Ngokhuni kuya kokungathathi hlangothi kwesimo sezulu? Ingxoxo noJohannes Tintner-Olifiers

Insimbi nosimende yizona zinto ezibulala kakhulu isimo sezulu. Imboni yensimbi nensimbi ibhekele cishe amaphesenti ayi-11 okukhishwa kwe-CO2 emhlabeni jikelele, kanye nemboni kasimende cishe ngamaphesenti ayi-8. Umqondo wokushintsha ukhonkolo oqinisiwe ekwakhiweni ngempahla yokwakha evumelana nesimo sezulu uyabonakala. Ngakho-ke kufanele yini kunalokho sakhe ngokhuni? Sesikhathele yilokhu? Ingabe izinkuni zingathathi hlangothi ngempela i-CO2? Noma ingabe singagcina ngisho nekhabhoni ekhishwa ihlathi emkhathini ezakhiweni zamapulangwe? Ingabe lokho kungaba ikhambi lazo zonke izinkinga zethu? Noma ingabe kukhona ukulinganiselwa njengezixazululo eziningi zobuchwepheshe?

U-Martin Auer ovela ku-SCIENTISTS FOR FUTURE uxoxe ngalokhu uDkt Johannes Tintner-Olifiers igcinwe yi-Institute for Physics and Materials Science e-University of Natural Resources kanye ne-Applied Life Sciences e-Vienna.

JOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: Kuyacaca ukuthi kufanele silungise kabusha uma kuziwa endabeni yokwakha. Igesi ekhishwa yimboni kasimende kanye nemboni yensimbi njengamanje isezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu - ngenhlonipho efanele ngezinyathelo ezithathwa yimboni kasimende ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2. Ucwaningo oluningi luyenziwa mayelana nendlela yokukhiqiza usimende ngendlela engathathi hlangothi kwesimo sezulu kanye nendlela yokushintsha usimende ohlanganisayo kufakwe ezinye izibophezelo. Umsebenzi uyenziwa futhi ekuhlukaniseni nasekubopheni i-CO2 kushimula ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kukasimende. Ungakwenza ngamandla anele. Ngokwekhemikhali, ukuguqula le CO2 ibe yipulasitiki ene-hydrogen isebenza. Umbuzo uwukuthi: wenzani ngakho-ke?

Usimende wempahla yokwakha usazobalulekile esikhathini esizayo, kodwa uzoba umkhiqizo wokunethezeka ngokwedlulele ngoba udla amandla amaningi - noma ngabe ungamandla avuselelekayo. Ngokombono wezomnotho kuphela, ngeke sifune ukukukhokhela. Okufanayo kusebenza nasensimbi. Azikho izigayo zensimbi ezinkulu okwamanje ezisebenza ngamandla avuselelekayo, futhi nathi asifuni ukukukhokhela lokho.

Sidinga izinto zokwakha ezidinga amandla amancane kakhulu. Azikho eziningi kakhulu, kodwa uma sibheka emuva emlandweni, ububanzi bujwayelekile: isakhiwo sobumba, isakhiwo samapulangwe, itshe. Lezi yizinto zokwakha ezingambiwa futhi zisetshenziswe ngamandla amancane uma kuqhathaniswa. Empeleni, lokho kungenzeka, Kodwa imboni yezinkuni okwamanje ayithathi hlangothi lwe-CO2. Ukuvunwa kwezinkuni, ukucutshungulwa kwezinkuni, imboni yezinkuni isebenza ngamandla ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Imboni yokusaha amasaha kuseyisixhumanisi esingcono kakhulu seketango, ngoba izinkampani eziningi zisebenzisa izitshalo zazo zokushisa ezihlangene kanye namandla anenani elikhulu le-sawdust namagxolo eziwakhiqizayo. Uhlu oluphelele lwezinto zokwenziwa ezisekelwe ezintweni ezingavuthiwe zisetshenziswa embonini yezinkuni, njenge-gluing, . Luningi ucwaningo oluqhubekayo, kodwa yileso simo njengamanje.

Naphezu kwalokhu, i-carbon footprint yokhuni ingcono kakhulu kunokhonkolo oqinisiwe. Ama-rotary kilns okukhiqiza usimende ngezinye izikhathi ashisa amafutha anzima. Imboni kasimende idala amaphesenti angu-2 okukhishwa kwe-CO8 emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa amafutha ayisici esisodwa kuphela. Uhlangothi lwesibili ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. I-Limestone empeleni iyinhlanganisela ye-calcium, i-carbon ne-oxygen. Lapho iguqulelwa ku-clinker kasimende emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (okungaba ngu-2°C), ikhabhoni ikhishwa njenge-CO1.450.

