Isikweletu sembulunga yonke: ungumnikazi womhlaba?

I-ECB igcwala izimakethe ngemali entsha. Ngeshwa, imali ayipheleli ekusetshenzisweni noma ekutshalweni kwemali. Igeleza idlule emnothweni wangempela futhi igcina ezimakethe zamasheya, ezimpahleni zangempela nasezibophweni zikahulumeni.

Emhlabeni jikelele, izinkampani, izifundazwe nemindeni seqongelele izikweletu ezingasoze zakwazi ukukhokha. Izinga lesikweletu lomhlaba wonke lezinkampani kanye nezinkampani seliphezulu kakhulu namhlanje (ngokuqhathaniswa nomkhiqizo omkhulu wasekhaya we-GDP ophindwe kabili) njengoba bebenjalo ngaphambi kwenhlupheko yezomnotho ngonyaka ka-2008. Izindleko ezilandelwayo zendlela yokuthola imali yentela, izinhlelo zokuvuselela ezomnotho kanye namaphakeji okusindisa amabhange ayabonakala kahle. Amazwe acebile kakhulu aqongelele izintaba eziphakeme zezikweletu. The I-International Monetary Fund IMF ngokwe-US, China neJapan ziphakathi kwamazwe akweletwa kakhulu futhi iyodwa i-akhawunti engaphezulu kwesigamu sezikweletu zomhlaba. Kepha amazwe asafufusa athole impilo ngempompo.

Akukhathazeki ngokweqile lokho?

USolwazi uDorothea Schäfer, Umqondisi Wokucwaninga woMnyango Wezimakethe Zezezimali at Isikhungo saseJalimane Sokucwaninga Ngezomnotho (I-DIW) eBerlin ivuseleleka kakhulu ngalesi simo. Ngokusho kwakhe, isikweletu somphakathi sisodwa asisona isizathu sokukhathazeka, kodwa into "yemvelo ngokuphelele" ohlelweni lwezomnotho. KwaSchäfer, isikweletu esiqongelelwayo empeleni siwumphumela wenhlupheko yezomnotho womhlaba nophawu lokuthi amabhange amaphakathi akhukhule izimakethe ngemali. Ngokusho kwakhe, isimo siba yingozi kuphela uma, ngokwesibonelo, inhlekelele yempahla ihlangabezana nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ephezulu.
Richard Grisangon, isazi sezomnotho e Isikhungo saseVienna sokuqhathaniswa kwezomnotho emhlabeni jikelele (wiiw), ucabanga ukuthi abantu - ikakhulukazi emazweni akhuluma isiJalimane - bakhathazeka kakhulu ngamazinga esikweletu. "Ukuthi isikweletu siba yinkinga kuncika kwezinye izinto eziningi, njengokukhula komnotho okusobala, izinga lenzalo elisebenzayo, ukuthambekela kwenombolo yabantu noma ukukhula okuphakathi kwamathuluzi ezikweletu," kusho uGrintheon.

Izikweletu Zomhlaba Wonke - Akunasizathu Sokulondoloza?

Eqinisweni, kubonakala sengathi bekukhona ukucabanga kabusha phakathi kososayensi kwezomnotho kule minyaka eyishumi edlule mayelana nezikweletu ezizinzileyo. Ngenkathi bekukhona isiqiniseko sokuthi isikweletu sikahulumeni ngokweqile singalimaza ukukhula komnotho, namuhla izinqubomgomo zezinto ezinamandla zenziwa amademoni njengokwehla kwezimali nasekutshaleni umnotho. U-Olivier Blanchard, owayengumongameli we Inhlangano Yezomnotho YaseMelikaLapho ememezela ekuqaleni konyaka enkulumweni yakhe yokuvalelisa: “Uma nje inani langempela lenzalo emalimbolekweni liphansi kunezinga lokukhula, asikho isizathu sezimali sokugcina. Ngoba izinga lesikweletu libuye lincibilike njenge-snowball emazingeni okushisa amancane ”.

I-International Monetary Fund nayo isho embikweni wayo wakamuva wokuqina wokuthi uhlelo lwezezimali lomhlaba selungaphephile nakanjani kusukela kubenzima kwezomnotho nakwezimali. Uveza ukuthi amabhange emhlabeni wonke aphoqelelwe ngumthetho ukuthi andise izilinganiso zawo zamasheya kanye nezinqolobane zezezimali, athuthukise ukuphathwa kwawo engcupheni futhi alawulwa yimithetho emisha, abalawuli kanye nokuhlolwa kwengcindezi.
Kubukeka sengathi akunandaba ukuthi amazwe alahlekelwe yimali yenqubomgomo yezimali namabhange amaphakathi ngenxa yemizamo yawo yokuvuselela umnotho ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu esikweletu.

Izikweletu Zomhlaba - Ubani uqobo ongumnikazi Wezwe?

