UVeronika Janyrova
"Sibona kumazwe amaninzi apho kunokuthi kukhokelele khona kwimithetho yobugrogrisi. I-Scoyy isoyikiswa, i-muzz okanye i-ejele."
U-Annemarie Schlack, Uxolelo Int.
I-2018 yayivuliwe ukungakhethi cala wentando yesininzi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku Ekuqaleni konyaka urhulumente wamangaliswa - ngaphezulu okanye kancinci - ngohlelo olutsha lwe “package yezokhuseleko” olwalukhokelele ekugxekweni ngokuqatha kunyaka ophelileyo. Ingqokelela yeengxelo ezingama-9.000 zangeniswa ngabemi, ii-NGOs kunye nabasemagunyeni- kunanini na ngaphambili umthetho. Undoqo wolu hlaziyo kumthetho “wokuphatha ngendlela eyiyo kwidabi lokulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho olunobuzaza nobunqolobi”, njengoko amaqela olawulo egxininisile, kukusetyenziswa kwesoftware kaRhulumente (federal Trojan).
Urhulumente ngoku unakho ukufikelela kuyo yonke idatha kunye nemisebenzi yeeselfowuni kunye neekhompyuter- umzekelo ngeWhatsApp, Skype, okanye "ilifu" lomntu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba oku kufuna i-odolo evela kumtshutshisi woluntu kunye nemvume yenkundla. Kwangelo xesha, ukufihlakala kwembalelwano kwaba buthathaka kwesi sihlandlo, ukugcinwa kwedatha (okunxulumene nomsitho) kwaziswa kwaye ukubekwa kweliso kwividiyo kwiindawo zikawonkewonke kwaqiniswa. Inkcaso kunye nee-NGOs ezininzi zikubonile oku njengokuphazanyiswa okungalinganiyo kwamalungelo asisiseko nawoluntu, balumkisa ngokuxhatshazwa kwaye bathetha "ngombuso wokugada".
Akumangalisi ukuba kutshintsho lomgaqo-siseko okhoyo, ngokokutsho kwesithili semithetho kwixa elizayo ngokumiselwa ngurhulumente womanyano kuphela. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukuvunywa kwamazwe amanyeneyo kunye nokwamkelwa komthetho we-federal kwakufuneka ukumiselwa kwamatyala enkundla. Umbutho wabagwebi baseOstriya ubona emva kolu tshintsho "kukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwinkululeko yezomthetho (kunye nokungabikho kokungafuneki) kwaye kulawulo lomthetho wase-Austria".
Inkululeko yeendaba ayisosizathu sokungakhathalelwa. Ngaphandle kwengxinano engazange ibonwe ngaphambili yamajelo eendaba kunye namaqela ahleliyo anemali yokuhlela, i-ORF ibiphantsi kohlaselo lwezobupolitika elininzi ukusukela ekuqaleni konyaka. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, le inyanzelise abantu be45.000 ukuba batyikitye isibheno esisuka kumbutho "ukuba baphakame!"
Umgaqo-nkqubo wokufuduka ulifanelwe ngokwenyani nesahluko sayo. Nangona kunjalo, kufanele ukuba kukhankanywe apha ukuba iBhunga leSizwe ligqibe ngoJulayi ukuba liqhubeke nokuqinisa umthetho kubaphambukeli, ngoku evumela amapolisa ukuba afumane iifowuni kunye nemali kwiimbacu. Ukongeza, amaxesha okubhengeza ancitshisiwe, izixhobo zokudibanisa kwezifundo zaseJamani zashitshiswa kunye neengcebiso zomthetho kwabo bafuna indawo yokhuseleko zabekwa kuzwelonke. Yeyona 2005 ukusukela kwi17. Ukulungiswa komthetho kubemi bamanye amazwe.
Uluntu olwenziwa ngabagrogrisi
Ukucinywa okucwangcisiweyo kweCandelo lama-278c (3) loMgaqo woLwaphulo-mthetho nako kwaqinisekisa ukubetheka ngokudibeneyo. Ngumhlathi weKhowudi yoLwaphulo-mthetho eyahlula ngokucacileyo imisebenzi yobunqolobi kuluntu ukubandakanyeka kweemeko zedemokhrasi kunye nemithetho yomthetho, kunye namalungelo oluntu. Ukucinywa bekuya kukhokelela kwintando yesininzi kunye nabaphembeleli bamalungelo oluntu bagwetywe njengabanqolobi kwaye bohlwaywe. Eyona nto intle malunga neli tyala kukuba urhulumente ekugqibeleni wayeka ukuyicima ngenxa yokuchasana noluntu, izifundiswa kunye neqela eliphikisayo. I-Amnesty International Austria yenye yezo NGOs ezalandela uhlengahlengiso olucwangcisiweyo lomthetho wohlwayo ngamehlo okhozi, ecaleni kwedemokhrasi engaphezulu!, IAlliance for Charitable Benefit, Social Economy Austria kunye ne-Eco Office. Kule meko, umphathi olawulayo uAnnemarie Schlack ukhumbula utyekelo lokuzilawula kwamanye amazwe: “Kumazwe amaninzi sijonga apho imithetho yobunqolobi engacacanga inokukhokelela khona: abagxeki bayoyikiswa, bathuliswa okanye bavalelwa. Ukukhuselwa kwabakhuseli bamalungelo oluntu e-Austria ngeza buthathaka kakhulu ”.
