"Ukunyaniseka kwengqondo endaweni yeemvakalelo ezintle"

Isithandi sobulumko kunye nomphandi wolwazi uThomas Metzinger ufuna inkcubeko entsha yokuqonda.

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Okukhona umntu ezingcayo, kokukhona ephulukana nesiqu sakhe sokwenene. Okukhona umntu esenza ngokungazingci, kokukhona eziba nguye. UMichael Ende

Oongqatyana bawubetha umlozi eluphahleni lwezindlu: Imbono entsha isemnyango, utshintsho lwe-ontology. Imfuno yenguqu yentlalo-ntle nendalo sele ijikeleze kurhulumente. Nangona kunjalo, umnyele wonke wobunzima uyaphuma phakathi komnqweno kunye nenyaniso: umzekelo, i-European Union iphela kunye nomdla ngamnye welungu ngalinye. Okanye umdla wokusinda wenkampani nganye eyakhiwe ngongxowankulu kwihlabathi liphela. Kwaye okokugqibela kodwa okuncinci, kodwa ubuncinane kubaluleke kakhulu: ilungelo elibonakalayo lokuxhamla ubutyebi babo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kuluntu lwabathengi emhlabeni. Bonke banento enye abafana ngayo: ukuthozama ngakumbi kuya kufana nokusilela okuhlangeneyo.

U-Ivan Illich wayishwankathela le ngxaki ngolu hlobo: “Xa ukuziphatha okukhokelela ekuhlaselweni kuthathwa njengento eqhelekileyo kuluntu, abantu bafunda ukulwela ilungelo lokuzibandakanya kulo.

Ke ngokuchukumisa nje ubunyani, unokuphosa itawuli, kuba yonke imbumbulu ibingayi kufaneleka umgubo wayo kwintaba yobunzima. Kwaye xa kuthelekiswa nentelekelelo yokuba umntu okwizangqa zokusekwa uthathe injongo yenguqu yentlalo nendalo enobuzaza obufanelekileyo, iintelekelelo zamandla onke omntwana ofikisayo zibonakala ziyinyani.

Indlela entsha yokwenza inika ithemba

Ukuba nje bekungekho ndlela eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo, enika ithemba. Isithandi sobulumko saseMerika uDavid R. Loy sikuchaza ngolu hlobo oku kwincwadi yakhe ethi “ÖkoDharma”: “... ingxaki yezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo yokuhlala [ingaphezu] kwengxaki yobugcisa, yezoqoqosho okanye yezobupolitika... Ikwayingxaki yokomoya ehlangeneyo nenokwenzeka inguqu kwiMbali yethu.” UHarald Welzer uthetha “ngoncedo lwengqondo” oluyimfuneko kunye “nokuqhubeka sisakha kwiprojekthi yempucuko” ukuze ngenye imini “abo bavelisa inkunkuma” bangasayi kunandipha “umgangatho ophakamileyo wentlalo - ngevidiyo. ” kunabo bayisusayo “.

Kwaye ngenxa yokuba olu lwakhiwo lungaphaya lubonakala lunzima, phantse lungenakwenzeka, umphandi ovelisa izinto ezintsha uGqr. UFelix Hoch kunye nomthamo odibeneyo ozinikele kwesi sihloko: "Iingqungquthela zenguqu - ukuqaphela kunye nokunqoba ukuchasana kwangaphakathi kwiinkqubo zenguqu". UThomas Metzinger, owafundisa ifilosofi kunye nesayensi yokuqonda kwiYunivesithi yaseMainz, uye wathatha indlela entsha kunye nencwadi yakhe esandul 'ukupapashwa "Inkcubeko yokuqonda - Umoya, ukunyaniseka kwengqondo kunye neCrisis Planetary". Ngembeko, akazange akwenze oku kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngokwemfundo, kodwa ngendlela efundekayo, ecacileyo nemfutshane kumaphepha ali-183.

Ngokomxholo, nangona kunjalo, akenzi kube lula kuwe. Ukususela kwimigca yokuqala kakhulu uthatha inkunzi yenkomo ngeempondo: "Simele sinyaniseke ... Ingxaki yehlabathi izenzele, ngokwembali engazange ibonwe ngaphambili - kwaye ayikhangeleki kakuhle ... Ugcina njani ukuzihlonipha kwakho ixesha lembali laxa uluntu luphela luphulukana nesidima salo? ... Sidinga into eya kuthi ibambelele kubomi bokwenene babantu kunye namazwe naxa uluntu luphela lusilela.”

Into kaMetzinger ayiyikuyicoca imeko. Ngokuchasene noko, uxela kwangaphambili "ukuba kuya kubakho inqaku elibalulekileyo kwimbali yoluntu," indawo eyoyikayo emva koko "ukuqonda ukungaguquki kwentlekele kuya kufikelela kwi-intanethi kwaye ibe yintsholongwane." Kodwa uMetzinger akayishiyi loo nto, endaweni yoko, ubona ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuchasa into engenakuphepheka ngendlela enengqiqo.

Ukwamkela ucelomngeni

Kuyacaca ukuba oku akukho kwaye akuyi kuba lula. Emva koko, iqela labantu liye laqulunqa emhlabeni wonke, uMetzinger ubabiza ngokuthi "Abahlobo Boluntu", abenza yonke into ekuhlaleni "ukuphuhlisa ubugcisa obutsha kunye neendlela ezizinzileyo zobomi , kuba bafuna ukuba yinxalenye yesisombululo”. UMetzinger ubabiza bonke ukuba basebenze kwinkcubeko yokuqonda, inyathelo lokuqala elinokuba lelona linzima kakhulu, "ikhono hayi ukwenza ... ukulunga kodwa okuchaneke kakhulu kolawulo lwempembelelo kunye nokuqonda ngokuthe ngcembe iindlela zokuchongwa okuzenzekelayo kwinqanaba lokucinga kwethu". Ngokutsho kukaMetzinger, indlela yokuphila enesidima ivela “kwisimo sengqondo esithile sangaphakathi xa ujamelene nesisongelo esikhoyo: Ndiyalwamkela ucelomngeni“. Asingobantu ngabanye kuphela, kodwa kwanamaqela noluntu luphela lwalunokuphendula ngokufanelekileyo: “Kunokwenzeka njani ukuba sisilele ekubeni sisazi nobabalo xa sijamelene nentlekele yesijikelezi-langa? Asinakwenza nto ngaphandle kokuba sifunde kanye loo nto.”

Inkcubeko yengqondo eya kuphuhliswa iya kuba “yindlela yokusebenza kwengqondo ekhangela iindlela zobomi ezindilisekileyo ... Njengeqhinga elichasayo, ukunatyiswa kwamagunya kunye nesicwangciso sokuthatha inxaxheba, inkcubeko yokuqonda iya kuxhomekeka kakhulu kuluntu, intsebenziswano kunye nokungafihli kwaye ngoko. ukwala ngokuzenzekelayo nayiphi na ingqiqo yongxowankulu yokuxhaphaza. Kubonwa ngolu hlobo, ku ... malunga nokwakhiwa kwendawo ye-sociophenomenological - kwaye kunye nohlobo olutsha lweziseko zengqondo ezabelwana ngazo".

Phuhlisa umxholo wokufumanisa

Ukuze ungamiliselwa kwiingcamango, owona mceli mngeni uphambili kukuphuhlisa "umxholo wokufunyanwa" ongenzi ngathi "uyazi ngokuthe ngqo into emayifanele kwaye ingafanelanga...indlela entsha yobuntununtunu bokuziphatha kunye nokunyaniseka... ukungabikho kokuqiniseka ngokuziphatha ... ukwamkela ukungakhuseleki". UDaniel Christian Wahl uye wachaza oku ngokuthi "ukunyamezela". Kuya kuba neempawu ezimbini: kwelinye icala, ukukwazi kweenkqubo zokuhlala ukugcina ukuzinza kwazo ngokuhambelana nexesha, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukwazi "ukutshintsha ekuphenduleni iimeko eziguqukayo kunye nokuphazamiseka"; Ubiza le yokugqibela ngokuthi "ukuguqulwa kokuqina". Imalunga "nokwenza ngobulumko ukwenza uphuhliso oluqinisekileyo kwihlabathi elingalindelekanga". UThomas Metzinger uchaza ukugcina ingqondo evulekileyo, ukuziva indlela yomntu eya kwikamva elingalindelekanga kwinkcubeko yokungazi, “njengenkcubeko yokuqonda ethembekileyo ngokwengqondo”. Injongo iya kuba "kwimeko yokomoya" njengomgangatho "wesenzo sangaphakathi".

Umoya wehlabathi ngaphandle kokuzikhohlisa

U-Metzinger, ewe, ungqwabalala kuninzi lweentshukumo zomoya kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlulileyo eYurophu nase-USA. Kudala bephulukene nefuthe labo eliqhubela phambili kwaye baye bajikela ekubeni "kwiindlela ezisekelwe kumava eenkqubo zabucala zezenkolo ezizikhohlisayo ... zilandela izinyanzeliso zongxowankulu zokuziphucula kwaye zibonakaliswa luhlobo oluthile lokuyekelela komntwana". Kukwasebenza okufanayo nakwiinkonzo ezilungelelanisiweyo, "zinenkolelo kwisiseko sazo kwaye ngoko ke azinyanisekanga ngokwasengqondweni". Inzululwazi enzulu kunye nokomoya wehlabathi zineziseko ezimbini ezifanayo: "Okokuqala, ukuthanda okungaguqukiyo kwinyani, kuba imalunga nolwazi hayi ngenkolelo. Kwaye okwesibini, ingcamango yokunyaniseka ngokupheleleyo kwisiqu sakho. "

Kuphela inkcubeko entsha yokuqonda, "umoya wehlabathi wobunzulu obukhoyo ngaphandle kokuzikhohlisa", into entsha yokwenyani, eya kwenza kube lula ukuphuma "kwimodeli yokukhula eqhutywa kukubawa" ehlakulelwe iinkulungwane. Oku "kunokunceda ubuncinci abantu abambalwa ukukhusela impilo yabo yengqondo ngelixa iintlobo zizonke zisilela." Kwincwadi yakhe, uMetzinger akakhathazeki ngokuvakalisa inyaniso, kodwa ngokujonga uphuhliso lwangoku ngowona bulumko bunokwenzeka: "Inkcubeko yokuqonda yiprojekthi yolwazi, kwaye ngokuchanekileyo le ngqiqo ikamva lethu lisavulekile."

UThomas Metzinger, iNkcubeko yoLwazi. Umoya, ukunyaniseka kwengqondo kunye nengxaki yeplanethi, i-euro ezingama-22, iBerlin Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8270-1488-7 

Uphononongo olwenziwe nguBobby Langer