Izindaba ezimnandi ukuthi ngemuva kwazo zonke izikweletu kukhona imali, futhi okuhle futhi ukusetshenziswa noma ukutshala imali. Kepha akulula kangako ukubona ukuthi ngubani ozokujabulela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akukho mkhombandlela wamasheya wamasheya kahulumeni, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izifundazwe zivame ukuthatha "imali mboleko" evela kubaningi bezimali ngasikhathi sinye ngebhondi, abese eqhubeka nokuhweba ngalo. Okwe-Eurozone, nokho, kuqoqwa I-European Central Bank (ECB) ngenkuthalo yedatha ukuthola okungenani ukuqonda ngesakhiwo sabanikazi bamazwe ayi-19 e-euro.
Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukubona ukuthi amazwe angobani ama-euro 'angababili': amashumi amabili anhlanu emabhange futhi cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu emazweni angaphandle nezinkampani zemishwalense. Ngeshwa, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zombuso wase-Austrian 'zingezasemazweni angaphandle kanti ingxenye eyodwa kwezine yamabhange.
USolwazi Schäfer ubona lesi sakhiwo sezezimali siqine, ngoba amabhange nezinkampani zemishwalense yiqembu elithembekile labatshalizimali bezimali. Amabhange nawo adinga amathuba okutshala imali ezinzile ngamanani wenzalo angaguquki. "Okusikhathaza kakhulu thina bezomnotho kakhulu ukuthi amabhange aya ngokutshala imali yawo ngezibopho ezivela emazweni awo," kusho uSchäfer.
Ngempela, izibopho zikahulumeni zijabulele ukuthandwa okukhulu selokhu kwaba nezingxabano ezalandela emhlabeni wonke naseYurophu. Lokhu akukhona nje ukuthi yindawo ephephile yabatshalizimali, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ngoba amabhange akudingeki abekele eceleni ukulingana kwalokhu.
Zithandwa kakhulu yi-European Central Bank, ebilokhu ithenge izibopho emazweni ase-eurozone ngezinga elikhulu kusukela ngo-2015. Amanani ahlukahlukene phakathi kwama-15 kanye nama-60 ezigidi zama-euro - njalo ngenyanga, khumbula. "I-ECB izamile ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwemali kanye nokukhuphuka kwemali eminyakeni eyedlule, kodwa akuphumelelanga impela. Kodwa-ke, lokho akwazile ukukwenza wukuqinisekisa ukuzinza, ”kusho uRichard Grlingson.

Iphi imali entsha?

Ngokuhambisana nenqubomgomo yayo yokulinganisa inzalo, i-ECB inyakazisa izimakethe ngemali entsha. Kepha iphi leyo mali? Ingxenye esebenza futhi engacebile yabantu ayiboni kangako. Ngokuphambene nalokho: Ingxenye enkulu yezakhamizi zase-EU zisengozini yobuphofu futhi ihlushwa ukushoda kwezindlu (amaphesenti angama-17). Abantu abafundile nemindeni nayo inobunzima bokuthola izindlu ezingabizi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuzwe obukhulayo, ubutha kubantu nase-EU bunikeza ukuqonda ngesimo sokuzethemba okuvamile nokwanda kwesibalo sabantu baseYurophu.
Ngeshwa, imali ayipheleli ekusetshenzisweni noma ekutshalweni kwemali. Igeleza idlule emnothweni wangempela futhi igcina ezimakethe zamasheya, izindlu zangempela kanye nezibopho zikahulumeni esikhundleni. Noma lolu hlelo lungasebenza ngokomnotho, lukhiqiza ukungalingani okwesabekayo, nayo yonke imiphumela yako kwezenhlalo nakwezepolitiki.

Isikweletu sembulunga yonke: vs. I-capitalism yezimali

UStefan Schulmeister ungomunye wososayensi abambalwa abadingida lo mbuzo: Ngabe imali ingahlukaniswa kanjani kusuka ezimakethe zezimali iye emnothweni wangempela? Wenza umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwamalungiselelo amabili emidlalo ohlelweni lwethu lwezomnotho: ubungxowankulu bangempela, obuqondisa imali kumisebenzi ekhiqizayo, ebeka inzuzo bese ngaleyo ndlela idala amathuba emisebenzi nokuchuma okukhulu, kanye nobungxowankulu bezezimali, obuyizimpahla kuphela ngokuhlukahluka kwenani ngamanani wenzalo, amanani okushintshaniswa, okuthengiswayo kanye Amanani empahla ethengiswayo akhiqizwa futhi andiswa ngokuthi "imali yokusetshenziswa kwempahla ekhona". Lokhu kokugcina kubusa umnotho wezwe namuhla, kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa nokwakha ukungasebenzi, isikweletu somphakathi nokungalingani.
NgokukaSkhulmeister, isizathu esikhulu ukuthi imali ebuyisiwe ezimakethe zezezimali iphakeme kunaleyo engalindelwa kosomabhizinisi bendabuko. Ngamanye amagama, abantu abacebile bacebeka ngokushesha kakhulu ngokuqagela ngokwezezimali kunokuqashwa kwamabhizinisi asendulo.

Ithuluzi elibalulekile lokulwa nale ntuthuko kungaba ukwethulwa kwentela yokuthengiselana ngezezimali, eqondisa ukulandela inzuzo yokuthengiselana kwemali okwesikhashana kuya kwemisebenzi yesikhathi eside ezimakethe zezimpahla. USchulmeister uphinde atuse ukuthi kusungulwe iSikhwama Sezimali SaseYurophu ukuxhasa amazwe. Amabhondi akhe akufanele athengiswe futhi anganikeza abachwepheshe bezimali ithuba lokuqagela ngoshintsho ekungafani kwamanani wenzalo phakathi kwemali noma ukuqothuka kwamazwe ngamanye. Kwabasebenza nabo, izincomo ziyindlela yokwakhiwa kabusha evela 'emakethe yenkolo ye-neoliberal' ebuyela emfundweni nasekuhlanganyeleni ezimeni zangempela ezibonakalayo zabantu.

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Photo / Video: Ugogo, Option.