Ukujonga empuma
I-Visegrad ithi isibonisa ngokucacileyo apho umgaqo-nkqubo wenkululeko kunye nongumbuso ungakhokelela khona ekugqibeleni. Inkulumbuso yase-Hungary u-Viktor Orban, umzekelo, uqhuba iphulo elizimiseleyo malunga nee-NGOs ezinikezelwe kumalungelo oluntu nentando yesininzi kwaye baxhaswe phesheya. Kunyaka ophelileyo, emva kokuba ii-NGOs zase-Hungary zazifunwa ngumthetho ukuba zivakalise iminikelo yazo zangaphandle, kwagqitywa umthetho omtsha we-NGO ngoJuni, nowawufuna ukuba bahlawule ipesenti ye-25 yale mali kwilizwe laseHungary. Ukongeza, kufuneka bazichaze kwiimpapasho zabo njenge "mbutho ofumana uncedo lwangaphandle". Ezi zinto zibizwa ngokuba "ziindlela zokukhusela abantu" zichazwe ngokusemthethweni kukuba ezi NGO "zilungiselela ukufuduka" kwaye ngenxa yoko "zifuna ukutshintsha isigxina ubume babemi baseHungary".
EPoland, urhulumente uhlala etyeshela imigaqo-siseko kunye namalungelo oluntu kwaye uzama ukwenza umthetho wokuwisa umthetho wenkululeko. Abantu abanoxolo bayatshutshiswa kwaye imibutho engekho phantsi korhulumente iyatshutshiswa. Nangona kunjalo, emva kweminyaka elithoba kurhulumente kwaye uninzi olupheleleyo kumagumbi omabini, iqela elilawulayo "Umthetho kunye nezoBulungisa" (i-PiS) ngokucacileyo liye layigembula inyhweba yakhe yonyulo. Ukudideka kukhukhumala kwamandla kukhokelela kwisiphithiphithi ngaphakathi kubemi kunye nomoya oqinisekileyo wokuthemba kwibutho loluntu kunyaka ophelileyo. Uqhanqalazo olukhulu ekugqibeleni lukhokelele kwisigqibo sika-Mongameli wesibini kwezintathu kwimithetho elwa nenkululeko yedemokhrasi. Ukongeza, ngexesha loqhanqalazo, imibutho emitsha kunye namalinge entando yesininzi ayenziwa ayenethiwekhi kwiqonga lombutho elinye.
Umphakathi waseSlovak uphinde wavuka emva kwe2018 intatheli ngoFebruwari UJan Kuciak wabulawa. Wayefumana nje inethiwekhi eyonakeleyo apho abameli bezoqoqosho beSlovak, ezopolitiko kunye nezomthetho babesebenzisana. Kunqabile ukuba ubani athandabuze ukuba uKuciak ubulewe ngenxa yezambulo zakhe. Ukuphendula kolu gwenxa, eli lizwe labethwa ngumbhikisho ongazange ubonwe ngaphambili. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, oku kubangele ukurhoxa kwinkosi enkulu yamapolisa, inkulumbuso, umphathiswa wezangaphakathi kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ilandela lakhe.
Ukujonga ezi ngxaki, akumangalisi ukuba ukungoneliseki kwabantu baseVisegrad ngokuphuhliswa kwentando yesininzi kunye nemeko yabo yezopolitiko ayizange ibonwe ngaphambili kwi-EU. Uphononongo lwamanye amazwe luye lwafumanisa amazwe ene- "syndrome yokungasebenzi" esisasazeka kuluntu lonke. Ke, uninzi lwe74 yepesenti yabantu bakholelwa ekubeni amandla kwilizwe labo asezandleni zezopolitiko, kwaye umntu ophakathi kule nkqubo akanamandla kwaphela. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha saze savumelana nenkcazo ukuba akunamsebenzi ukungenelela kwinkqubo yezopolitiko kwaye bambalwa aboyikayo ukuveza izimvo zabo esidlangalaleni. Uluvo olukhoyo lokuba ulawulo lwentando yesininzi aluthathaka okanye luye lwalahleka ngakumbi kukuncipha kwenkxaso yedemokhrasi kunye nokuvula indlela ye-populism kunye neepolitiki ezilwa nentando yesininzi, ababhali bathi.
