ʻO ka pōʻino o ke aniau a me nā hakakā ma luna o nā mea waiwai koʻikoʻi

ʻO ka hana hou ʻana o kahi haʻiʻōlelo e Martin Auer (Scientists for Future Austria) ma ka Linz Peace Talks ma Ianuali 27, 2023

Ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Rūsia ma Ukraine i Pepeluali 2022, ua lohe pinepine ʻia a heluhelu ʻia nā ʻōlelo e like me: "E hōʻoia i ka maluhia ka mana hou". ʻO ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa maʻamau kēia: "ʻAʻole hoʻololi wale ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, ke hoʻoulu nei lākou i nā hakakā kaua a puni ka honua. No laila, ʻo ka mea makemake e hoʻokumu i ka maluhia, pono e hoʻopau i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā mea waiwai mōʻalihaku - ma ke kālele ʻana i nā kumu ikehu maʻemaʻe e like me ka lā a me ka makani.1

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ke nānā ʻole nei kēia i ka nui o nā "metala koʻikoʻi" e like me ke keleawe, lithium, cobalt, nickel a me nā metala honua laha ʻole e pono ai e hana i ka uila mai nā kumu ikehu hou a mālama i kēia uila. A ua puunaue like ole keia mau mea i ka lepo o ka honua. ʻEkolu hapaha o ka eli ʻana o ka lithium, cobalt a me nā ʻāina laha ʻole ma Kina, ka Democratic Republic of Congo a ma ka triangle lithium Chile-Argentina-Bolivia.

Ma kahi pepa 2020, ua ʻōlelo ke Komisina ʻEulopa: "ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana i nā lako maka he pilikia palekana palekana no ʻEulopa e hoʻokō i ka Green Deal. ... ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ʻEulopa i ka carbon neutrality hiki ke hoʻololi i ka hilinaʻi o kēia lā i nā wahie mōʻalihaku me ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā mea maka, ka nui o ia mau mea a mākou e hoʻopuka ai i waho a no laila ke piʻi nui nei ka hoʻokūkū honua.2

I Iulai 2021, ua hoʻopau ka EU i kahi kuʻikahi hoʻolālā me Ukraine e pili ana i ka unuhi ʻana a me ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā mea waiwai koʻikoʻi a me ka hana ʻana o nā pā.3. Ua mālama ʻia ʻo Ukraine i ka lithium, cobalt, beryllium a me nā metala honua ʻike ʻole ʻia he 6.700 biliona euros. ʻO ka waihona lithium i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea nui loa ma ka honua.

Kiʻi 1: Nā waihona Lithium ma Ukraine. 
kiʻi aku e kaua: https://www.icog.es/TyT/index.php/2022/11/white-gold-of-ukraine-lithium-mineralisation/

A laila, i Pepeluali 2022, ua hoʻouka ʻo Rūsia iā Ukraine. Aia ka hapa nui o nā waihona i nā wahi i noho ʻia e Rūsia ma ka hikina, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma Donetsk. Wahi a ka mea ʻepekema politika ʻo Olivia Lazard, ʻo kekahi o nā manaʻo o Putin e ʻoki i ka komo ʻana o ka EU i kēia mau mālama. Loaʻa iā Rūsia nā waihona waiwai koʻikoʻi a ke hoʻoikaika nei e lilo i mea pāʻani ikaika ma ka mākeke honua. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka Wagner Group, e hakakā nei ma Ukraine, aia nō hoʻi i nā ʻāina waiwai nui ma ʻApelika, e like me Mozambique, Central African Republic, Madagascar a me Mali.4

ʻO kekahi mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi he nickel. I Dekemaba 2022, ua kākoʻo ka World Trade Organization (WTO) i kahi hoʻopiʻi EU kūʻē iā Indonesia. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Indonesia i kahi kānāwai i ka makahiki 2020 e pāpā ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka nickel a e koi ana i ka nickel ore e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma Indonesia. Ua hoʻopiʻi ka EU i kēia. ʻO ka mea a Indonesia e kūʻē nei, ʻo ia ke ʻano colonial maʻamau: lawe ʻia nā mea maka ma ka Global South, akā hana ʻia ka waiwai ma ka Global North. Ke neʻe nei ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻoihana, ʻauhau, hana i ka ʻākau. "Makemake mākou e lilo i ʻāina hoʻomohala, makemake mākou e hana i nā hana," wahi a ka Pelekikena Indonesia. Akā makemake ka EU e mālama i nā ʻano colonial.5

