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Intando yeningi Yentando yeningi: Umgomo Wamanzi

I-Liquid Democracy

Ngubani ongaziyo, ukungathembani okuvelayo lapho osopolitiki bekhombisa ubuciko bokuthi bangasho lutho? Noma uma izinqumo zezepolitiki ziphinde zacaca ekusetshenzisweni kwezinhloso ezithile? Yize izithombe zethu zentando yeningi zifuna ukuthi zisebenze, ekugcineni sanelisekile ngenxa yezinsizakusebenza zesikhathi esilinganiselwe kanye nokuntuleka kwamathuba entando yeningi okuqondile okudonsa lowo osopolitiki ngokusebenzisa ikhokho. Kepha ingabe kufanele kube njalo? Ingabe lelo yizwi lokugcina lentando yeningi? Ngokomqondo weLiquid Democracy, impendulo icacile: cha.

Ngo-2011 nango-2012 the I-Pirate Party Germany ne-furore yomqondo futhi ngaleso sikhathi nayo yakwenza kwaba yizivumelwano ezine zesimo. Yize izimpumelelo zokhetho zezepolitiki zihlulekile ukwenziwa emzimbeni kusukela lapho, bakhombisa umhlaba ukuthi intando yeningi engamanzi ingasebenza kanjani njengomgomo wenhlangano.
Ukuze benze lokhu, basebenzisa i- Impendulo yomthombo ovulekile wesoftware. Kuyisiteji sokubamba iqhaza lapho abantu abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka bengabamba iqhaza khona emsebenzini weqembu futhi bakhe imibono. Izihloko ezingama-3.650 kanye nezinhlelo ezingama-6.650 njengamanje ziyaxoxwa futhi zihlanganiswa ngamalungu ayi-10.000 kule pulatifomu. Zonke iziphakamiso ezakhayo, imibono noma ukukhathazeka zethulwa ngokusobala futhi zithuthukiswa ngokuhloniphekayo. Ngale ndlela, iPirate Party Austria, ngokwesibonelo, ngamalungu ayo angama-337 njengamanje, ikwazile ukudala uhlelo oluningi lweqembu olwedlula kude ukubamba iqhaza kwezakhamizi nepolitiki yenethiwekhi.

Kepha i-Liquid Democracy ayiyona nje isoftware noma ukuhlolwa okuyingxenye. Ngemuva kweLiquid Democracy kusho imodeli yentando yeningi-nepolitiki yephalamende eliqondile. Ifuna ukuhlanganisa ubuhle bohlelo lwePhalamende namathuba entando yeningi eqondile, ngaleyo ndlela inqande ukushiyeka kwalezi zinhlelo ezimbili. Ngokukhethekile, kumayelana nobuthakathaka bezinhlelo zentando yeningi eziqondile ezishiwo ukuthi inkulumo yezepolitiki emibhalweni esemthethweni kumele kuvunyelwane ngayo kuphela phakathi kwabaqalisi nabamele ababhekele lokho. Ohlelweni lwabamele, kubuye kugcinelwe amaqembu ezepolitiki, amakomidi kanye namaPhalamende ukuthi abambe iqhaza ezingxoxweni zezepolitiki. NgokwePhalamende eliqondile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izakhamizi ngokwazo zinquma ukuthi yisiphi isihloko nokuthi zingathanda ukubamba iqhaza nini enkulumweni. Inkulumo yezepolitiki ibonwa njengesisekelo esiyisisekelo sezinqumo ezifanele.