Ngeli xesha ePoland naseHungary, abahlali badibana ngenkxaso eyomeleleyo yedemokhrasi, kwiCzech Republic naseSlovakia banomnqweno ofanayo wendoda eyomeleleyo. Kukwanjalo naseOstriya. Ngeli lizwe, ngokweSORA Institute, i-43 ipesenti yabemi ngoku ithatha "indoda eyomeleleyo" njengento enqwenelekayo, eVisegrad ithi yipesenti ye-33.
Ababhali bophando lwe-SORA kulwazi lwentando yesininzi lwabantu base-Austrian bakwafumanise ukuba ngelixa inkxaso yedemokhrasi e-Austria yehle kakhulu kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, ukuvunywa "kwenkokeli eyomeleleyo" kunye "nomthetho nocwangco" kunyuke kakhulu. Kukho ukungaqiniseki ngokubanzi kunye nembono yokuba abanakuthetha kubemi base-Austrian. Ukuqukunjelwa kwababhali yile: "Ukungaqiniseki okuphezulu, kokukhona umnqweno" wendoda eyomeleleyo "e-Austria."
Abanqolobi, yintoni ngoku?
Ukusuka koku kuqondwe kunye neminyaka yophando kubudlelwane base-Austrian kwintando yesininzi, umlawuli wezenzululwazi we-SORA Institute uGünther Ogris wazisa izinto ezintandathu zokuqinisa idemokhrasi e-Austria. Ezemfundo, ukwazisa ngembali, umgangatho wamaziko ezopolitiko kunye namajelo eendaba, okusesikweni kwintlalo, kodwa nentlonipho noxabiso ngaphakathi kwabahlali zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kule.
-----------------------
I-INFO: Ezi zilandelayo zintathu zilandelayo zokomeleza idemokhrasi kwingxoxo,
NguGünther Ogris, www.sora.at
nkqubo wezemfundoImfundo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwintando yesininzi. Isikolo sinokuqinisa ubuchule bezopolitiko, okt izakhono zokwazisa, ukuxoxa nokuthatha inxaxheba. Lo msebenzi wohluleke ngeenkalo zezifundo ezahlukeneyo kwaye kufuneka uqiniswe njenge njongo kwiinguqu eziqhubekekayo zemfundo.
ingqondo yomlandoUkudibana nokuboniswa kwembali yomntu kubonisa ukomeleza inkcubeko yedemokhrasi, ukubanakho ukujongana ngendlela eyakhayo neengxabano kunye nomehluko. Oku kunokwenzeka kunokusetyenziswa ngakumbi ukomeleza ngakumbi ukufundiswa kwembali yangoku kuzo zonke iintlobo zezikolo.
Amaziko ezopolitiko: Amaziko ezopolitiko kunye nawezopolitiko kufuneka rhoqo ahlole ubudlelwane babo nabahlali rhoqo: apho kunokwenzeka kwaye kunentsingiselo ukulungiselela okanye ukuqinisa uthatho-nxaxheba, apho kufanelekileyo ukuphucula umfanekiso wakhe, apho kunokuthenjwa khona ?
eendabaImithombo yeendaba, kunye nenkqubo yezopolitiko, bakwimeko emaxongo yokuzithemba. Kwangelo xesha, indlela ingxelo ngayo yosasazo ngezopolitiko, intetho kunye nokulalanisa, kunye nokudibana kwamaziko, kunefuthe elibonakalayo kwinkcubeko yezopolitiko. Kubalulekile ukuphonononga nokufumana iindlela ezintsha zeendaba ukuze zisebenzise zombini iindima zazo zokulawula kunye nokuhlaziya iziseko zentembeko emsebenzini wazo, ezisebenza kuphela ngentando yesininzi.
Abemi: Ngokungafaniyo nokuzonwabisa, ezopolitiko zihlala ziyinkimbinkimbi kwaye zidinisa. Nangona kunjalo, ekugqibeleni, kuxhomekeke kubemi nakwiingxoxo zabo malunga nendlela ezisebenza ngayo idemokrasi: ukusebenzisana kurhulumente kunye nenkcaso, ukujonga nokulinganisa, ubudlelwane phakathi kweenkundla kunye neqela elilawulayo, imithombo yeendaba kunye nezopolitiko, ezomeleleyo kunye nokulalanisa.
Ubulungisa bezentlalo, umbulelo kunye nembeko: Izithuko, ngakumbi ukwanda kokungabikho kokusesikweni koluntu kodwa nangokungaxabisi nokuhlonipha, imiboniso yophando inefuthe elibi kwinkcubeko yezopolitiko. Abemi abafuna ukuxhasa kunye nokomeleza idemokhrasi ke namhlanje banokujongana nombuzo wokuba ingaba ubulungiswa, intlonipho kunye nantlonipho zinokomelezwa njani kuluntu.
Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock.
