ka noiʻi a me ke aʻo. ʻIke wale ʻia, he inoa ke ʻano o ka hoʻāʻo e hana i kahi lua o ka ʻōnaehana liʻiliʻi, e like me ka honua o Biosphere I.

ʻO ka hana mua loa i hana ʻia mai 1991 a i 1993 a kū aʻe mai 26. Kepakemapa 1991 mau makahiki ʻelua a me 20 mau minuke. ʻEwalu mau kānaka i noho ma kahi kikowaena dome i kēia manawa - pale ʻia mai ka honua o waho, ʻaʻohe o ka ea a me ka hoʻololi kino ʻole. Hāʻawi wale i ka lā a me ke uila. Ua nele kēia hana ma muli o ka hoʻopulapiha ʻana o nā mea ʻano like nui a me nā mea noho. No ka mea, hoʻomaka ka nui o nā micro microorgan i ka nui o nā mea momona, a ua nui loa ka nui o nā pepeke.

ʻO ka lua o ka ho'āʻo ʻana ua 1994 noʻeono mahina. Eia, ʻo ka ea, pono ka ea, ka wai a me nā meaʻai i hana hou ʻia a hoʻoponopono hou ʻia i ka ʻenekolo.

ʻOhana & kaulike

Akā ʻo ka haina mua loa: ʻO ke ʻano o ke kaiāulu o El Nino a me nā ao kūlohelohe concomitant i hōʻea i nā nui o ke kaapuni o nā kaona a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui i ka photosynthesis. I ka pau ʻana o ka mites a me nā limu ua hoʻopau i nā wahi nui o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, ua maʻalahi ka lako o ka meaʻai mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana.
Ma ka hopena, ma ʻApelila 1992 ka ʻōlelo weliweli hou loa: Ua hemo ka oxygen. ʻAʻole he nui, akā ka liʻiliʻi ma 0,3 pakeneka i hoʻokahi mahina. Hiki i ka ʻonohūlima ke hana i kēlā? Akā ʻo ka kīʻaha o ke ʻano simulated i ka lima, ua pau koke ka pae o ka oxygen i kahi minamina 14,5. I Ianuali o 2013 e hāʻawi mau ʻia me ka oxygen mai waho - ʻoiai ka hopena mua o ka hana. Eia nō naʻe, ua pau ka hoʻokolohua: ma ka 26. Kepakemapa 1993, ma 8.20 pm, ua haʻalele nā ​​mea kūʻai aku i ka biosphere ma hope o ʻelua mau makahiki kiʻi. ʻO ka hopena: ʻokoʻa mai ka pilikia o ka ea hanu, ua ola nui nā vertebrates i hoʻohana ʻia e 25, ʻeono wale nō, ua make ka hapanui o nā pepeke manuahi - ʻoi loa kēlā mau mea e pono ai e hoʻohoka i nā pua pua, nā iwi ʻē aʻe e like me nā kime, nā kūkaʻa a me nā nāhelehele i māhuahua nui loa.

ʻOiai nā hoʻokūkū mua loa: "Ma kahi liʻiliʻi loa mai ka hoʻokolohua ʻana ma Biosphere II o nā hoʻokolohua, hoʻomaka mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka pili o ka hoʻokō i loko o ka hoʻokūkū. ʻO ka lalo o ia lā a hiki i kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻalahi ke loaʻa i nā kaʻina kupaianaha a kupaianaha, "i hoʻopau ai iā Gernot Grömer.
I kēlā ʻano, he mea kupanaha loa he hale nui e like me ka Honua e hana nei - ʻoiai ke ʻano o ka mana o ke kanaka. Pehea ka loihi o kona poe e noho ana? Hoʻokahi hoʻokahi mea: ʻaʻole e noho ma ka wahi noho hou no ka lōʻihi o ke aniani, ʻaʻole hoʻi ma lalo o ke kīniha kīnā ʻole a ma luna o kahi hōkū mamao.

ninaninau

Ua ʻike ʻia e Astrobiologist ʻo Gernot Grömer i ka simulation o ka Mars, ka mākaukau no ka holo mua ʻana i ka ʻulaʻula, nā ʻenehana loea a no ke aha e hele ai mākou i Mars.