I-Liquid Democracy
INFO: Democracy Democracy
Yindlela esebenza ngayo i-Liquid Democracy
I-Liquid Democracy iyinhlangano ehlangene phakathi kwentando yeningi kanye nomongameli wentando yeningi, lapho izakhamizi zingafaka isandla enkulumweni yezepolitiki online nganoma yisiphi isikhathi futhi zibambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwemibhalo esemthethweni - uma ekhetha kanjalo. Isakhamuzi asinikezi ivoti lakhe njalo ngemuva kweminyaka emine kuya kwemihlanu, kodwa siligcina "seliyindidane", ngandlela-thile, ngokuthatha isinqumo ngecala-ngalinye-yimiphi imibuzo engathanda ukuzivotela yona nokuthi izoyithumela kumuntu (noma usopolitiki) wathembela kuye. Eqinisweni, lokhu kungenzeka kube njalo, ngokwesibonelo, ezindabeni zomthetho wentela yiqembu X ufuna ukumelwa, ezindabeni zezemvelo zenhlangano Y nasezihlotsheni zenqubomgomo yomndeni zomuntu Z. Mayelana nokuguqulwa kwesikole, kepha ufuna ukunquma. Ukunikezwa kwamavoti kungabuyiselwa emuva nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, kuqinisekiswe ukuphathwa okusebenzayo kohlelo lwezepolitiki.
Kwabahambeli, lo mqondo unikeza indlela yokuthola ukuqonda ngombono nesimo sesisekelo kanye nokukhuthaza amaphrojekthi abo wokuxhaswa namavoti. Kwisakhamuzi, kungenzeka ukuthi ufake isandla kwezepolitiki futhi asize ekwakheni umbono wezepolitiki nokwenza izinqumo noma ukumane akuqonde.

Ukukhanya kwentando yeningi

Izinhlangano zamaJalimane zomphakathi i-Software Software e. V., unjiniyela we-Liquid Feedback, kanye ne-Interactive Demokratie eV, egqugquzela ukusetshenziswa kwemidiya ye-elekthronikhi ngezinqubo zentando yeningi, ibona indlela enengqondo yokuzibandakanya okukhulu ekuvuseleleni okuyisisekelo kwezinqubo zokuthatha izinqumo emaqenjini. U-Axel Kistner, ilungu lebhodi le nhlangano I-Intanethi yentando yeningi eV uyagcizelela: "Umbono wokuqala bekuwukusebenzisa impendulo ye-liquid ngaphakathi kwamaqembu, ngoba izinhlaka zeqembu elonakele zangaphakathi zinikeza amalungu azo ithuba elincane noma alikho ithuba lokufaka isandla." Akuzange kuhloswe ukuthi kusetshenziswe njengethuluzi eliqondile lentando yeningi.

Isibonelo esivelele nesidingida kakhulu ngeLiquid Democracy sinikezwa isifunda saseJalimane iFriesland. Uqale iphrojekthi yeLiquid Friesland eminyakeni emibili eyedlule, ethula Impendulo kaThwala. Kuze kube manje, izakhamizi ze76 kanye nokuphathwa kwezifunda i-14 sezishicilele izinhlelo ezisekelweni. Lezo zinyathelo zezakhamizi eziwina amavoti abo eLiquid Friesland, nokho zisebenza ngabaphathi besifunda kuphela njengeziphakamiso futhi azibophezeli zona. Noma kunjalo, ishidi lokulinganisa lamanje lihlaba umxhwele impela: izinhlelo zabahlali be-44, ezazivele zithathwe emkhandlwini wesifunda, kwamukelwa amaphesenti ama-23, kwamukelwa amaphesenti we-20 ngendlela elungisiwe namaphesenti e-23 enqatshiwe. Amaphesenti amaningi we-20 ayeseqalisiwe ukusebenza, ngamaphesenti we-14 abaphathi besifunda babengenacala.

Kodwa-ke, iFriesland ngeke ihlale iyodwa kuphela isiphathimandla sesifunda saseJalimane esinesibindi sokuthatha isinyathelo sokubamba iqhaza kwezakhamuzi zedijithali: "Maduze nje amanye amadolobha amabili - iWunstorf neSeelze - nesinye isifunda - iRotenburg / Wümme - izoqala ngokubamba iqhaza kwezakhamizi futhi isebenzise iLiquidFeedback", kanjalo noKistner.

