Umbutho ngaphandle kwesizathu

"Thina bantu sinesiphiwo esisengqiqweni, kodwa oku akuhambelani nokwenza ngokuqonda."

U-Elizabeth Oberzaucher, weDyunivesithi yaseVienna

Ukuba ubukela kuqhubeka, awunakukunceda kodwa uzibuze ukuba UCarlos Linné U-Homo sapiens umele "ukuqonda, ukuqonda" okanye "umntu okrelekrele, okrelekrele, okrelekrele, onengqiqo", engabonakalisi isenzo sethu kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Xa sijongisisa, thina bantu sineziphiwo zokuqiqa, kodwa oku akufani nokwenza ngengqiqo. Kuvela phi oku kusilela kokungaguquguquki, okuhlala kukhokelela kwizigqibo ezingenangqondo kwaphela? Ngaba siluluntu olungenasizathu?

Ukuqondwa kwe-Homo sapiens kusekwe ngakumbi okanye kungaphantsi kolwakhiwo oludala. Ezi zavela ngexesha lembali yokuzivelela kwezinto kwaye zanceda izinyanya zethu ukuba zijamelane nemiceli mngeni yendawo yazo yokuhlala. Ngoku, nangona kunjalo, imeko yokuphila kwabantu banamhlanje yahluke kakhulu kuleya yethu yangaphambili yokuvela kwezinto.

Isizathu kwimbali yokuvela kwezinto

Ngexesha lembali yethu yokuzivelela kwezinto, kuye kwenziwa ii-algorithms zokucinga ezazisetyenziselwe ukukhawulezisa izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Amandla ezi algorithms zilele kwisantya sazo, kodwa ngaphandle kwendleko. Basebenza ngoqikelelo kunye nokungaqiniseki okwenza ukuba bakwazi ukwenza isigqibo ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu. Oku kwenza lula kuthetha ukuba ayizizo zonke iinyani ezilinganiswe ngocoselelo omnye komnye, kodwa endaweni yoko zaza zayekwa esizalweni, kwenziwa isigqibo esincinci sokucinga. Olu “phawu-phezulu” alunakuthelekiswa nanto xa kuthelekiswa nokucinga ngabom kwaye kusoloko kuphosakele ngokupheleleyo. Ngokukodwa xa kusenziwa izigqibo kwiindawo ezahluke kakhulu kwiingxaki zethu zokuzivelela kwezinto, izigqibo ezenziwayo ngale ndlela zinokwenzeka ikakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, sithanda ukuthemba kwaye sihlala sithembela kwiimvakalelo zethu zesisu kunye nolwazi lwethu olunembile. Kwaye bonisa imihla ngemihla, kaninzi-phindaphindiweyo ukuba ingqondo yethu iyazimela. Kutheni singenangqondo kwaye sithandabuza ezi zinto ziqwalaselwayo?

I-Lazy Brain Hypothesis

I-cortex yecergus yeHomo sapiens idluliselwe ngaphezulu; ubukhulu kunye nobunzima be-neocortex, sishiya ezinye iintlobo emva. Ngaphezulu koko, eli lungu liyonakalisa kakhulu: ayisijinisi nje ukuqeqesha, kodwa likwafuna amandla amaninzi ukuze uhlale usebenza. Ukuba ngoku sinako ukuthenga into enjalo, umbuzo uphakamisa ukuba kutheni kungafuneki siyisebenzise ngakumbi ukwenza izigqibo ezizizo. Impendulo yi- "Lazy Brain Hypothesis", uhlobo lweengqondo ezivila. Esi sithuba sokuba ingqondo yethu ikhule ngokuthanda izinto ezithetha umzamo omncinci ekusebenzeni. Umzamo omncinci ubandakanyeka ekusebenzeni xa uxhomekeka kwizinto zakudala, ezilula zokuqiqa. Ayinamsebenzi ukuba oku akukukhokeleli kwiimpendulo ezigqibeleleyo okoko izigqibo eziziphumo zanele.

Ingqondo inokuyenza ibe lula nangakumbi ngokungacingi kwaphela, kodwa ishiye ukucinga kwabanye. Iindidi eziphilayo ngokwasentlalweni zinethuba lokuphuhlisa uhlobo lobukrelekrele ngokusasaza imisebenzi yokuqonda phakathi kwabantu abaliqela. Oku kwenza ukuba kungabi nje ukwahlula-hlula iieyiers zobuchopho ngaphezulu kweentloko ezininzi ukuze zisindise umsebenzi wodwa, kodwa neziphetho ekufikelelwe kuzo ngabantu zinokuthwalwa ubunzima ngokuchasene nabanye.

Kwimeko yokuziqhelanisa nezinto, sasihlala ngokwamaqela amancinci, apho iinkqubo zotshintshiselwano lwentengiso zasekwa kakuhle. Kwezi nkqubo, iimpahla ezibonakalayo njengokutya, kodwa nezinto ezingachaphazeleka, njengokukhathalela, inkxaso kunye nolwazi, zitshintshiwe. Kuba amaqela ngamanye ayekhuphiswano nomnye komnye, ukuthembana kwakenzelwe ikakhulu amaqela eqela.

