"Ukwethembeka kwengqondo esikhundleni semizwa emihle"

Isazi sefilosofi kanye nomcwaningi wokuqonda uThomas Metzinger ufuna isiko elisha lokuqaphela.

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Lapho umuntu enobugovu ngokwengeziwe, ulahlekelwa ubuyena bangempela. Lapho umuntu enza ngokuzidela ngokwengeziwe, yilapho eba nguye uqobo. UMichael Ende

Ondlunkulu bawushaya ngekhwelo ophahleni lwezindlu: I-paradigm entsha iseduze, ukuguqulwa kwe-ontology. Isidingo soguquko lwenhlalonhle-mpilo sesivele sikhona emibuthanweni kahulumeni. Kodwa-ke, umthala wonke wobunzima uvela phakathi kwesifiso neqiniso: isibonelo, yonke i-European Union kanye nezithakazelo zomuntu ngamunye zelungu layo ngalinye. Noma inzalo yokusinda yazo zonke izinkampani ezakhiwe ngonxiwankulu emhlabeni wonke. Futhi okokugcina, kodwa okungenani okubalulekile: ilungelo elisobala lokusutha kwabacebile labo bonke ababambiqhaza emiphakathini yabathengi emhlabeni. Bonke banento eyodwa abafana ngayo: isizotha esengeziwe singafana nokwehluleka kweqoqo.

U-Ivan Illich wafingqa le nkinga kanje: "Lapho ukuziphatha okuholela ekuhlanyeni kubhekwa njengento evamile emphakathini, abantu bafunda ukulwela ilungelo lokuzibandakanya kukho."

Ngakho-ke ngokuthinta nje iqiniso, ungaphonsa ithawula, ngoba konke ukudubula bekungeke kufane nempushane yakho entabeni yobunzima. Futhi uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqagela ukuthi othile emibuthanweni yokusungulwa uthathe umgomo wokuguqulwa kwenhlalo-kahle nemvelo ngobucayi obufanele, amaphupho okuba namandla onke komuntu osekhulile abonakala engokoqobo ngempela.

Indlela entsha inika ithemba

Ukube ibingekho indlela ehluke ngokuphelele, enethemba. Isazi sefilosofi saseMelika uDavid R. Loy sikubeka ngalendlela encwadini yakhe ethi “ÖkoDharma”: “... inkinga yezemvelo [i]ngaphezu kwenkinga yezobuchwepheshe, yezomnotho noma yezombangazwe... Kuphinde kube inkinga engokomoya ehlangene futhi engenzeka. ushintsho emlandweni wethu.” UHarald Welzer ukhuluma “ngengqalasizinda yengqondo” edingekayo kanye “nokuqhubeka nokwakhela phezu kwephrojekthi yempucuko” ukuze ngolunye usuku “labo abakhiqiza udoti” bangabe besajabulela “ikhwalithi ephakeme yomphakathi - ngevidiyo ” kunalabo abalisusayo “.

Futhi ngenxa yokuthi lokhu kwakhiwa okuqhubekayo kubonakala kunzima kakhulu, cishe akunakwenzeka, umcwaningi wezinto ezintsha uDkt. U-Felix Hoch ngevolumu ehlangene enikezelwe kulesi sihloko: "Izingqimba zokuguqulwa - ukuqaphela nokunqoba ukuphikiswa kwangaphakathi ezinqubweni zokuguqulwa". UThomas Metzinger, owafundisa ifilosofi nesayensi yokuqonda eNyuvesi yaseMainz, usephinde wathatha indlela entsha ngencwadi yakhe esanda kushicilelwa ethi "Consciousness Culture - Spirituality, Intellectual Honesty and the Planetary Crisis". Ngokufanelekile, akakwenzanga lokhu ezingeni eliphezulu ngokwemfundo, kodwa ngendlela efundekayo, ecacile nefingqiwe emakhasini ayi-183.

Mayelana nokuqukethwe, nokho, akakwenzi kube lula kuwe. Kusukela emigqeni yokuqala impela uthatha inkunzi ngezimpondo: "Kufanele sithembeke... Inkinga yomhlaba wonke izenzele yona, ingakaze ibonwe ngokomlando - futhi ayibukeki kahle ... Ukugcina kanjani ukuzihlonipha kwakho inkathi yomlando lapho isintu sisonke silahlekelwa isithunzi saso? ... Sidinga okuthile okuzobambelela ezimpilweni zangempela zabantu ngabanye namazwe ngisho nalapho isintu sisonke sehluleka.”

Into kaMetzinger ayikona ukucasha isimo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubikezela "ukuthi kuzophinde kube nephuzu elibalulekile lokuphetha emlandweni wesintu," iphuzu lokwethuka ngemva kwalokho "ukugcwaliseka kokungaphenduki kwenhlekelele kuzophinde kufinyelele ku-inthanethi futhi kudlule igciwane." Kodwa uMetzinger akakushiyi lokho, kunalokho, ubona ngokukhulu ukucophelela ukuthi kungenzeka ukwedelela okungagwemeki ngendlela ephusile.

