Ngokhuni ukungathathi hlangothi kwemozulu? Udliwano-ndlebe noJohannes Tintner-Olifiers

Intsimbi kunye nesamente zibulala imozulu enkulu. Ishishini lentsimbi kunye nentsimbi linoxanduva malunga neepesenti ezili-11 zokukhutshwa kweCO2 yehlabathi, kunye neshishini lesamente malunga neepesenti ezisi-8. Umbono wokutshintsha ikhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo kulwakhiwo kunye nesixhobo sokwakha esihambelana nemozulu sicacile. Ngoko ke ngaba kunokuba sakhe ngamaplanga? Sidiniwe yilento? Ngaba ngokwenene iinkuni ze-CO2 zingathathi hlangothi? Okanye ngaba sinokude sigcine ikharbhon ekhutshwa lihlathi kwiatmosfera kwizakhiwo ezenziwe ngamaplanga? Ngaba eso yayiza kuba sisicombululo sazo zonke iingxaki zethu? Okanye ngaba kukho imida njengezisombululo ezininzi zobuchwepheshe?

UMartin Auer ovela kwi-SCENTISTS FOR FUTURE uxoxe ngale nto kunye uGqr UJohannes Tintner-Olifiers igcinwe yi-Institute for Physics and Materials Science kwiYunivesithi yezeNdalo kunye ne-Applied Life Sciences eVienna.

JOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: Kucacile ukuba kufuneka sihlengahlengise xa kuthethwa ngezinto zokwakha. Ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kushishino lwesamente kunye noshishino lwentsimbi kungoku nje kukwinqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu - ngayo yonke intlonipho kumanyathelo athathwa lishishini lesamente ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweCO2. Uphando oluninzi luyenziwa ngendlela yokuvelisa isamente ngendlela engathathi hlangothi kwimozulu kunye nendlela yokutshintsha isamente edityanisiweyo nezinye izibophelelo. Umsebenzi uyenziwa ekwahluleni nasekubopheni iCO2 kwitshimini ngexesha lemveliso yesamente. Ungayenza ngamandla aneleyo. Ngokwemichiza, ukuguqula le CO2 ibe yiplastiki enehydrogen isebenza. Umbuzo ngulo: wenza ntoni ngaloo nto?

Isamente yezinto zokwakha isabalulekile nakwixesha elizayo, kodwa iya kuba yimveliso yodidi olugqithisileyo kuba isebenzisa amandla amaninzi - nokuba ingamandla ahlaziyekayo. Ngokwembono yezoqoqosho kuphela, asiyi kufuna ukuyifikelela. Oku kufana nentsimbi. Akukho matshini wokusila wentsimbi asebenza ngokupheleleyo kumandla ahlaziyekayo, kwaye nathi asifuni kufikelela oko.

Sifuna izixhobo zokwakha ezifuna amandla amancinci kakhulu. Akukho baninzi kakhulu, kodwa ukuba sibheka emva kwimbali, uluhlu luqhelekileyo: isakhiwo sodongwe, isakhiwo somthi, ilitye. Ezi zixhobo zokwakha ezinokugrunjwa zize zisetyenziswe ngamandla amancinane ngokwentelekiso. Ngokomgaqo, oko kunokwenzeka.Kodwa ishishini leenkuni okwangoku alikho CO2-phakathi. Ukuvuna iinkuni, ukusetyenzwa kweenkuni, ishishini lemithi lisebenza ngamandla efosili. Umzi-mveliso wesarha iselelona khonkco lilungileyo kwelitsheyini, kuba iinkampani ezininzi zisebenzela ubushushu obudityanisiweyo kunye noomatshini bamandla ombane kunye nezixa ezikhulu zesarha namaxolo abawavelisayo. Uluhlu olupheleleyo lwezinto zokwenziwa ezisekelwe kwi-fossil ekrwada zisetyenziswa kwishishini lemithi, umzekelo we-gluing,. Kukho uphando oluninzi oluqhubekayo, kodwa yile meko okwangoku.

Nangona kunjalo, i-carbon footprint yomthi ingcono kakhulu kunekhonkrithi eqinisiweyo. Ii-rotary kilns zemveliso yesamente ngamanye amaxesha zitshisa ioli enzima. Ishishini lesamente libangela isi-2 ekhulwini sokukhutshwa kweCO8 kwihlabathi jikelele. Kodwa i-fuel yinkalo enye kuphela. Icala lesibini kukusabela kweekhemikhali. I-Limestone iyinxalenye ye-calcium, i-carbon kunye ne-oxygen. Xa uguqulela kwi-cement clinker kumaqondo aphezulu (malunga ne-2 ° C), ikhabhoni ikhutshwa njenge-CO1.450.