Ngabe sizovota ngentando yeningi engamanzi ngokuzayo?

Akunandaba namandla akhuthazayo umqondo we-Liquid Democracy ongase uwasabalalise, ukusetshenziswa kwawo okusebenzayo kungenzeka kuhlale kunqunyelwe ekubambeni iqhaza kwezakhamizi, kanye nokwenza izinqumo phakathi kwenhlangano nokuthatha izinqumo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusenemibuzo eminingi engaphenduleki yokusetshenziswa kwenqubomgomo yentando yeningi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iningi labantu libonakala lingahambisani ngokuphelele nomqondo wokuzibandakanya kwezepolitiki noma ukuvota kwi-intanethi.

Izingqinamba ezingalungiswa zihlanganisa ukubanjwa kokhetho oluyimfihlo nezingozi ezihambisana nokuphepha kanye nokukhohlisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakudingeka kukhiqizwe “ibhokisi lokuvota ledijithali” elivikelekile, kodwa elisaqondakala elizothuthukisa elizoqinisekisa ukuthi bangobani abavoti futhi baqinisekise ukufaneleka kwabo, ngenkathi ngasikhathi sinye benza isinqumo sabo singaziwa futhi ngemuva kwalokho senze le nqubo iqondakale. Yize lokhu kwesinye isikhathi kungenziwa ngobuchwepheshe ngokwethulwa kwekhadi lesakhamuzi nokuhlelwa kwekhodi yomthombo ovulekile, kukhona ubungozi obungenakuphikwa bokuphazamisa futhi ukulandelela kungenzeka ngokugcinelwe kuphela iqembu elincane labasebenzisi be-IT. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivoti eliyimfihlo nalo liphikisana ngokusobala nokuvezwa obala kwe-Liquid Democracy uqobo. Abathuthukisi be-Liquid Feedback ngenxa yalesi sizathu i-2012 nayo yazidedela emphakathini ekusetshenzisweni kwesoftware yayo kuPirate Party.

Ukuphakama kwe-elekthronikhi

Enye inkinga ngumbuzo wokuthi imiphumela yokuvota engamanzi kufanele ibe yizibopho noma iziphakamiso nje. Ngokwesimo sangaphambilini, kufanele babe nesizathu sokugxeka ukuthi bazothanda abantu abanekhono elikhudlwana le-Intanethi nobulungu enqubeni yokwenza izinqumo zezombusazwe, benze iphutha lemiphumela yengxoxo eku-inthanethi njengommeleli wokumelela okumaphakathi. Endabeni yokugcina, uma imiphumela yokuvota ingahlanganisi, amandla wentando yeningi aqondile alo mqondo alahlekile.

Okunye ukugxekwa okujwayelekile ukubamba iqhaza okuphansi okuvame ukutholakala ngezinsimbi eziqondile zedemokhrasi. Endabeni yephrojekthi ephumelelayo yeLiquid Friesland, ukubamba iqhaza cishe kungamaphesenti angama-0,4 wabantu. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ukubamba iqhaza kwesicelo sokucacisa ihlazo likaHypo-Alpe Adria ngonyaka ophelile bekungamaphesenti angama-1,7 kanti kuthi uma kubhekelwa "i-Education Initiative" ngo-2011 ngamaphesenti angama-4,5. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akumangazi, ngoba ukubamba iqhaza kwezepolitiki kwe-inthanethi nakho kuyindawo entsha yabademokhrasi basentshonalanga. Noma kunjalo, intando yeningi iyenqatshwa iningi labantu.