Ukwamukela inselele

Akusho ukuthi lokhu akulula futhi ngeke kube lula.Phela iqembu labantu selisungule emhlabeni wonke, uMetzinger ubabiza ngokuthi “Abangane Besintu”, abenza konke endaweni yangakini “ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obusha nezindlela zokuphila ezisimeme , ngoba bafuna ukuba yingxenye yesixazululo”. UMetzinger ubabiza bonke ukuthi basebenze ngesiko lokuqaphela, isinyathelo sokuqala okungenzeka ukuthi sinzima kakhulu, "ikhono hhayi ukwenza ... ukusebenza kahle okumnene kodwa okunembe kakhulu kokulawula umfutho kanye nokugcwaliseka kancane kancane kwezindlela zokuhlonza ezizenzakalelayo ezingeni lokucabanga kwethu". NgokukaMetzinger, indlela yokuphila ehloniphekile ibangelwa “isimo sengqondo esithile sangaphakathi lapho sibhekene nosongo olukhona: Ngiyayamukela inselelo“. Akubona abantu ngabanye kuphela, kodwa namaqembu nayo yonke imiphakathi eyayingase iphendule ngokufanelekile: “Kungenzeka kanjani ukuba umuntu ahluleke ukuqaphela nomusa lapho sibhekene nenhlekelele yeplanethi? Ngeke sibe nokunye okunye ngaphandle kokuthi sifunde lokho kanye.”

Isiko lokuqaphela okufanele lithuthukiswe kungaba “uhlobo lwesenzo sokuqonda esifuna izindlela zempilo ezinesizotha ... Njengesu elimelene nokugunyazwa, ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlanganyela, isiko lokuqaphela ngokuyinhloko lizoncika emphakathini, ukubambisana kanye nokubeka izinto obala ngaleyo ndlela. yenqaba ngokuzenzakalelayo noma iyiphi i-logic yonxiwankulu yokuxhashazwa. Kubonwa ngale ndlela, ... mayelana nokwakhiwa kwendawo yenhlalo yabantu - kanye nalo uhlobo olusha lwengqalasizinda yobuhlakani okwabelwana ngayo".

Yakha umongo wokuthola

Ukuze ungagxili emcabangweni, inselele enkulu iwukusungula "ingqikithi yokutholwa" engenzi sengathi "wazi kahle ukuthi yini okufanele futhi okungafanele ibe...uhlobo olusha lokuzwela kwezimiso zokuziphatha kanye nobuqiniso... ukungabikho kwesiqiniseko sokuziphatha ... ukwamukela ukungavikeleki". UDaniel Christian Wahl uchaze lokhu ngokuthi "ukuqina". Kungaba nezici ezimbili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhono lezinhlelo eziphilayo ukugcina ukuzinza kwazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhono "lokushintsha ekuphenduleni izimo ezishintshayo nokuphazamiseka"; Ubiza lokhu kwakamuva ngokuthi “ukuqina okuguquguqukayo”. Imayelana "nokwenza ngobuhlakani ukunika amandla intuthuko enhle emhlabeni ongalindelekile". UThomas Metzinger uchaza ukugcina ingqondo evulekile, ukuzwa indlela yomuntu yokungena ekusaseni elingalindelekile esikweni lokungazi, “njengesiko lokuqaphela elithembekile ngokomqondo”. Inhloso kungaba "ingokomoya lezwe" njenge "ikhwalithi yesenzo sangaphakathi".

Ingokomoya lezwe ngaphandle kokuzikhohlisa

I-Metzinger, vele, inokhahlo ezenzweni eziningi zokomoya emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule e-Europe nase-USA. Sekuyisikhathi eside belahlekelwa ugqozi lwabo oluqhubekayo futhi bavame ukuguqukela ekubeni "izinhlobo ezisekelwe ekuhlangenwe nakho kwezinhlelo zezenkolo ezihlelwe ngasese ... zilandela iziqondiso zonxiwankulu zokuzithuthukisa futhi zibonakala ngohlobo oluthile lokuzithela ngabandayo". Okufanayo kusebenza ezinkolweni ezihleliwe, "zinenkolelo ngesakhiwo sazo esiyisisekelo futhi ngaleyo ndlela azithembekile ngokomqondo". Isayensi ejulile nengokomoya lezwe kunesisekelo esikabili esifanayo: "Okokuqala, intando engenamibandela yeqiniso, ngoba imayelana nolwazi hhayi ngenkolelo. Okwesibili, inhloso yokwethembeka okuphelele ngakuwena.”

Isiko elisha lokuqaphela kuphela, "ingokomoya lezwe lokujula okukhona ngaphandle kokuzikhohlisa", iqiniso elisha, elingenza kube nokwenzeka ukuphuma "kumodeli wokukhula oqhutshwa ukuhaha" otshalwe amakhulu eminyaka. Lokhu "kungasiza okungenani idlanzana labantu ukuvikela ingqondo yabo ngenkathi zonke izinhlobo zezilwane zihluleka." Encwadini yakhe, uMetzinger akanandaba nokumemezela iqiniso, kodwa ngokubheka intuthuko yamanje ngokukhulu ukuhluzeka okukhulu: "Isiko lokuqaphela liwumsebenzi wolwazi, futhi ngalo mqondo ikusasa lethu lisavulekile."

Thomas Metzinger, Isiko Lokuqaphela. Ingokomoya, ukwethembeka kwengqondo kanye nenkinga yeplanethi, ama-euro angu-22, iBerlin Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8270-1488-7 

Isibuyekezo sika-Bobby Langer