MARTIN AUER: Kuninzi kucingwa malunga nendlela yokukhupha ikhabhoni emoyeni kwaye uyigcine kwixesha elide. Ngaba amaplanga njengempahla yokwakha anokuba yivenkile enjalo?

UJOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: Ngokomgaqo, izibalo zichanekile: Ukuba uthatha iinkuni ehlathini, lawula le ndawo ngokuzinzileyo, ihlathi liphinda likhule apho, kwaye iinkuni azitshiswa kodwa zicutshungulwa kwizakhiwo, ngoko iinkuni zigcinwa apho kwaye loo nto. I-CO2 ayikho emoyeni. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kulungile. Siyazi ukuba izakhiwo zokhuni zinokuguga kakhulu. EJapan kukho izakhiwo zomthi ezidumileyo ezineminyaka engaphezu kwe-1000 ubudala. Sinokufunda isixa esimangalisayo kwimbali yokusingqongileyo.

Ekhohlo: iHōryū-ji, “Itempile Yokufundisa BuddhaeIkaruga, eJapan. Ngokohlalutyo lwe-dendrochronological, iinkuni zomqolo ophakathi zagawulwa ngo-594.
Ifoto: 663 iindawo eziphakamileyo nge Wikimedia
Ekunene: Icawa yaseStave eUrnes, eNorway, eyakhiwa ngenkulungwane ye-12 neye-13.
Ifoto: UMichael L. Rieser nge Wikimedia

Abantu babesebenzisa iinkuni ngobulumko ngakumbi kunokuba sizisebenzisa namhlanje. Umzekelo: Eyona ndawo yomelele ngokobugcisa emthini ludibaniso lwesebe. Kufuneka izinze ngokukodwa ukuze isebe lingaqhawuki. Kodwa asiyisebenzisi loo nto namhlanje. Sizisa iinkuni kumzi-mveliso weesarha kunye nesarha esebeni. Ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa kwixesha lokuqala lanamhlanje, uphando olukhethekileyo lwenziwa kwimithi ene-curvature efanelekileyo. Ngexesha elidlulileyo ndandineprojekthi malunga nokuveliswa kwe-resin yendabuko evela kwiipayini ezimnyama, "iPechen". Kwakunzima ukufumana umkhandi onokwenza isixhobo esiyimfuneko - izembe. I-pecher yazenzela isiphatho yaza yakhangela ihlathi elifanelekileyo le-dogwood. Emva koko wayenaso esi sixhobo ubomi bakhe bonke. Oomatshini beesarha benza iintlobo ezine ukuya kwezintlanu zemithi, eminye ide isebenze kuhlobo olunye, ubukhulu becala i<em>larch okanye i<em>spruce. Ukuze kusetyenziswe iinkuni ngcono nangobukrelekrele ngakumbi, ishishini leenkuni bekuya kufuneka libe lelona gcisa kakhulu, lisebenzise abasebenzi kunye nolwazi lwabantu kwaye livelise izinto ezimbalwa ezenziwe ngobuninzi. Kakade ke, ukuvelisa umqheba we-adze njengento nje enye kuya kuba yingxaki kwezoqoqosho. Kodwa ngokobuchwephesha, imveliso enjalo iphezulu.

Ekhohlo: Ukuphinda kwakhiwe ikhuba leNeolithic elithatha ithuba lokufowuna kwendalo yomthi.
Ifoto: Wolfgang Clean nge Wikimedia
Mpo: adze
Ifoto: Razbhak nge Wikimedia

MARTIN AUER: Ke iinkuni azigcinwanga njengoko umntu ebenokucinga?

U-JOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: IKhomishini ye-EU kutshanje yahlula imboni yeenkuni ngobuninzi kwaye izinzileyo. Oku kubangele ukugxeka okukhulu, kuba ukusetyenziswa kweenkuni kuzinzileyo kuphela ukuba akunciphisi isitokhwe sehlathi elipheleleyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwamahlathi e-Austria okwangoku kuzinzileyo, kodwa oku kungenxa yokuba asiyidingi ezi zixhobo lo gama nje sisebenza ngezinto zefosili. Sikwafuna ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokuyinxenye kuba sithenga kumazwe angaphandle ukutya nenyama leyo amahlathi agawulwa kwezinye iindawo. Sikwangenisa amalahle e-grill evela eBrazil okanye eNamibia.

UMARTIN AUER: Ngaba siya kuba neenkuni ezaneleyo zokuguqula ishishini lokwakha?

JOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: Ngokubanzi, ishishini lethu lolwakhiwo lixinene kakhulu. Sakha kakhulu kwaye siphinde sisebenzise kancinane kakhulu. Ubuninzi bezakhiwo azenzelwanga ukurisayikilisha. Ukuba sifuna ukubuyisela izixa ezifakiweyo ngoku zentsimbi kunye nekhonkrithi ngomthi, asiyi kuba nokwanela. Ingxaki enkulu kukuba izakhiwo namhlanje zinobomi obufutshane. Uninzi lwezakhiwo zekhonkrithi ezomeleziweyo zidilizwa emva kweminyaka engama-30 ukuya kwengama-40. Le yinkcitho yobutyebi esingenako ukuyifikelela. Kwaye logama nje singayicombululanga le ngxaki, akusayi kunceda ukutshintsha ikhonkrithi eqinisiweyo ngomthi.

Ukuba, kwangaxeshanye, sifuna ukusebenzisa i-biomass eninzi ukuvelisa amandla kwaye sibuyisele i-biomass eninzi njengezinto zokwakha kunye nomhlaba omninzi kwezolimo-ayinakwenzeka loo nto. Kwaye ukuba iinkuni zibhengezwa njenge-CO2-ingathathi hlangothi ngobuninzi, ngoko kukho umngcipheko wokuba amahlathi ethu aya kugawulwa. Ziya kuthi ke zikhule zibuyele kwiminyaka engama-50 okanye eli-100, kodwa kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo oku kuya kuphembelela ukutshintsha kwemozulu kanye ngendlela esetyenziswa ngayo ifosili. Yaye nokuba iinkuni zinokugcinwa kwizakhiwo ixesha elide, inxalenye enkulu iyatshiswa njengenkunkuma yokusarha. Maninzi amanyathelo okulungisa kwaye ekugqibeleni kuphela isihlanu somthi esifakwe ngokwenene.

UMARTIN AUER: Ubunokwakha phezulu kangakanani ngeplanga?

UJOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: Isakhiwo esiphakamileyo esinemigangatho eli-10 ukuya kweli-15 ngokuqinisekileyo sinokwakhiwa kusetyenziswa ulwakhiwo lwamaplanga. Udongwe lunokusetyenziswa kuyilo lwangaphakathi ngokukodwa. Ngokufana nekhonkrithi, udongwe lunokuzaliswa kwi-formwork kunye ne-tamped phantsi. Ngokungafaniyo nezitena, umhlaba onqanyuliweyo awufuni kufudunyezwa. Ngokukodwa ukuba inokukhutshwa kwindawo, udongwe lunokulinganisela okuhle kakhulu kwe-CO2. Sele kukho iinkampani ezivelisa iindawo ezenziweyo ezenziwe ngodongwe, iindiza kunye nemithi. Ngokuqinisekileyo esi sisixhobo sokwakha sekamva. Nangona kunjalo, eyona ngxaki iphambili kukuba sakha kakhulu. Kufuneka sicinge ngakumbi malunga nendlela esilungisa ngayo isitokhwe esidala. Kodwa nalapha, umbuzo wezinto zokwakha ubalulekile.

Iindonga zomhlaba ezinqatyisiweyo kulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi
Ifoto: umbhali akaziwa

MARTIN AUER: Inokuba yintoni isicwangciso sezixeko ezikhulu njengeVienna?

I-JOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: Xa kuziwa kwizakhiwo zokuhlala ezinemigangatho emininzi, akukho sizathu sokungasebenzisi ulwakhiwo lwamaplanga okanye ngodongwe. Lo ngumbuzo wexabiso okwangoku, kodwa ukuba sithengisa ngexabiso le-CO2 ekhutshwayo, ke iimeko zezoqoqosho ziyatshintsha. Ikhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo yimveliso enqabileyo kakhulu. Siya kuyidinga kuba, umzekelo, awukwazi ukwakha itonela okanye idama usebenzisa amaplanga. Ikhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo kwizakhiwo zokuhlala ezinemigangatho emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu bubunewunewu esingenako ukubuhlawula.

Nangona kunjalo: ihlathi lisakhula, kodwa ukukhula kuncipha, umngcipheko wokufa kwangaphambi kwexesha uyanda, kukho izinambuzane ezininzi. Kwanokuba asithathi nto, asinakuqiniseka ukuba ihlathi alisayi kufa. Okukhona kunyuka ukufudumala kwehlabathi, kokukhona i-CO2 ingaphantsi ihlathi elinokufunxa, o.k.e. kancinci inokuphumeza umsebenzi ocetyiweyo wokuthoba inguquko yemozulu. Oku kunciphisa amandla okusebenzisa iinkuni njengento yokwakha ngakumbi. Kodwa ukuba ubudlelwane buchanekile, ngoko ukhuni lunokuba yinto ezinzileyo yokwakha ehambelana nemfuneko yokungathathi hlangothi kwemozulu.

Ifoto yekhava: UMartin Auer, isakhiwo sokuhlala esinemigangatho emininzi kwisakhiwo somthi oqinileyo eVienna Meidling