Iindaba ezingeyonyani, u-Facebook kunye no-Co-luluntu ngaphandle kwesizathu?

Yintoni kwixesha lethu elidlulileyo lokuzivelela kwezinto yayinguhlengahlengiso olusengqiqweni, olukhokelela namhlanje ekuziphatheni okuyiyo nantoni na kodwa ebubulumko kwaye efanelekileyo.

Siyasithemba isigwebo somntu owaziwa kuthi ngaphezu kweengcali ezingqiniweyo esingaziwayo kuthi. Esi siko sobulumko 'se-regars' - elifuna ilungelo lokufumana igama le-regars 'yobudenge-liphuculwe kakhulu kwimithombo yeendaba zentlalo. Ku-Facebook, kwi-Twitter nakwi-Co, wonke umntu unethuba elifanayo lokuveza uluvo lwabo, ngaphandle kokufumana iziqu kunye nolwazi lwesihloko. Kwangelo xesha, sinakho ukufikelela kwiinyani ngakumbi kunye nolwazi oluneenkcukacha kunanini na ngaphambili.

Ixesha lolwazi lithetha ukuba ngelixa sinofikelelo kulwazi, sithwaxwa linani lolwazi lupheleleyo kuba asikwazi ukukuqonda konke oko. Yiyo loo nto sibuyele kwindlela yakudala yokucinga: siyathemba iinkcazo zabo sibaziyo, nokuba aba bantu bazi ngaphezu kwethu. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, oku kujongene nesibakala sokuba amabali ayintsomi ajikeleza kwimithombo yeendaba zentlalo kwaye kubonakala ngathi akunakwenzeka ukuba azazi. Ukuba ingxelo ebubuxoki ijikeleza, kuthatha iqela lokuzama ukuyilungisa kwakhona. Oku kunokubangelwa zizizathu ezibini: Okokuqala, zikho iingxelo zobuxoki Umtsalane ngenxa yokuba ziindaba ezingaqhelekanga kwaye ukuqonda kwethu kuyilelwe ekujongeni ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwizinto eziphambukayo kwindlela yesiqhelo. Kwelinye icala, iingqondo zethu zivila ukuba zifunde ngokutshintsha ngokungathandabuzekiyo iingqondo zazo xa sele kufikelelwe kwisigqibo.

Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba sibhencekile ebubudenge kwaye asinandlela yokujongana nayo kwaye ngaloo ndlela siphila ngegama lethu? Iphethini yokucinga yendalo ebonakalayo ayenzi ukuba kube lula kuthi, kodwa ngaxeshanye ayinakwenzeka. Ukuba sihlala ngasemva kwaye sithembele kuphela kwiipateni zokuzivelela kwezinto, sisigqibo ekufuneka sisimele. Kuba sicinga ngokwenyani, kwaye ukuba sisebenzisa ubuchopho bethu, ekugqibeleni sinokuba ngabantu abanengqiqo.

Ithemba lokuba sisisombululo kuluntu ngaphandle kwesizathu?
Kwincwadi yakhe yamva nje, "ukuKhanyiselwa ngoku," uyachaza UStephen Pinker umbono wakhe ngemeko yoluntu kunye nehlabathi. Ngokuchasene nendlela ekuvakala ngayo, ubomi buba yokhuseleko, impilo-ntle, ixesha elide, ubundlobongela, impumelelo, imfundo engcono, ukunyamezelana nokwanelisa kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngaphandle kokuqhubela phambili kwezopolitiko ezibonakala zibuyela umva kwaye zisongela umhlaba, uphuhliso oluqinisekileyo lusekhona. Ichaza iintsika ezine eziphambili: inkqubela phambili, isizathu, isayensi kunye nobuntu, ekhonza uluntu kwaye ekufuneka izise ubomi, impilo, ulonwabo, inkululeko, ulwazi, uthando kunye namava atyebileyo.
Uchaza ukucinga okuyintlekele njengomngcipheko ngese: kukhokelela kutyekelo lokungabi nathemba lokulungisa ezona ziphumo zibi kakhulu kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezingalunganga kukothuka. Uloyiko kunye nokuphelelwa lithemba kwenza iingxaki zibonakale ngathi azinakuphepheka, kunye nokungakwazi ukwenza okuthile kulinde ukungafezeki. Kungenxa yokuba unethemba lokuba unokufumana kwakhona ukhetho loyilo. Ithemba aluthethi ukuba uhlala ngasemva kwaye ungenzi nto, kodwa kunokuba ubona iingxaki njengezisombululwayo kwaye ke ngoko uyisombulule. UPaul Romer, Ibhaso lonyaka likaNobel kwi-Economics, ubeka ithemba lokuba ithemba yinxalenye yento ekhuthaza abantu ukuba basombulule iingxaki ezinzima.
Ukuba siyaphumelela ukuba nolwazi oluyinyani abanethemba iziseko eziyimfuneko zikhona ukuze sikwazi ukujongana nemiceli mngeni yexesha lethu. Ukwenza oku, nangona kunjalo, kufuneka soyise uloyiko lwethu kwaye ugcine ingqondo evulekile.

Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock.