Ityala lomhlaba: ngubani ongumnini womhlaba?

I-ECB izalisa imarike ngemali entsha. Ngelishwa, imali ayipheli ekusebenziseni okanye kutyalo-mali. Ihamba ngaphaya koqoqosho lwangempela kwaye iphelela kwiimarike zesitokhwe, kwi-real estate kunye nakwiibhondi zikarhulumente.

Kwihlabathi liphela, iinkampani, imimandla kunye namakhaya baqokelele amatyala abangasoze bakwazi ukuhlawula. Amanqanaba amatyala ehlabathi kumazwe nakwinkampani ngoku ziphakamileyo kakhulu (xa kuthelekiswa nemveliso yasekhaya enkulu ye-GDP ephindwe kabini) njengoko zazinjalo ngaphambi kokudodobala kwezoqoqosho ngo-2008. Iziphumo ezinokubakho ngendlela yokuhla kwerhafu, iinkqubo zokuvuselela uqoqosho kunye neephakheji zokuhlangula zebhanki zibonakala ngokucacileyo. Ngawona mazwe atyebileyo aqokelele ezona ntaba ziphakamileyo zamatyala. I Ingxowa mali yezezimali yehlabathi IMF ngokwe-US, China kunye neJapan ziphakathi kwamatyala amaninzi kwaye i-akhawunti iyodwa engaphezulu kwesiqingatha samatyala ehlabathi. Kodwa amazwe asakhasayo afumene ubomi kwimpompo.

Ngaba ayikukhathazi kakhulu le nto?

Unjingalwazi uDorothea Schäfer, uMlawuli woPhando kwiCandelo lezeMali kwiZemali Iziko laseJamani loPhando lwezoQoqosho (I-DIW) eBerlin ihlaziyeke ngakumbi ngale meko. Ngokutsho kwakhe, amatyala kawonkewonke awasiyo isizathu sokukhathazeka, kodwa into "yendalo" ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho. KwaSchäfer, ityala eliqokelelweyo sisiphumo sokudodobala koqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye nophawu lokuba iibhanki eziphambili zikhukulise iimarike ngemali. Ngokutsho kwakhe, imeko iba yingozi kuphela xa, umzekelo, intlekele yempahla nomhlaba ihlangabezana nentswela-ngqesho ephezulu.
URichard Grlingson, isazi sezoqoqosho kwi Iziko laseVienna lokuThelekiswa kweZizwe ngeHlabathi (wiiw), ucinga ukuba abantu-ingakumbi kumazwe athetha isiJamani - bazikhathaza kakhulu ngamanqanaba amatyala. "Nokuba ityala liyaba yingxaki lixhomekeke kwezinye izinto, njengokukhula koqoqosho okuncinci, inqanaba lenzala elisebenzayo, iindlela zokuziphatha kwabantu okanye ukukhula ngokomgangatho kwezixhobo zamatyala, utshilo uGrintheon.

Ityala leHlabathi-Akukho sizathu sokuGcina?

Ngapha koko, kubonakala ngathi bekukho ukucinga ngokutsha phakathi koqoqosho kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo ngokubhekisele kwityala elizinzileyo. Ngelixa bekukho into eqinisekileyo yokuba amatyala oburhulumente agqithisileyo angonakalisa ukukhula koqoqosho, namhlanje imigaqo-nkqubo yobusoshiyali yenziwe yidemokrasi kutyalo mali nokukhula. UOlivier Blanchard, owayesakuba nguMongameli we Umbutho woqoqosho lwaseMelikaXa wabhengeza ekuqaleni konyaka kwincwadi yakhe yokuvalelisa: “Lo gama nje inzala yenyani kwimali mboleko iphantsi kuneqondo lokukhula, akukho sizathu semali sokugcina. Kuba inqanaba letyala liyanyibilika njengebhola yekhephu ngokukhanya nangakumbi amaqondo obushushu ”.

Ingxowa mali yeMali yeHlabathi ikwatsho nengxelo yayo yozinzo ukuba inkqubo yezemali yehlabathi ngokungathandabuzekiyo iye yakhuseleka ukusukela oko kwabakho kuqoqosho nakwiimeko zemali. Ucacisa ukuba iibhanki kwihlabathi jikelele ziye zanyanzelwa ngumthetho ukuba zonyuse iireyithimenti zazo kunye nokugcinwa kwemali, ukuphucula ulawulo lwabo lomngcipheko kwaye ziphantsi kwemigaqo emitsha, abalawuli kunye novavanyo loxinzelelo.
Kubonakala ngathi akunamsebenzi nokuba amazwe aphulukana nezemali kunye nepropathi yebhanki yezemali ngenxa yemizamo yabo yokuvuselela uqoqosho ngenxa yamanqanaba aphezulu amatyala.

Ityala laMazwe ngaMazwe-Ngubani uRhulumente?

Iindaba ezimnandi zezokuba emva kwetyala lonke kukho imali eninzi, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo kusetyenziswe okanye kutyalo-mali. Kodwa akukho lula kangako ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani oya kuyonwabela. Kwelinye icala, akukho luhlu lwabanini zabelo kwiibhondi zikarhulumente, kwelinye icala, amazwe ahlala ethatha "imali mboleko" kumawakawaka abatyali mali ngaxeshanye, abathi ke baqhubeke nokuthengisa ngayo. Ye-Eurozone, nangona kunjalo, iqokelela I-European Central Bank (ECB) ngenkuthalo yedatha yokufumana ubuncinci ukuqonda kwisakhiwo sezabelo se-19 amazwe e-euro.
Oku kwenza ukuba kube lula ukubona ukuba ngawuphi 'amazwe' e-euro: ezimbini zesihlanu kwiibhanki kwaye enye yesihlanu kumazwe aphesheya kunye neenkampani zeinshurensi. Ngelishwa, isibini kwisithathu kurhulumente wase-Austrian 'sesamazwe angaphandle kwaye isinye kwisine seebhanki.
Unjingalwazi Schäfer ubona olu lwakhiwo mali luluzinzo, kuba iibhanki kunye neenkampani zeinshurensi liqela elithembekileyo labatyali-mali bamazwe. Iibhanki zifuna amathuba azinzileyo otyalo-mali ngamaxabiso emali yenzala. Eyona nto isixhalabeleyo ziingcali zezoqoqosho ngakumbi kukuba iibhanki ziyaqhubeka nokutyala imali kwiibhondi ezivela kumazwe abo, utshilo uSchäfer.
Ewe, iibhondi zikarhulumente zonwabele ukuthandwa ukususela oko kwalandela imbandezelo yehlabathi kunye neYurophu. Oku akukhona kuphela ukuba yindawo ekhuselekileyo yabatyali, kodwa ngaphezulu kwako konke kukuba iibhanki akufuneki zibekele ecaleni oku.
Bathandwa ngokukodwa yi-European Central Bank, ebisoloko ithenga iibhondi kumazwe ase-euro kwinqanaba elikhulu ukusukela ngo-2015. Iivolumu zahluka phakathi kwe-15 ukuya kwi-60 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi- ngenyanga, khawufanucinge. “I-ECB izamile ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, kodwa khange iphumelele. Into ayenzileyo, nangona kunjalo, yayikukuqinisekisa uzinzo, utshilo uRichard Grieveson.

Iphi imali entsha?

Ngokudibana nomgaqo-nkqubo wayo wenqanaba lenzala, i-ECB izalisa imarike ngemali entsha. Kodwa iphi loo mali? Inxalenye yabasebenzi kunye nabangengobutyebi ibona incinci kakhulu kuyo. Ngokuchasene noko: Inxalenye eqaphelekayo yabemi be-EU basemngciphekweni wentlupheko kwaye bathwaxwa kukunqongophala kwezindlu (iipesenti ezili-17). Abantu abafundileyo kunye neentsapho nazo zinobunzima ekufumaneni izindlu ezifanelekileyo. Ukongeza, ukwanda kobuzwe, ubutshaba ebantwini kunye ne-EU kunika ukuqonda kwimo yesiqhelo kunye nokuzithemba kwabemi baseYurophu.
Ngelishwa, imali ayipheli ekusebenziseni okanye kutyalo-mali. Ihamba yegqithile kuqoqosho lwenene kwaye iphelela kwiimarike zesitokhwe, izindlu nomhlaba. Nangona le nkqubo inokusebenza kuqoqosho, ikwavelisa ukungalingani okuoyikisayo, ngayo yonke imiphumo yezentlalo neyezopolitiko.

Ityala lomhlaba jikelele: Ubungxowankulu bezemali

UStefan Schulmeister ungomnye wezoqoqosho ezimbalwa ezijongana nalo mbuzo: Inokuguqulwa njani imali kwiimarike zezezimali ziye kuqoqosho lwangempela? Wenza umahluko osisiseko phakathi kwamalungiselelo amabini emidlalo kwinkqubo yethu yezoqoqosho: ubusomali bokwenyani, obuthi bukhokele kwinkunzi kwimisebenzi enokwenza imveliso, evelisa ixabiso, buye ke benze imisebenzi kunye nenkqubela phambili ebanzi, kunye nongxowankulu bezemali, obuthi bube ziiasethi kuphela ngumahluko wokuxabisa kumaxabiso enzala, amaxabiso otshintshiselwano, izinto zorhwebo kunye Amaxabiso ezindlu nomhlaba ayenziwa kwaye aphindaphindwe nge "iifizi zokusebenzisa iiaseti esele zikho". Ezi zinto zilawula uqoqosho lwehlabathi namhlanje, zidodobalisa imveliso zidale intswela-ngqesho, amatyala oluntu kunye nokungalingani.
Ngokuka Schulmeister, esona sizathu siphambili kukuba imbuyekezo kwiimalike zezemali iphakamileyo kunaleyo inokulindeleka kushishino lwendabuko. Ngamanye amagama, izityebi zityeba ngokukhawuleza kakhulu malunga nokuqagela ngokwezezimali kunakwiindlela zakudala zeshishini.

Esona sixhobo siphambili sokulwa nolu phuhliso iza kuba kukwazisa kwetax yentengiselwano yemali, eyalela ukulandela inzuzo kwishishini lezezimali elifutshane ukuya kwimisebenzi yexesha elide kwiimarike zeempahla. U-Schulmeister ucebisa ukusekwa kweNgxowa-mali yeMali yaseYurophu ukuxhasa amazwe ngezimali. Amabhondi akhe akufuneki athengiswe kwaye anike iingcali zezemali ithuba lokucacisa ngotshintsho lwexabiso lenzala phakathi kwemali, okanye ukubhuqwa kwamazwe ngamanye. Kwabasebenza nabo, le ngcebiso kukuphinda kwakhiwe kwakhona ukusuka kwi-neoliberal 'marhwebo yenkolo' ebuyiselwe kwimfundo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiimeko zokwenyani zabantu.

Ezinye izihloko kuqoqosho olunolunye

Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock, option.