ʻO Chile ka lua o ka mea hana lithium nui loa (ma hope o Australia). Ma ka wao nahele ʻo Atacama, kekahi o nā mea maloʻo loa ma ka honua, ʻo ka lithium carbonate e puhi ʻia mai ka lepo e like me ka brine. ʻAe ʻia ka brine e evaporate i loko o nā kīʻaha nui. Wahi a ke Komisina Mining o ke aupuni Chile, ʻehā mau manawa i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka wai mai ka Atacama ma waena o 2000 a me 2015 e like me ke komo maoli ʻana i ka wahi ma ke ʻano o ka ua a me ka wai hehee. Ke emi mai nei ka wai no ka mahiʻai ʻana o ka poʻe ʻōiwi o nā oases. ʻAʻole i kūkākūkā ʻia ka poʻe ʻōiwi ma nā papahana lithium. Ua kue keia i ka UN Convention on Indigenous Peoples.6

Aia nā waihona lithium nui loa ma lalo o ka paʻakai Salar de Uyuni ma Bolivia. Eia naʻe, i kēia manawa ʻaʻole lākou i ʻeli ʻia. Ua haʻi aku ke aupuni socialist o Evo Morales i ka lithium ma ke ʻano he kumu waiwai waiwai me ka pahuhopu lōʻihi e hoʻolilo iā Bolivia i kekahi o nā mea hana nui o ka honua i nā pila, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mālama ʻana i ka waiwai hoʻohui i ka ʻāina. Ua hakakā mua me nā pūʻali kūloko ma ka ʻāina ʻo Potosi, kahi e waiho ai nā waihona. Ua makemake lākou e pōmaikaʻi mai nā uku laikini i ka wā hiki loa a ʻaʻole hoʻi i ʻae i ke koho ʻana o ka hoa hoʻolālā no ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Pono ka hui Kelemania Pūnaehana ACI ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea e hoʻolako ai iā Tesla me nā pihi a nāna i hana e kūkulu i hale hana no ka mākeke no ka mākeke ʻAmelika Hema a e hoʻomaʻamaʻa a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā limahana Bolivian. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, pono kēia e lawe mai i kahi hoʻololi ʻenehana no Bolivia, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana e hāʻawi pū iā Kelemania i ke komo ʻana i ka lithium i makemake ʻia.

ʻO ka hakakā ma waena o Potosí a me ke aupuni waena i hana ʻia me nā hōʻikeʻike, ka pōloli a me nā hana mākaʻi koko. Ua kāpae ʻo Morales i ka ʻaelike me ACI.7 Ma ke koho peresidena ma hope koke iho, i holo ai ʻo Morales no ka hā o ka manawa, ua ʻōlelo ka Organization of American States, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e kiaʻi i ke koho balota, ua loaʻa i ka hoʻopunipuni koho. Ua hōʻole ʻia ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana. Ua hoʻohana nā pūʻali ʻākau i ka hoʻopunipuni koho balota ma ke ʻano he kipi.8 ʻO ka Hui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he 60 pakeneka kālā ʻia e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. No laila ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo Morales i ka US ma hope o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni. Ua hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻokele Trump i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni.

Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo Elon Musk i kekahi manawa ma hope: "Ke kūʻē nei mākou i ka mea a mākou e makemake ai, e ale iā ia!"9 Ua hoʻopau mau ke aupuni kipi i ka ʻaelike me ACI, e wehe ana i ke ala no ke kūʻai aku ʻana o Bolivian lithium i nā hui transnational. Ua hōʻike ʻo Declassified i ka hana paʻakikī e ka ʻelele Pelekane ma hope o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni e komo i nā kūkākūkā ma ka lithium.10

Eia naʻe, ua ikaika loa ke kūʻē ʻana i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni e hoʻoikaika i nā koho balota hou.
Ua lanakila ʻo Luis Arce, he hoa ʻaoʻao Morales, i ke koho balota, i kēia manawa ma ka palena palena ʻole, a ua hoʻomaka hou nā kūkākūkā me ACI me ka manaʻo e hoʻokō i nā huaʻōlelo maikaʻi loa no Bolivia.11

ʻOiaʻiʻo, hoʻoikaika pū ka EU e hoʻokō i nā pono o nā mineral koʻikoʻi i loko a ma kahi kokoke. Akā ʻo kēia kahi e hui ai ka mining lithium me ke kūpaʻa kumu.