MARTIN AUER: Kuningi okucatshangwayo mayelana nendlela yokukhipha ikhabhoni emkhathini futhi uyigcine esikhathini eside. Ingabe ukhuni olunjengempahla yokwakha lungaba isitolo esinjalo?

JOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: Empeleni, izibalo zilungile: Uma uthatha izinkuni ehlathini, uphathe le ndawo ngendlela efanele, ihlathi liyakhula futhi lapho, futhi izinkuni azishi kodwa zigaywa ezakhiweni, izinkuni zigcinwa lapho futhi I-CO2 ayikho emkhathini. Kuze kube manje, kunjalo. Siyazi ukuthi izakhiwo zokhuni zingaguga kakhulu. EJapane kunezakhiwo zokhuni ezidume kakhulu ezineminyaka engaphezu kuka-1000 ubudala. Singafunda inani elimangalisayo emlandweni wemvelo.

Kwesobunxele: UHōryū-ji, “Ithempeli Lokufundisa Buddha' e-Ikaruga, eJapane. Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwe-dendrochronological, izinkuni zekholomu emaphakathi zagawulwa ngo-594.
Photo: 663 indawo ephakeme nge Wikimedia
Kwesokudla: Isonto laseStave e-Urnes, eNorway, elakhiwa ngekhulu le-12 nele-13.
Photo: UMichael L. Rieser nge Wikimedia

Abantu babesebenzisa izinkuni ngokuhlakanipha okukhulu kakhulu kunathi namuhla. Isibonelo: Indawo eqine ngokobuchwepheshe esihlahleni ukuxhumana kwegatsha. Kumelwe izinze ngokukhethekile ukuze igatsha linganqamuki. Kodwa asikusebenzisi lokho namuhla. Siletha izinkuni endaweni yokusaha futhi saha egatsheni. Ukuze kwakhiwe imikhumbi esikhathini sokuqala sanamuhla, kwenziwa uphenyo olukhethekile lwezihlahla ezigobile ngendlela efanele. Esikhathini esithile esidlule nginephrojekthi mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwe-resin yendabuko kusuka kuphayini omnyama, "Pechen". Kwakunzima ukuthola umkhandi wensimbi owayengenza ithuluzi elidingekayo - imbazo. I-pecher yazenzela isibambo futhi yafuna isihlahla esifanelekayo se-dogwood. Wabe esenalo leli thuluzi impilo yakhe yonke. Amasaha agaya izinhlobo eziningi zezihlahla ezine kuya kwezinhlanu, ezinye zize zigxile ohlotsheni olulodwa kuphela, ngokuyinhloko i-larch noma i-spruce. Ukuze kusetshenziswe ukhuni kangcono nangokukhalipha okwengeziwe, imboni yezinkuni kuzodingeka ibe ngobuciko kakhulu, isebenzise umsebenzi womuntu kanye nolwazi lwabantu futhi ikhiqize izimpahla ezimbalwa ezikhiqizwa ngobuningi. Yiqiniso, ukukhiqiza isibambo se-adze njengento eyodwa kungaba yinkinga yezomnotho. Kodwa ngobuchwepheshe, umkhiqizo onjalo uphakeme.

Kwesokunxele: Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwegeja lokulinganisa le-Neolithic elisebenzisa ngokunenzuzo imfoloko yemvelo yokhuni.
Photo: I-Wolfgang Clean nge Wikimedia
Kunene: adze
Photo: Razbak nge Wikimedia

MARTIN AUER: Ngakho-ke izinkuni azisimeme njengoba umuntu ebengacabanga?

JOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: Ikhomishana ye-EU isanda kuhlukanisa imboni yezinkuni ngobuningi futhi njengezinzile. Lokhu kuye kwabangela ukugxekwa okukhulu, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwezinkuni kuzinzile kuphela uma kunganciphisi inani lehlathi eliphelele. Ukusetshenziswa kwehlathi e-Austria okwamanje kuyasimeme, kodwa lokhu kungenxa yokuthi asizidingi lezi zinsiza inqobo nje uma sisasebenza ngezinto ezingavuthiwe. Siphinde sikhiphe ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokwengxenye ngoba sithenga kwamanye amazwe ukudla nenyama okugawulwa kukho amahlathi kwezinye izindawo. Siphinde singenise amalahle e-grill evela eBrazil noma eNamibia.

UMARTIN AUER: Singaba nezinkuni ezanele zokuguqula imboni yezokwakha?

JOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: Ngokuvamile, imboni yethu yezokwakha iqhume kakhulu. Sakha kakhulu futhi sigaya kabusha kuncane kakhulu. Inqwaba yezakhiwo ayiklanyelwe ukugaywa kabusha. Uma besifuna ukushintsha amanani ensimbi nokhonkolo afakiwe njengamanje ngokhuni, besingeke sanele ngakho. Inkinga enkulu ukuthi izakhiwo namuhla zinesikhathi esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa. Izakhiwo eziningi zikakhonkolo eziqinisiwe zidilizwe ngemuva kweminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-40. Lokhu kuwukumosha izinsiza esingeke sikwazi ukuzikhokhela. Futhi uma nje singakayixazululi le nkinga, ngeke kusize ukushintsha ukhonkolo oqinisiwe ngokhuni.

Uma, ngasikhathi sinye, sifuna ukusebenzisa i-biomass eyengeziwe ekukhiqizeni amandla futhi sibuyisele i-biomass eningi njengempahla yokwakha kanye nomhlaba omningi kwezolimo - lokho akunakwenzeka. Futhi uma izinkuni zimenyezelwa njenge-CO2-neutral ngobuningi, khona-ke kunengozi yokuthi amahlathi ethu azogawulwa. Khona-ke zazizokhula zibuye eminyakeni engu-50 noma eyikhulu, kodwa eminyakeni embalwa ezayo lokhu kuzobhebhethekisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngendlela efanayo nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe. Futhi ngisho noma izinkuni zingagcinwa ezakhiweni isikhathi eside, ingxenye enkulu ishiswa njengemfucumfucu yokusaha. Kunezinyathelo eziningi zokucubungula futhi ekugcineni kuphela ingxenye yesihlanu yokhuni efakiwe empeleni.

UMARTIN AUER: Ubungakha phezulu kangakanani ngokhuni?

JOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: Isakhiwo esiphakeme kakhulu esinezitezi eziyishumi kuya kwezingu-10 ngokuqinisekile singakhiwa kusetshenziswa ukwakhiwa kwamapulangwe. Ubumba lungasetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwangaphakathi ikakhulukazi. Ngokufanayo nokhonkolo, ubumba lungagcwaliswa lube yi-formwork futhi lufakwe phansi. Ngokungafani nezitini, umhlaba oyi-rammed awudingi ukushiswa. Ikakhulukazi uma ingakhishwa endaweni, ubumba lunokulinganisela okuhle kakhulu kwe-CO15. Sezikhona izinkampani ezikhiqiza izingxenye ezakhiwe ngodaka, utshani nokhuni. Lokhu ngokuqinisekile kuyimpahla yokwakha yesikhathi esizayo. Noma kunjalo, inkinga enkulu iwukuthi simane sakhe kakhulu. Kufanele sicabange kabanzi mayelana nendlela esilungisa ngayo isitoko esidala. Kodwa nalapha, umbuzo wempahla yokwakha ubalulekile.

Izindonga zomhlaba ezinezingqimba ezakhiweni zangaphakathi
Isithombe: umbhali akaziwa

MARTIN AUER: Bekungaba yini uhlelo lwamadolobha amakhulu njengeVienna?

I-JOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: Uma kuziwa ezakhiweni zokuhlala ezinezitezi eziningi, asikho isizathu sokungasebenzisi ukhuni noma ukwakhiwa kobumba. Lokhu okwamanje umbuzo wentengo, kodwa uma sithengisa nge-CO2 ekhishwayo, khona-ke amaqiniso ezomnotho ayashintsha. Ukhonkolo oqinisiwe uwumkhiqizo wokunethezeka owedlulele. Sizoyidinga ngoba, isibonelo, awukwazi ukwakha umhubhe noma idamu usebenzisa ukhuni. Ukhonkolo oqinisiwe wezakhiwo zokuhlala ezinezitezi ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu uwukunethezeka esingenakukwazi ukukukhokhela.

Nokho: ihlathi lisakhula, kodwa ukukhula kuncipha, ingozi yokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi iyanda, kunezinambuzane eziningi. Ngisho noma singathathi lutho, asikwazi ukuqiniseka ukuthi ihlathi ngeke liphinde life. Ukwanda kokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, i-CO2 iyancipha ihlathi elingakwazi ukumunca, okungukuthi kancane lingakwazi ukufeza umsebenzi walo ohlosiwe wokunciphisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kunciphisa amandla okusebenzisa izinkuni njengento yokwakha nakakhulu. Kodwa uma ubudlelwano bulungile, khona-ke izinkuni zingaba izinto zokwakha ezizinzile futhi ezihlangabezana nemfuneko yokungathathi hlangothi kwesimo sezulu.

Isithombe sekhava: UMartin Auer, isakhiwo sokuhlala esinezitezi eziningi esakhiweni sokhuni oluqinile eVienna Meidling