"Ke hana nei mākou i ka Marssimulation no nā makahiki a haʻi i kēia ma nā nūpepa lehulehu a me nā ʻaha kūkā kūikawā - ma Austria ua hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokomo i kahi nū noiʻi ma kahi wā mua, kahi mea e ulu wikiwiki nei. He maʻalahi loa ka quintessence: aia nō ka diabolo i ka kikoʻī. He aha kaʻu e hana ai inā nele kekahi mea koʻikoʻi i kahi kaapuni i ka lole kikowaena? Pehea ke kūlike o ka ikehu i ka spacecraft a pehea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke manaʻo e he astronaut? No nā misionari e hiki mai ana e lawe pū me mākou - a no ka huakaʻi kaʻa - ʻoi loa ke kiʻekiʻe o ka redoubt, kiʻekiʻe a me ka hiki ke hoʻomōloʻi. No ka laʻana, 3D nā mea paʻi pono e lilo i ʻāpana o nā lako maʻamau o nā kikowaena lunar.

Hoʻohui ʻia ma ka Kaunertal Glacier
Ke hana nei mākou i kēia hana i ka simulation Mars ma ʻAukake 2015: Ma 3.000 mau mika ma luna o ka pae kai ma ka Kaunertal Glacier, e hoʻokauwila mākou i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi glacier Mars ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻelua i ʻelua mau pule. ʻĀnō mākou ʻokoʻa i loko o ʻEulopa e hana i ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia, no laila ke kiʻekiʻe nei ka makemake honua.
Nui mākou "mau wahi kūkulu" - mai ka pale ʻana i ka radiation, mālama pono ʻana i ka ikaika, ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka wai, a ʻo ka mea nui loa, pehea e hoʻohana ai i kahi pūʻali liʻiliʻi o nā mea hana a me nā mea hana hana e hana ai i ka ʻepekema ma mua o ka hiki ʻana ma Mars. ʻO nā mea a mākou i aʻo ai i kēia manawa: Ma ka nui o ka Marssimulation ma North Sahara, ua hiki iā mākou ke hōʻike i ke ola (fossil, microbial) i lalo o ke ʻano o ka lewa ke ʻike ʻia. ʻAʻole like ia me ka nui, akā hōʻike ia ma ke kānāwai e aʻo wikiwiki nei mākou e hoʻomaopopo pono i nā mea hana a me nā hana hana ma lalo o kahi misionari palekana a me ka pono i hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia.

"No ka mea ma laila kēlā".
Nui nā ʻōmaea a puni nā huakaʻi e hele ai i Mars: ka ʻepekema (ʻepekema) no kekahi, manaʻo nō paha nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo, nā ʻenehana loea, hiki ke launa pū me ka hui o nā wahi ʻokoʻa (e like me ka mea i noho ma ke ʻano ma ka International Space Station he papahana mālama ʻia mai 17 mau makahiki. ). ʻO ka pane kūlike loa, ʻo ia nō ka mea hāʻawi iā Sir Mallory i ka nīnau no ke kumu i piʻi mua ai ʻo ia i Mount Everest: "No ka mea ma laila."
Manaʻo wau he kanaka mākou i loko o mākou i kekahi manawa e kahakaha ai mākou i kēlā me kēia mea ma waho o ka palaho a, a, ʻo ia ka mea e pihoihoi ai mākou i ke ola ma kahi kaiāulu. ʻAʻole nō ʻia he poʻe mākou i lilo i mau "ʻano ʻāina," akā kau aku ma nā pae honua. "

Photo / Video: Shutterstock, imgkid.com, Katja Zanella-Kux.