Ma Pokukala, ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia ʻo Barroso, kahi ʻāina i haʻi ʻia ʻo "Agricultural Heritage" e ka FAO. Pono e ʻeli ʻia ka Lithium ma laila i ka ʻeli ʻana i ka opencast.

Ma Serbia, ʻo nā kūʻē kūʻē i ka hana ʻana i ka lithium i hoʻolālā ʻia ua alakaʻi i ke aupuni e hoʻopau i ka laikini no ka hui nui ʻo Rio Tinto.

No ke aha i ikaika loa ai ka heihei no nā mea waiwai?

Wahi a ka wānana a ka waihona kālā Goldman Sachs, aia he 2050 biliona mau kaʻa ma ka honua i ka makahiki 3, ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua mau manawa i kēia lā. ʻO kēia mau mea, he 19 pakeneka he mau kaʻa uila a he 9 pakeneka e holo ana ma ka hydrogen a i ʻole ke kinoea wai.

Kiʻi 2: Nā kaʻa ma 2050 e like me Goldman Sachs
ʻAlani: nā ʻenekini puhi ahi, uliuli: nā kaʻa uila, melemele: nā wahie ʻē aʻe (e laʻa.
kiʻi aku e kaua: https://www.fuelfreedom.org/cars-in-2050/

Wahi a ka International Energy Agency, he 33 ka nui o nā kaʻa uila. Akā ʻaʻole i nīnau ʻia ka huina o 3 biliona kaʻa.12 ʻAʻohe mea e nīnau, "Pehea e hiki ai iā mākou ke loaʻa i ka mea i loaʻa iā mākou?", akā, manaʻo ʻo ia i ka pono o kēia mau waiwai koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai, a ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke koi e loaʻa kēia mau kumuwaiwai.

Wahi a ka OECD, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hoʻokele honua holoʻokoʻa e pālua i ka makahiki 2050, mai $ 100 trillion i kēia lā a i $ 200 trillion, i ana ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka mana kūʻai.13 I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ma 2050 pono mākou e hana a hoʻopau i ʻelua manawa o nā mea āpau e like me kā mākou hana i kēia lā. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka koi ʻana i nā lako maka e pālua ʻia, hoʻemi iki ʻia e ka hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻana.

ʻO kahi noiʻi e ke Kulanui o Valladolid, i paʻi hou ʻia ma ka Journal of the Royal Society of Chemistry, hiki i ka hopena inā e hoʻonui ʻia ke ʻano o kēia manawa i ka e-mobility i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lithium ma 2050 he 120 pakeneka o ka mea. ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa ʻike i nā waihona. Ma kahi hiʻohiʻona me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka e-kaʻa he 300 pakeneka, ma kahi hiʻohiʻona me ka nānā ʻana i nā kaʻa uila māmā e like me nā e-bikes kokoke i 100 pakeneka, a ma kahi hanana degrowth wale nō mākou e hoʻopau wale i ka 2050 pakeneka o nā waihona. ma ka makahiki 50. Ua like nā hopena no ka cobalt a me ka nickel.14  

Kiʻi 3: Puna: Pulido-Sánchez, Daniel; Capellán-Pérez, Iñigo; Castro, Carlos de; Frechoso, Fernando (2022): Pono waiwai a me ka ikehu o ka electrification lawe. I loko o: Environment Environment. ʻepekema 15(12), pp. 4872-4910
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2022/EE/D2EE00802E

No laila ʻaʻole e hoʻololi ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka waihona ikehu i ka heihei no nā kumuwaiwai. E hoʻololi wale ia mai ka ʻaila a me ka lanahu i nā mea ʻē aʻe. A ʻo kēia heihei ʻaʻole e pili ana i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā mea maka, akā e pili ana hoʻi i ka lanakila ʻana i ka mākeke.