"Ukunwetshwa kobudlelwano bezakhamizi nezwe esikhaleni sedijithali akuyona indawo evimbela ukungahambisani nepolitiki."
UDaniel Roleff, usosayensi wezepolitiki

Ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwe yi Isikhungo SORA Sokucwaninga Kwezenhlalo Nokubonisana I-demokrasi nokubamba iqhaza ku-e-e kusesebuntwaneni babo e-Austria. "Ukhetho lwedijithali lubukwa kabi nakancane. Bobabili ochwepheshe kanye neningi labantu basho ukungabi sobala nokuphepha ekukhohliseni njengamaphuzu abaluleke kakhulu okugxekwa," ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwe nguMag. Paul Ringler. NaseJalimane, ukuhlolwa kwezakhamizi akuhlukile. Ngo-2013, iBertelsmann Foundation yacela izakhamizi ezingama-2.700 680 kanye nabathathe izinqumo abangama-43 komasipala abafanele ngocingo mayelana nezindlela abazithandayo zokubamba iqhaza. Ngenxa yalokhu, amaphesenti ama-33 ezakhamizi ezenziwa inhlolovo enqabile ukubamba iqhaza kwi-inthanethi, futhi ngamaphesenti angama-82 kuphela akwazi ukuthola okuthile kuzo. Ukuqhathanisa: amaphesenti angama-5 abamba ukhetho okhethweni lomkhandlu wasekhaya futhi ngamaphesenti amahlanu kuphela owenqabayo. Isiphetho seBertelsmann Foundation: "Noma ngabe isizukulwane esincane sanda kangcono lapha, izindlela ezintsha zokubamba iqhaza ezisekelweni kwenethiwekhi zisenedumela elibi lokuqhathanisa futhi kuze kube manje azikwazanga ukuzakhela njengethuluzi elihlonishwayo lokubamba iqhaza wentando yeningi."
Isiphetho socwaningo lwe-SORA siphinde futhi: Isinguquko se-Intanethi asikhuphi intshisakalo yezepolitiki uqobo, kepha sikwenza kube lula kosopolitiki ukuthi bazi futhi bahlanganyele. "Lokhu kuhlola kushiwo nokwabiwa ngusosayensi wezepolitiki waseJalimane uDaniel Roleff: "Ukunwetshwa kobudlelwano bezakhamizi nezwe esikhaleni sedijithali akuyona indawo evimbela ukungahambisani nepolitiki."

I-Liquid Democracy - Luhamba kuphi lolu hambo?

Ngokuphikisana nalesi simo sasemuva, uPeter Parycek, inhloko yeqembu le-E-Democracy projekti eDanube University Krems, ubona amandla amakhulu weLiquid Democracy ngendlela entsha yokubambisana phakathi kwezakhamizi kanye nomkhakha womphakathi. Ubhekisela kuphrojekthi yamanje yokubamba iqhaza i-Digital Agenda yenhloko-dolobha yaseVienna. Izakhamizi ziyamenywa ukuthi zisize ekuthuthukiseni isu ledijithali laseVienna. "Okubalulekile ukuthi kukhona izingxoxo ezingokoqobo kanye nezangempela phakathi kwabaphathi nezakhamizi," kusho uParycek. "Isoftware yeLiquid Democracy inikela ngamathuba athembisayo wokuqoqa imibono futhi ahlele inqubo evulekile yokwenza izinto," kusho uParycek.

Ukuze wakhe kabusha ukuzethemba kwezakhamizi kwezepolitiki, ukholelwa ukuthi into eyodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke iyadingeka: ukucaciswa okukhulu ekuphathweni komphakathi nakwezepolitiki. "Ingcindezi yokuthi amaqembu ezepolitiki aqhamuke obala ayanda. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bazovula, ”kusho uParycek. Eqinisweni, amaqembu ezepolitiki ngeke esakwazi ukwenqaba ukucaca okukhulu kanye nentando yeningi yangaphakathi isikhathi eside, ngoba isisekelo samaqembu amakhulu asivele sesivele sesivele sesisikhulu isidingo sezinqumo ezengeziwe zokuzibumbana. I-Liquid Democracy kungenzeka iguqule imodeli yethu yentando yeningi, kepha iyakhombisa indlela lapho ukubamba iqhaza nokwenzela izinto obala kungasebenza khona.

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Ibhalwe ngu UVeronika Janyrova

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