Makemake au e nānā i kahi hiʻohiʻona mōʻaukala: Ua kākau ka mea kākau moʻolelo waiwai ʻo Adam Tooze e pili ana i nā pahuhopu o ke Chancellor Kelemania hope loa ʻo Gustav Stresemann ma ke ʻano he lālā o ka Reichstag i ke Kaua Honua I: ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke aupuni Kelemania ma o ka hoʻokomo ʻana iā Belgium, ke kahakai Farani i ʻO Calais, Morocco a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe i ka Hikina 'pono' no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hāʻawi iā Kelemania i kahi kahua kūpono no ka hoʻokūkū me ʻAmelika. ʻAʻohe hoʻokele waiwai me ka ʻole o ka mākeke paʻa o ka liʻiliʻi o 1 miliona mau mea kūʻai e hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i nā pono o ka hana nui ma United States.15

ʻO kēia ka loiloi i alakaʻi i ke Kaua Honua Mua a me ʻElua, ʻo ia ka loiloi e hoʻokele ai i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka EU, ʻo ia ka loina e hoʻokele ai i ke kaua a Rūsia me Ukraine, ʻo ia ka loiloi e hoʻokele ai i ka hakakā ma waena o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kina. maopopo. ʻAʻole ʻo ka poʻe e hoʻohua maikaʻi a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi e lanakila i ka mākeke, akā umekehrt, hiki i ka poʻe e hoʻomalu i ka mākeke nui ke hoʻohana maikaʻi i nā pono waiwai o ka hana nui a hoʻoikaika iā lākou iho e kūʻē i ka hoʻokūkū.

ʻO nā kaua o kēia wā ʻaʻole wale nō e pili ana i ka mea hiki ke lawe i nā kumuwaiwai mai ka wai, ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana i ka mana hana, akā pū kekahi - a ma mua paha - e pili ana i ka mea hiki ke kūʻai aku iā wai. ʻO kēia ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokele waiwai e pili ana i ka hoʻokūkū a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kālā no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kālā hou aʻe. ʻAʻole ia e pili ana i ka manaʻo ʻino o ka poʻe kapitalista hewa, akā no lākou hanana ke ala e hana ai i ka ʻoihana: Inā ʻoe e holo i kahi ʻoihana, müssen Loaʻa iā lākou ka loaʻa kālā no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka hana hou no laila ʻaʻole lākou e lohi ma hope o ka hoʻokūkū. ʻO ka villa a me ka yacht he mau huahana ʻoluʻolu, akā ʻo ka pahuhopu e hoʻonui i ke kapikala e noho i ka ʻoihana. ʻO ka hana hou, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i nā mea hou aku me ka hana like, a i ʻole like me ka hana liʻiliʻi. Akā no ka mea ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kāu huahana, pono ʻoe e kūʻai aku i nā mea hou aku i mea e loaʻa ai nā waiwai e pono ai no nā mea hou. Kākoʻo ka mokuʻāina a me nā uniona iā ʻoe i kēia, no ka mea inā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻonui i kāu kūʻai aku, e nalowale nā ​​​​hana. ʻAʻole pono ʻoe e nīnau iā ʻoe iho: Pono maoli ka honua i kaʻu huahana, maikaʻi anei ia no nā kānaka? Akā, ke noʻonoʻo nei ʻoe pehea e hiki ai iaʻu ke kiʻi i nā poʻe e kūʻai? Ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana, ma ka ʻae ʻana e lilo ia i mea kahiko a haki paha me ka wikiwiki, ma ka mālama ʻana i ka poʻe kūʻai i ka pōʻeleʻele e pili ana i kāna mau waiwai maoli, ma ka hoʻolilo ʻana iā lākou i mea hoʻohui iā ia, e like me ke ʻano o ka ʻoihana baka, a i ʻole, e like me ka hihia o nā pahu. a pela aku, na ka poe hookaa auhau. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ke ʻano kapitalista o ka hana ʻoihana e hoʻopuka i nā huahana maikaʻi a maikaʻi hoʻi, akā ʻaʻole pono ia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kapikala inā pono a pōʻino paha ka huahana inā hiki ke kūʻai ʻia.

Pono kēia ʻano hana ʻoihana e hiki i nā palena o ka honua, a pono e piʻi pinepine i nā palena o kona mau hoalauna. ʻAʻole ʻae kēia ʻōnaehana waiwai iā mākou e ʻōlelo: ʻAe, ua lawa maoli mākou i nā mea āpau i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole pono mākou i nā mea hou aku. ʻO kahi hoʻokele waiwai degrowth, kahi hoʻokele waiwai ʻaʻole makemake i ka ulu palena ʻole. pono e hoʻonohonoho ʻokoʻa ma ke kumu. A ʻo ke kumukānāwai: ʻO ka hui o nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea hana - a ma nā mea hana ke ʻōlelo nei au i ka poʻe e hana ana i ka hana - pono democratically e hoʻoholo i ka mea, pehea, i ke ʻano o ka maikaʻi, a me ka nui i hana ʻia. He aha nā mea e pono ai a pono ʻole, he aha ka mea maikaʻi inā loaʻa iā ʻoe, a he aha ka waiwai nui? Pehea e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻokō i nā pono maoli me ka liʻiliʻi loa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu, nā mea a me nā hana maʻamau?

Pehea e hoʻonohonoho ʻia ai kēia? Me he mea lā ʻaʻohe kumu hana ma ka honua i kēia manawa. Malia paha he meaʻai no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana ʻo ka ʻaha kūkā ea. Ma Austria, he 100 ka poʻe i koho ʻole ʻia a he ʻelele o ke kaiāulu, ka mea, me ka ʻōlelo aʻo a ka poʻe loea, ua hoʻomohala i nā manaʻo pehea e hiki ai iā Austria ke hoʻokō i kāna mau pahuhopu aniau. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻohe mana o kēia ʻaha kūkā e hoʻokō i kāna mau manaʻo. ʻO ia mau ʻaha kūkā kamaʻāina, nāna e aʻo e pili ana i nā hoʻoholo hoʻoholo waiwai a me ka politika, hiki ke noho ma nā pae āpau o ke kaiāulu, ma ke kaona, mokuʻāina, federal a me ka pae ʻEulopa. A laila e koho ʻia kā lākou mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ma ke aupuni democratically. Pono nā ʻoihana e kūpaʻa i ka pono maʻamau ma mua o ka waiwai o ka mea kuleana. A inā ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻoihana pilikino ke hana i kēia, pono e lawe ʻia kā lākou mau hana e nā hui hui, kaona a i ʻole nā ​​​​hui aupuni. ʻAʻole hiki ke kūʻē i nā palena o ka honua a i ʻole nā ​​palena o ka hoalauna. ʻO ia ʻōnaehana hoʻokele waiwai wale nō e hiki ke hana i nā kūlana no ka maluhia mau.

1 https://energiewinde.orsted.de/klimawandel-umwelt/energiewende-friedensprojekt

2 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0474&from=EN

3 https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-and-ukraine-kick-start-strategic-partnership-raw-materials-2021-07-13_en

4 ʻO Lazard, Olivia (2022): ʻO nā manaʻo liʻiliʻi o Rusia ma Ukraine. Loaʻa ma ka pūnaewele ma https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/87319

5 https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-global-race-to-secure-critical-minerals-heats-up/

6 https://www.dw.com/de/zunehmender-lithium-abbau-verst%C3%A4rkt-wassermangel-in-chiles-atacama-w%C3%BCste/a-52039450

7 https://amerika21.de/2020/01/236832/bolivien-deutschland-lithium-aci-systems

8 https://www.democracynow.org/2019/11/18/bolivia_cochabamba_massacre_anti_indigenous_violence

9 https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EksIy3aW0AEIsK-?format=jpg&name=small

10 https://declassifieduk.org/revealed-the-uk-supported-the-coup-in-bolivia-to-gain-access-to-its-white-gold/

11 https://dailycollegian.com/2020/09/bolivias-new-government-and-the-lithium-coup/
https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/was-bolivia-s-coup-over-lithium-32033
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/13/morales-bolivia-military-coup
12 https://www.fuelfreedom.org/cars-in-2050/

13 https://data.oecd.org/gdp/real-gdp-long-term-forecast.htm

14 Pulido-Sánchez, Daniela; Capellán-Pérez, Iñigo; Castro, Carlos de; Frechoso, Fernando (2022): Pono waiwai a me ka ikehu o ka electrification lawe. I loko o: Environment Environment. ʻepekema 15(12), pp. 4872-4910. DOI: 10.1039/D2EE00802E

15 Tooze, Adam (2006): Economics of Destruction, Munich